The document provides an overview of civilizations in India and Africa. It begins by covering early civilizations in India, including the Indus River valley civilizations of the Harappans from 3300-2400 BCE, as evidenced by sites like Mohenjo-Daro. It then discusses the later Aryan migration into India around 1500 BCE and their establishment of the Vedic civilization and Sanskrit language. The document concludes by noting the lack of long-term political unity in India, instead being ruled by various empires like the Mauryans under Ashoka and Guptas.

1. Chapter 7:
Civilizations of India & Africa
World History
Trinity Christian School
Mrs. Stephanie Holland

2. 7.1: India

4. India




Population 1.12 billion
Capital: New Delhi
Largest city: Mumbai
Major Cities:





Bangalore
Delhi
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Mumbai

6. India

Population: 1 billion
(1/4 of everyone on
planet)


Only a quarter of them
have access to clean
water
Half are illiterate

8. Early Civilizations
1st civilizations began in river valleys:

INDUS RIVER
Archaeological Evidence:
 Mohenjo Daro

Harappa
•
Carefully planned cities
Wide, straight streets
•
Brick houses •
Drainage systems
•
Traded with Egypt & Mesopotamia
Indus civilization ended suddenly: Aryan migration
Excerpt, p. 148•
•
•

9. The Harappan Civilization
3300 BCE - 2400 BCE

10. Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro

11. Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro

12. The Great Bath,
Mohenjo-Daro

13. Well, Mohenjo-Daro

14. A Main Street, Mohenjo-Daro

15. Granery, Mohenjo-Daro

16. pottery, Mohenjo-Daro

17. Bison Seal,
Mohenjo-Daro

18. A Horned-God Seal,
Mohenjo-Daro

19. A Male Head, MohenjoDaro
Dravidian

20. A Priest-King, MohenjoDaro

21. Public Well, Harappa

22. Unicorn Seal, Harappa

23. Bull Figurine, Harappa

24. Burial Pottery, Harappa

25. Male Skeleton, Harappa

26. Female Skeleton with
Child, Harappa

27. Harappan Writing
Undecipherable to date.

28. Early Civilization
1.
Aryans
1.
2.
1500 BC: Migrate into Central Asia
Fair-skinned
1. Related to tribes invading Near East, Greece & Rome?
2. Herdsmen
3. Language: Sanskrit
3.
Vedas: (Vedic Age 1500 BC – 500 BC)
1.
2.
Oral tradition
Religious beliefs & early traditions
1. * Basis of Indian culture

29. Aryan Migration
 pastoral  depended on their cattle.
 warriors  horse-drawn chariots.

30. Sanskrit
writing

31. The Vedas
 1200 BCE-600 BCE.
 written in SANSKRIT.
 Hindu core of
beliefs:


religious prayers.

Rig Veda  oldest work.
hymns and poems.
magical spells.

lists of the gods
and goddesses.

32. Key Features of Indian Society

Joint (extended) Family








VIP
Parents, children, grandchildren, blood relatives of common ancestor
Oldest male = authority figure
Sons remained in household of father/grandfather
Family concerns before individual concerns
Arranged marriages
Responsibilities for each member
Village Life




Small, rural villages
Independent & self-governing
Governed by: Headman / Village Council
8/10 Indians today live in small villages!

33. Key Features of Indian Society

Caste System

Rigid social class system – governed by strict rules


Determines: location of
home, profession, clothing, partners, meals, friends,
Determined at birth


Can rise within, but NOT OUT OF your caste
2,000-3,000 caste & subcaste groups; 4 broad “class”
groups





1.) Brahmans (priests
2.) rulers & warriors
3.) merchants & traders
4.) servants & slaves
5.) Outcastes “Untouchables” (avoided by other castes)

34. Varna (Social
Hierarchy)
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
Shudras
Pariahs [Harijan]  Untouchables

35. The Vedic Age
The foundations for
Hinduism were
established!

36. Religion & the Indian Way of Life:
Hinduism

Ingrained by history, social structure, arts, customs



Preserved traditional elements of India
Unifies diverse interests of society
NO formal statement of doctrine


Literature



= ability to absorb concepts of various people
Vedas
Upanishads: philosophical essays elaborating on teaching of the
Vedas
Acknowledgement of all deities as manifestations of the
eternal, unchanging Brahman

Brahman: Not personal being but the World Soul
 Ultimate goal of man: reunite with World Soul along Wheel of Life
through reincarnation & escape of physical world
 Deeds in present life determine status in the next
 Bad now = roach later!

