Unilinear Evolutionism
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
5 likes•11,590 views
1. 19th century anthropologists like Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor proposed theories of unilinear evolutionism, which argued that all human societies evolved through the same linear stages of development, from savagery to barbarism to civilization. 2. Morgan's 1877 book "Ancient Society" divided savagery and barbarism into distinct sub-stages based on technological and cultural achievements. However, his assumptions of a single evolutionary path and criteria for stages have been criticized. 3. Tylor applied evolutionary theory to religion, proposing societies evolved from animism to polytheism to monotheism and eventually science. He and Morgan were interested in "survivals," or practices that survived into
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Anthropology
REFERENCES:
Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia.
Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson.
Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill.
Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.
Theory
This document presents information on the school of thought known as historical particularism. It discusses key figures in the development of this school, including Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Clark Wissler, and Robert Lowie. Historical particularism rejected the idea of universal cultural evolution. Instead, it argued that each culture must be understood on its own terms and in the context of its unique historical experiences.
Cultural diffusion
This document discusses cultural diffusion, which is defined as the process by which cultural traits, ideas, or behaviors are borrowed from one society and adopted by another. It provides everyday examples of items that have diffused across cultures, such as toothbrushes originating in China and buttons in Greece. The document also examines factors that influence the rate and extent of cultural diffusion, methods of diffusion, and examples of historical periods involving significant cultural exchange, such as the Gunpowder Dynasties, Renaissance, Reformation, and age of Exploration.
Functionalism
Functionalism was an anthropological theory that challenged theories of unilinear evolution and historical particularism. It focused on understanding the role of cultural traits and practices in contemporary societies rather than seeking origins. There were two strands represented by Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown. Malinowski focused on present-day fieldwork and believed customs developed to fulfill universal biological needs. Radcliffe-Brown viewed historical explanations as conjectural and advocated examining the role of cultural practices in modern societies. He believed anthropology should be synchronic rather than diachronic.
Sociological Perspective
Why is sociological perspective important to know, especially in the field of education? Check out this presentation.
Sociology & Sociological Imagination
This document discusses the concept of society and how it can be studied sociologically. It addresses that society:
1) Is made up of groups of people who shape their lives in patterned ways that distinguish them from other groups.
2) Cannot be easily defined or observed as a whole object due to its complex and fluid nature, being composed of countless other components like culture, class, ethnicity.
3) Can best be studied sociologically by observing how people live their lives and interact with each other in patterned social processes that together make up the larger society.
Modernity
Modernity refers to a historical period beginning in the 15th century that saw the rise of capitalism, industrialization, and secular rational thinking. It is divided into three phases: early modernity from 1453-1789, classical modernity from 1789-1900, and late modernity from 1900-1989. Modernism emerged in response to industrialization and urbanization in the 19th-20th centuries and is reflected in artistic and cultural movements. While related, modernity refers to a specific time period, whereas modernism refers to trends in art, culture, and social relations characterized by the development of the modern world.
Emile Durkheim
Religion creates social order by unifying people around shared sacred symbols and collective representations of morality. Without a shared system of religious beliefs and practices, social order and solidarity would break down.
Recommended
Anthropology
REFERENCES:
Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia.
Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson.
Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill.
Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.
Theory
This document presents information on the school of thought known as historical particularism. It discusses key figures in the development of this school, including Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Clark Wissler, and Robert Lowie. Historical particularism rejected the idea of universal cultural evolution. Instead, it argued that each culture must be understood on its own terms and in the context of its unique historical experiences.
Cultural diffusion
This document discusses cultural diffusion, which is defined as the process by which cultural traits, ideas, or behaviors are borrowed from one society and adopted by another. It provides everyday examples of items that have diffused across cultures, such as toothbrushes originating in China and buttons in Greece. The document also examines factors that influence the rate and extent of cultural diffusion, methods of diffusion, and examples of historical periods involving significant cultural exchange, such as the Gunpowder Dynasties, Renaissance, Reformation, and age of Exploration.