37. Religion & the Indian Way of Life:
Buddhism

Founder: Siddhartha Bautama

“The Enlightened One” (Buddha)

Age 29: Concerned over misery, poverty & death in world
 Leaves life, wife, child & princely status
 Live 6 years as hermit
 528: Enlightenment: 4 Noble Truths
 1.) Suffering is part of all existence
 2.) Suffering has a cause: Selfish desires
(pleasure, power, possessions)
 3.) Suffering can be overcome by destroying selfish desires
 4.) If man follows the Eightfold Path he will destroy selfish
desires and end suffering
(correct
beliefs, intentions, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, thought

38. Religion & the Indian Way of Life
Buddhism

Stresses Works & Moral Behavior [to end suffering]


Not the aid of deities or a high caste
Goal: Nirvana (state of absolute peace & happiness;
freedom from cravings)

Belief that all will eventually achieve eternal peace
 THE BIBLE SAYS: All people reach [I John 5:11-12]


A.) eternal union with God through Jesus
B.) eternal separation from God

39. Lack of Political Unity:
Mauryan Empire
India: patchwork of small rival
kingdoms & successive waves of
invaders

Mauryan Empire:

326: Alexander the Great enters India (army refuses to
cont.)

Meets & influences Chandragupta Maurya towards conquest
 Chandragupta Maurya conquers disorganized kindoms & unifies 1 st strong Indian
empire.

C. Maurya’s grandson Asoka rises to power
 Extends Indian empire’s borders to include all but S. tip of India
 Renounces War
 Converts to Buddhism
 Builds 1000s of stupas (Buddhist shrines)
 Inscribes Buddhist teachings throughout empire
 Send Buddhist missionaries abroad (= Buddhism takes hold in SE Asia)
 Buddhism does not gain wide support in India (threat to Hindu priest’s power)

40. Asoka – Buddhist Proselytism


Buddhist stupas during
the Mauryan period
were simple mounds
without decorations.
Butkara stupa, 3rd
century BCE.
Buddhist proselytism
at the time of king
Ashoka (260–218
BCE).

41. Lack of Political Unity:
Gupta Empire

2nd-3rd Centuries AD: (232 BC: Asoka dies)



CON: Invasions & Competing Kingdoms
PRO: trade with Rome & China
4th Century AD:

Gupta Empire: golden era of prosperity & achievement




India reunited by a strong gov’t
Trade flourished
Materially prosperous
Culture spreads to SE Asia

42. Lack of Political Unity:
Gupta Empire

Gupta Culture





Spreads throughout SE Asia
Universities attract international students
Textiles
Ironwork
Indian art, architecture, literature & science

Literature:
 Poet Kalidasa “the Indian Shakespeare”
 Influences the brothers Grimm & Rudyard Kipling

Math, Science & Medicine





Arabic numerals
Negative numbers
The decimal
The zero
Science
 Indian theories of gravity
 Knowledge that the earth was round & rotated on an axis

Medicine
 Free hospitals
 Surgical procedures performed

43. Post-Guptan India:

6th Century:

Gupta Empire collapses
under White Huns





Political disorder
Small warring kingdoms
Foreign invaders
(absorbed by Hindus)
N. India falls under
Muslim control
1206: Muslim warriors est.
kingdom near Delhi
Muslims
Religious
Monotheistic
Way of Life:
Equality of
men before god
Hindus
Polytheistic
Caste
system

44. 7.1 Timeline
1. Religion founded by Siddhartha Guatama
 (approximate year)
1. Earliest civilization (two cities) on Indus River
 (year)
3. Threatened India with his armies
 (year)
BUDDHISM
528?BC
MOHENJO-DARO
& HARAPPA
2300BC
ALEX. THE GREAT
(GREEK)
326 BC