Functionalism
Functionalism was an anthropological theory that challenged theories of unilinear evolution and historical particularism. It focused on understanding the role of cultural traits and practices in contemporary societies rather than seeking origins. There were two strands represented by Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown. Malinowski focused on present-day fieldwork and believed customs developed to fulfill universal biological needs. Radcliffe-Brown viewed historical explanations as conjectural and advocated examining the role of cultural practices in modern societies. He believed anthropology should be synchronic rather than diachronic.
Sociological Perspective
Why is sociological perspective important to know, especially in the field of education? Check out this presentation.
Sociology & Sociological Imagination
This document discusses the concept of society and how it can be studied sociologically. It addresses that society:
1) Is made up of groups of people who shape their lives in patterned ways that distinguish them from other groups.
2) Cannot be easily defined or observed as a whole object due to its complex and fluid nature, being composed of countless other components like culture, class, ethnicity.
3) Can best be studied sociologically by observing how people live their lives and interact with each other in patterned social processes that together make up the larger society.
Modernity
Modernity refers to a historical period beginning in the 15th century that saw the rise of capitalism, industrialization, and secular rational thinking. It is divided into three phases: early modernity from 1453-1789, classical modernity from 1789-1900, and late modernity from 1900-1989. Modernism emerged in response to industrialization and urbanization in the 19th-20th centuries and is reflected in artistic and cultural movements. While related, modernity refers to a specific time period, whereas modernism refers to trends in art, culture, and social relations characterized by the development of the modern world.
Emile Durkheim
Religion creates social order by unifying people around shared sacred symbols and collective representations of morality. Without a shared system of religious beliefs and practices, social order and solidarity would break down.
Anthropology Social Science
Anthropology is the study of mankind and includes four main branches - cultural anthropology, linguistics, biological anthropology, and archaeology. Cultural anthropology studies culture and social organization through long-term field studies, linguistics analyzes recorded and unrecorded languages, biological anthropology takes an evolutionary perspective on human biology and behavior, and archaeology studies past human cultures and societies through archaeological materials. Anthropologists use methods like ethnography, case studies, descriptive surveys, and historical analysis to conduct research.
Bourdieu, Pierre: Structure and Agency
Pierre Bourdieu's construction of meaning in relation to social practice, cultural signification, class status !
History of anthropology
Anthropology began as a hobby for 19th century scholars who wrote travel diaries commenting on other cultures without conducting fieldwork. Early anthropologists constructed theories of cultural evolution to explain differences but later emphasized understanding each culture on its own terms through first-hand data collection. Bronislaw Malinowski established participant observation as the method for fieldwork in the early 20th century. Leslie White and Julian Steward viewed culture as adapting to the environment and harnessing resources. Modern anthropology utilizes both scientific approaches that see culture as adapting to the environment and humanistic approaches that emphasize cultural uniqueness. Ideational perspectives focus on ideas and symbols shaping behavior, while adaptive perspectives emphasize technology, ecology, demography and economics.
Sociology meaning and perspectives
Sociology is the study of human social behavior and society. There are three main perspectives in sociology: conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and functionalism. Conflict theory, influenced by Karl Marx, views society as fragmented with groups competing for scarce resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people interact and make meaning through symbols. Functionalism, associated with Emile Durkheim, sees society functioning like an organism with institutions working together to maintain stability and solidarity.
Development of sociology
Sociology emerged in the 19th century during a time of social upheaval due to revolutions. Early sociologists like Auguste Comte, who coined the term "sociology", and Herbert Spencer shaped the discipline. Comte focused on social order/stability and social change. Spencer proposed social Darwinism. Karl Marx viewed history as class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Emile Durkheim is regarded as the founder of functionalism and studied the social causes of suicide. Max Weber critiqued Marx and studied bureaucracies and rationalization. American sociology began at the University of Chicago in the early 20th century and later expanded to other schools.
Functionalism
American schools are struggling with expanding expectations, contradictions in cultural values, and persistent inequalities. Functionalism views schools as contributing to social stability by transmitting social norms and values, and preparing students for their future roles in society's division of labor. However, conflict theory argues that schools reinforce existing social inequalities and serve the interests of elite groups rather than achieving a true consensus. Schools may claim to provide equal opportunities, but factors like class, race and gender still influence student outcomes.
Talcott Parsons.pdf
Parsons was a pioneer of functionalism in sociology. He introduced a grand theory of social action and social systems that aimed to provide a universal framework for understanding all human behavior. His theory of social action defined it as any consciously performed act. He also developed a systems approach, analyzing society as a system with four subsystems that perform the functions of adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and pattern maintenance. Parsons' theories were highly abstract and criticized for being difficult to empirically test.
Sociology the sociological perspective
1. Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social behavior. It focuses on how social relationships influence people's attitudes and behaviors and how societies are established and change.
2. The document outlines the key founders and early theorists of sociology, including Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and their major works and perspectives.
3. It also discusses the development of sociology in North America and challenges faced by early women and minority sociologists in pursuing the field.
Social philosophy
Social Philosophy is concerned with studying human society from a philosophical perspective. It examines questions about social behavior, institutions, and values. Social Philosophy is closely related to other fields like sociology, politics, and ethics. Sociology studies social relationships and institutions scientifically, while social philosophy provides a philosophical interpretation of sociological findings. Politics is concerned with the state and governance, aiming for social order and harmony through laws and power, whereas social philosophy defines ideal social relations and solidarity based on shared values and virtues. Both social philosophy and ethics inquire into what is right and good for individuals and society.
Anthropology
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology. It begins by defining anthropology as the study of human beings and all aspects of human life and culture. It then discusses the main fields of anthropology including cultural, linguistic, archaeological, physical, and forensic anthropology. The document outlines some of the key contributors to the development of anthropology as a field and discusses modern directions in anthropological theory and research. It concludes by noting that anthropology has become a diverse field that examines both traditional and modern cultures around the world.
NEOEVOLUTIONISM
Neo evolutionism emerged in the 1930s as a social theory to explain the evolution of societies. Prominent scholars like Julian Steward, Leslie White, and V. Gordon Childe incorporated evolutionary ideas with sociology and anthropology. Neo evolutionism rejected ideas of classical social evolutionism like determinism and universal stages of development. Instead, it emphasized empirical evidence, probability over determinism, and the possibility of different cultural pathways of evolution. Key aspects included Steward's concepts of multilinear evolution and cultural ecology, White's theory relating energy capture to cultural development, and Childe's analysis of major events like agriculture and urbanization shaping cultural evolution.
Marxism presentation
1. Marxism is both a literary theory and social/economic philosophy that views society and history through the lens of class struggle.
2. Key aspects of Marxism include the belief that a society's economic base determines its ideological superstructure, including cultural works, and that the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat.
3. Marxist literary criticism examines how a text reflects the author's ideology and society's class relations through elements like characterizations and treatment of social forces. The critic's goal is to uncover how the text exposes oppression of the working classes.
An Introduction To Social Science
The scientific study of organized human groups is a relatively recent development, but a vast amount of information has been accumulated concerning the social life of human beings.
Postmodernism
The PPT throws light on these aspects viz, Postmodernism as a theory and as a movement, thematic features, characteristics, issues and problems in a nutshell.
Karl marx
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theories of communism, socialism, and Marxism. Some of Marx's major ideas discussed in the document include dialectical materialism, historical materialism, the concept of base and superstructure in societies, modes of production, class consciousness, class struggle, surplus value, and alienation of workers. The document provides an overview of Marx's key theories and concepts.
Sociological Imagination
The document discusses the origins and goals of social theory. It explains that social theory emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment period to understand societal changes like the loss of religion and industrialization. The founders of sociology like Weber, Durkheim, and Marx produced early social theories. In America, theories focused on democracy and race relations, with W.E.B. Du Bois being influential. Additional sources of theory include fields like anthropology, economics, and various area studies. The goal of studying social theory is to understand society and improve lives by translating theorists' explanations into our own words.
Sanskritisation pptx
M.N. Srinivas was a prominent Indian sociologist who introduced the concept of Sanskritisation to describe the process of lower castes adopting the customs and ideology of upper castes to raise their social status. Sanskritisation involves behaviors like wearing sacred threads, following restrictions on meat and alcohol, and using Sanskrit words. It is a process of social mobility rather than structural change in the caste system. Sanskritisation takes place over multiple generations as lower castes emulate the practices of higher castes to enjoy increased economic and political privileges.