45. 7.2: China

46. 7.1 Timeline – Section 2
4. The most honored teacher in Chinese history
 (year of birth)
CONFUCIOUS
551 BC
5. Dynasty establishing the Pax Sinica
 (year established)
HAN DYNASTY
202 BC
6. Earliest known Chinese dynasty
 (year established)
SHANG DYNASTY
1500 BC
7. Dynasty known for the consolidation of existing structures
into
the Great Wall
 (year established)
CH’IN DYNASTY
221 BC
8. Dynasty in which Chinese culture flourished
 (year established)
SUNG DYNASTY
960 BC
9. Dynasty in which Li Po, Chinese poet, lived
 (year dynasty established)
T’ANG DYNASTY
618 AD
10. Legendary founder of Taoism
 (year of birth)
LAO-TZU
604 BC

47. The Land

“Middle Kingdom”

Believed to be the center of the
earth

Today:
 1/5 world’s population
 Same size as U.S. geographically

One of world’s oldest
civilizations
 Yellow River (Huang He) &
Yangtze Valley Civilization

Isolated

Pacific Ocean, Himalayas, Gobi
Desert
 Free from outside influence =
maintenance of stable culture
47

48. Societal Features: Family Ties

Strong Family Ties

Large Families




Parents, children,
grandparents, aunts,
uncles, nephews, nieces,
cousins, in-laws
Knowledge of 100s years
of genealogy
Responsibility: Bring honor
to thy family!
Ancestor worship
 Household altars
 Purpose: receive blessings
& guidance
48

49. Societal Features:
Language & Learning

Spoken Language

Tonal Quality: different tones (pitch) convey
different meanings


Makes communication difficult b/w regions
Common Written Language

65,000 characters



Most literate Chinese know about 4,000
Many Chinese have been illiterate
“Scholars’ World”

Masters of written language hold distinction
49

50. Chinese Thought & Life
Confucianism
Taoism
K’ung Fu-Tzu (Confucious)
Lao-tzu (604-531BC)
Raised in poverty
Period of social/political unrest •Tao (“the way”) was pervading force in nature
Teacher •Achieve peace by living in harmony with nature
•Do not seek power, wealth or learning
•Man can solve societal problems and be happy
•Be simple & inactive
through proper conduct.
•“There is nothing in the world more soft and weak
•Societal peace maintained through proper balance
than water, yet for attacking things that are hard
in 5 Basic Relationships:
and strong there is nothing that surpasses it.”
•Father & Son
•Elder & Younger Brothers
•Husband & Wife
•Friend & Friend
• Ruler & Subjects
•“What you do not want done to yourself, do not do
to others.”
• Problem:
•Neglect of the relationship between man & God
50

51. Confucianism
Taoism
•Philosophy of Chinese educational, social &
political system
•Basis of mystical, magical & superstitious elements
•Active lifestyle
• Man has many social obligations
• Passive lifestyle
• Man should be free from busyness of
responsibility
•Goal: improved government, laws & education
•Goal: Minimal external authority & minimal societal
involvement
51

52. Dynastic Cycle
Decline
Begin
Prosper
Mature
52

53. 53

55. Map of the Silk Road
(OrexCA.com)

56. Ruins of the Han Dynasty
(Bear)

57. Woven Silk Textile
(drs2biz)

58. Terra Cotta Army

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsUE-ZtcUFg

59. Chinese Contributions









Silk
Porcelain
Block Printing
Moveable Type
Paper
Ink
Gunpowder
Fireworks
Magnetic Compass
59

60. 7.3: Japan

61. Japan


100 mi. off coast of Asia
Island nation


4 main islands, 100s of lesser
islands
About the size of California



Most land mountainous
20% land suitable for farming
More geographically remote
than China

62. Early History

Little known of early history

Myths & legends not historical
records


Creation Myth
Ancient Japan: warring clans

Clan: group of families descended
from a common ancestor; basic unit
of social, religious & political
organization

63. Early History

5th Century AD: Yamato Clan

Jimmu Tennu “Heavenly Prince”



Direct descendant of Sun Goddess = divine
Japan has 1 imperial family
Shintoism “the way of the gods”

Supports belief in divine emperor
 Dieties attributed to anything awe-inspring
 Stressed supremacy of sun goddess & divine emperor
 Religion of feeling, love of homeland, loyalty to clan &
reverence for emperor
 Becomes the National Religion

64. Influence of China
5th – 8th Centuries: Chinese cultural invasion
 7th Century: Prince Shotoku

Buddhism firmly est.



Chinese culture studied


national religion
temples, hospitals & schools constructed
Chinese Writing, literature, Religion, weight system, measurements, medical
practices, calendar, furniture styles, dress, roads & bridges
Taika Reform “Great Change”: Semi-independent gov’t -> central gov’t

Civil Service Exams
Gov’t posts by ability
Capitol: Kyoto

Fujiwara Clan gains power




Fujiwara daughters + imperial sons = male children  Ruling emperor forced to
abdicate so Fujiwara elders could rule as regents
Wealthy & extravagance = corruption & bankruptcy = disorder

65. Rise of the Samurai

Provincial governors begin to rely on military clans for
protection

12th century: Yorimoto (Minamoto Clan) becomes supreme
military leader




Titled Shogun “Great General”
Creation of military state ruled by warriors
(1162-1868)
Warrior class becomes ruling class

Samurai (bushi): Japanese warrior



Mastered: horsemanship, fencing, archery, jujitsu
Studied: history, literature & art of writing
Bushido: “The way of the warrior” – code governing Samurai
conduct; demanded loyalty, honor, duty, justice, courage,
sincerity, & politeness

67. INDIA
CHINA
JAPAN
History
Indus River Valley
-Mohenjo-Daro
--Harappa
Aryan Invasion
Yellow River Valley
Yangtze River Valley
Remote Islands
Creation Myth
-Yamato Clan
-Jimmu Tenno
Society &
Culture
Sanskrit
Vedas/Upanishads
Joint Families
Caste System
Village Life
Family Ties
-Ancestor Worship
Language
-Spoken
-Written
-Scholar’s Society
-Chinese Cultural Invasion
-Prince Shotoku
-Taika Reform
- - - (effects gov’t)
Mauryan Empire
-Alex. The Great
-C. Gupta
Gupta Empire
Dynasties
-Shang
-Chou
-Chi’in
-Han
-T’ang
-Sung
Imperial Family
-Fujiwara (Regents)
-Samurai
Hinduism
-Brahman
-Wheel of Life
-World Soul
Buddhism
Taoism
Confucianism
Shintoism
Gov’t
Religion

68. 7.4:
Comparison of the
Asian Cultures

69. Traditionalism



“Changeless
Lands”
 Deep rooted beliefs and customs
 Little change
Traditional Values
 India: Hinduism & caste system
 China: Extended family
 Japan: Shintoism & mythology
Dependence on history to determine what was
good
 Colossians 2:8 “Beware lest any man spoil
you through philosophy and vain deceit, after
the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the
world, and not after Christ.”

70. Stifling of Individuality

Groups




India: caste system
China: family
Japan: clan
Group holds the primary place (not individuals)

Responsible for welfare of members



(all members accountable to group)
Lack of personal initiative
Problems with Groups:


“But let every man prove his own work, and then shall he
have rejoicing in himself alone, and not in another. For every
man shall bear his own burden.” –Galatians 6:2, 4-5
“So then every one of us shall give account of himself to
God.” Romans 14:12

71. False Religion


Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism,
Taoism, Shintoism
Oldest cultures (&most deceived by Satan)

72. 7.5: The Mongol
Empire

73. The Mongolian Empire, at its height, was
much larger than the Roman Empire.

74. Mongols



United the people of central Asia
Mongols began north of China
Nomadic people



Raised sheep, goats and horses
No government, but several tribes with a chief.
1162-Temugin was born


Succeeded his father as chief at the age of 13!
Gradually united all Mongol tribes under his
authority and established an empire.