Max weber
Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist known for his ideas of ideal types, social action, and forms of authority and legitimacy. Some of his major works examined the Protestant work ethic and relationship between Protestantism and the rise of capitalism. He is considered a founder of sociology and developed concepts such as ideal types, which are analytical constructs used for comparative analysis. Weber saw sociology as the science of interpreting social action and delineated four types: rational, value-rational, traditional, and affectual. His theories profoundly influenced social science.
CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD
The document discusses the 10 oldest civilizations in the world. It begins by defining civilization as an advanced stage of social development and organization reached by a society. It then lists the civilizations chronologically from oldest to most recent. The three oldest are the Mesopotamian civilization, Indus Valley civilization, and Ancient Egyptian civilization. It provides brief descriptions of each civilization's origins, locations, and some key aspects of their cultures and achievements.
Victorian Era
The document discusses Victorian literature during the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. It provides context on the growth of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution, and changing social conditions including urbanization and the role of women. Major literary genres of this period are described, including the rise of the novel, poetry, and drama. Key authors like Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Oscar Wilde are mentioned in relation to their contributions to Victorian literature.
Worldview Introduction slide show
The document provides a brief overview of key eras in world and human history from the Big Bang to the Enlightenment. It describes the formation of the universe and Earth, the emergence of early humans and hominids, the dawn of agriculture and civilizations along major rivers, important events and periods in Western civilization like Ancient Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Enlightenment. The document aims to give a concise chronological summary of major developments that have shaped our planet and mankind.
More Related Content
What's hot
Anthropology Social Science
Anthropology is the study of mankind and includes four main branches - cultural anthropology, linguistics, biological anthropology, and archaeology. Cultural anthropology studies culture and social organization through long-term field studies, linguistics analyzes recorded and unrecorded languages, biological anthropology takes an evolutionary perspective on human biology and behavior, and archaeology studies past human cultures and societies through archaeological materials. Anthropologists use methods like ethnography, case studies, descriptive surveys, and historical analysis to conduct research.
Bourdieu, Pierre: Structure and Agency
Pierre Bourdieu's construction of meaning in relation to social practice, cultural signification, class status !
History of anthropology
Anthropology began as a hobby for 19th century scholars who wrote travel diaries commenting on other cultures without conducting fieldwork. Early anthropologists constructed theories of cultural evolution to explain differences but later emphasized understanding each culture on its own terms through first-hand data collection. Bronislaw Malinowski established participant observation as the method for fieldwork in the early 20th century. Leslie White and Julian Steward viewed culture as adapting to the environment and harnessing resources. Modern anthropology utilizes both scientific approaches that see culture as adapting to the environment and humanistic approaches that emphasize cultural uniqueness. Ideational perspectives focus on ideas and symbols shaping behavior, while adaptive perspectives emphasize technology, ecology, demography and economics.
Sociology meaning and perspectives
Sociology is the study of human social behavior and society. There are three main perspectives in sociology: conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and functionalism. Conflict theory, influenced by Karl Marx, views society as fragmented with groups competing for scarce resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people interact and make meaning through symbols. Functionalism, associated with Emile Durkheim, sees society functioning like an organism with institutions working together to maintain stability and solidarity.
Development of sociology
Sociology emerged in the 19th century during a time of social upheaval due to revolutions. Early sociologists like Auguste Comte, who coined the term "sociology", and Herbert Spencer shaped the discipline. Comte focused on social order/stability and social change. Spencer proposed social Darwinism. Karl Marx viewed history as class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Emile Durkheim is regarded as the founder of functionalism and studied the social causes of suicide. Max Weber critiqued Marx and studied bureaucracies and rationalization. American sociology began at the University of Chicago in the early 20th century and later expanded to other schools.