75. Genghis Khan

1206 – Mongols gave him the title Genghis
Khan




He was “Lord of all people dwelling in felt tents”
Genghis Khan means – “Universal Ruler”
Believed it was his divine commission to conquer
the world
1227 – he died before he could see China under
his rule

76. Reasons for success:
 Organization
and mobility
 Conquered through fear
 They often massacred an entire
population of a city to teach future
conquests not to resist.
 Expert horsemen
 The horse was a Mongol’s pride
possession
The Great Khan was Genghis’ son and successor.

77. Yuan Dynasty





Grandson of Genghis – Kublai Khan
Completed the conquest of China
Moved capital to Cambaluc (modern Bejing)
Built highways
Invited missionaries, scholars, artists, and
engineers and employed many as government
officials.


Example – Marco Polo.
Kublai’s death meant the end to the empire.

It was still large, but not unified.

78. Ming Dynasty




Restored Chinese rule.
Drove the Mongols back into Mongolia
Re-established old Chinese ways
As a result of Mongol rule, the Chinese cut
themselves off from the outside world.

79. Batu Khan





Also a grandson of Genghis
Led Mongols into Russia
Called “Tartars” by Europeans
Also called the “Golden Horde” – horde
means camp. The sun shone off the felt
tents and appeared to glisten as if golden.
Ruled in Russia for 250 years.

Moscow became important because of its
location and its willingness to cooperate with the
Horde.

80. Golden Horde….




Recognized the prince in Moscow as the
Grand Prince of Russian
Growth of the Russian church in Moscow
due to the movement of head of the
Orthodox church from Kiev to Moscow.
By 14th century, princes began to openly
challenge Mongol overlords.
Ivan III, Grand Prince from 1462 to 1505,
refused to pay tribute and by 1480 had
pushed the Mongols out.

81. Tamerlane


Tamerlane was a cruel conqueror.
Timur the Lame



Claims to be a descendant of Genghis
Began a new wave of Mongol invasions in
Muslim lands and into India
His sweep into southern Russia assisted
the Russians in overthrowing the Horde

Died in 1405 plotting to re-enter China.

82. Mughal - Mongol Empire in India

Babur – descendant of Genghis and
Tamerlane





Babur means “The Tiger”
Became leader of Turkish Mongols in what
is today Afghanistan
Established law and order
Greatest Mughal leader was Akbar 0
Babur’s grandson
Won support of Hindu people thru religious
tolerance.

83. 7.6: Africa

84. Africa


Four times the size of the continental US.
Covers 1/5 of the earth’s landsurface

85. Sub Saharan Africa
South
of the Sahara Desert
Two primary kingdoms
Kush
Aksum

86. Kingdom of Kush

87. Kush


Overthrew Egyptian rule
Tirhakah of Ethiopia


2 Kings 19:9
Fell to Aksum around AD 330

88. Embraced Christianity
 Frumentius – helped lead
the Aksum people to God
 The claim to be
descendants of King
Solomon and the
Queen of Sheba


89.  Muslim
invasions cut off Aksum from
almost all European contact.
 This civilization began modern
Ethiopia.

90. Kanem-Bornu




Camel trade
Built a strong army
800-1846
Central Africa

91. Three early kingdoms in Western
Africa


Ghana 700-1200
Mali 1200-1500

Most famous ruler Mansa-Musa




Encouraged trade and learning
Islamic – made pilgrimage to Mecca
His capital Timbuktu was important trade center
Songhai over threw Mali in 15th century

Overthrown by Moroccans in 1591

92. All three were along the Niger River
 All three built derived wealth from gold
mines and caravan trade


Caravan trade included gold and salt

93. East African City-States

Eastern Coast




Trade ports, each an independent state
Outlets for gold, iron, ivory and animal skins
Trade and climate made these ports wealthy
Common culture



Mixture of Arab, Persian and African
Language Swahili
Architecture – Arabian

94. Forest Kingdoms



Provided goods for eastern city-states
Few written records
Most important – Benin (Western Africa)


Fine statues
Relief sculptures

95. African Culture

Family


Most basic organization
Polygamy



Religion





Divers and large family groups
Clans/Tribes
Christianity
Islam
Muslim
Traditional primitive religions
Economy

Farming and herding

Trading

Later, the slave trade took prominence