Functionalism
American schools are struggling with expanding expectations, contradictions in cultural values, and persistent inequalities. Functionalism views schools as contributing to social stability by transmitting social norms and values, and preparing students for their future roles in society's division of labor. However, conflict theory argues that schools reinforce existing social inequalities and serve the interests of elite groups rather than achieving a true consensus. Schools may claim to provide equal opportunities, but factors like class, race and gender still influence student outcomes.
Talcott Parsons.pdf
Parsons was a pioneer of functionalism in sociology. He introduced a grand theory of social action and social systems that aimed to provide a universal framework for understanding all human behavior. His theory of social action defined it as any consciously performed act. He also developed a systems approach, analyzing society as a system with four subsystems that perform the functions of adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and pattern maintenance. Parsons' theories were highly abstract and criticized for being difficult to empirically test.
Sociology the sociological perspective
1. Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social behavior. It focuses on how social relationships influence people's attitudes and behaviors and how societies are established and change.
2. The document outlines the key founders and early theorists of sociology, including Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and their major works and perspectives.
3. It also discusses the development of sociology in North America and challenges faced by early women and minority sociologists in pursuing the field.
Social philosophy
Social Philosophy is concerned with studying human society from a philosophical perspective. It examines questions about social behavior, institutions, and values. Social Philosophy is closely related to other fields like sociology, politics, and ethics. Sociology studies social relationships and institutions scientifically, while social philosophy provides a philosophical interpretation of sociological findings. Politics is concerned with the state and governance, aiming for social order and harmony through laws and power, whereas social philosophy defines ideal social relations and solidarity based on shared values and virtues. Both social philosophy and ethics inquire into what is right and good for individuals and society.
Anthropology
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology. It begins by defining anthropology as the study of human beings and all aspects of human life and culture. It then discusses the main fields of anthropology including cultural, linguistic, archaeological, physical, and forensic anthropology. The document outlines some of the key contributors to the development of anthropology as a field and discusses modern directions in anthropological theory and research. It concludes by noting that anthropology has become a diverse field that examines both traditional and modern cultures around the world.
NEOEVOLUTIONISM
Neo evolutionism emerged in the 1930s as a social theory to explain the evolution of societies. Prominent scholars like Julian Steward, Leslie White, and V. Gordon Childe incorporated evolutionary ideas with sociology and anthropology. Neo evolutionism rejected ideas of classical social evolutionism like determinism and universal stages of development. Instead, it emphasized empirical evidence, probability over determinism, and the possibility of different cultural pathways of evolution. Key aspects included Steward's concepts of multilinear evolution and cultural ecology, White's theory relating energy capture to cultural development, and Childe's analysis of major events like agriculture and urbanization shaping cultural evolution.
Marxism presentation
1. Marxism is both a literary theory and social/economic philosophy that views society and history through the lens of class struggle.
2. Key aspects of Marxism include the belief that a society's economic base determines its ideological superstructure, including cultural works, and that the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat.
3. Marxist literary criticism examines how a text reflects the author's ideology and society's class relations through elements like characterizations and treatment of social forces. The critic's goal is to uncover how the text exposes oppression of the working classes.
An Introduction To Social Science
The scientific study of organized human groups is a relatively recent development, but a vast amount of information has been accumulated concerning the social life of human beings.
Postmodernism
The PPT throws light on these aspects viz, Postmodernism as a theory and as a movement, thematic features, characteristics, issues and problems in a nutshell.
Karl marx
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theories of communism, socialism, and Marxism. Some of Marx's major ideas discussed in the document include dialectical materialism, historical materialism, the concept of base and superstructure in societies, modes of production, class consciousness, class struggle, surplus value, and alienation of workers. The document provides an overview of Marx's key theories and concepts.
Sociological Imagination
The document discusses the origins and goals of social theory. It explains that social theory emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment period to understand societal changes like the loss of religion and industrialization. The founders of sociology like Weber, Durkheim, and Marx produced early social theories. In America, theories focused on democracy and race relations, with W.E.B. Du Bois being influential. Additional sources of theory include fields like anthropology, economics, and various area studies. The goal of studying social theory is to understand society and improve lives by translating theorists' explanations into our own words.
Sanskritisation pptx
M.N. Srinivas was a prominent Indian sociologist who introduced the concept of Sanskritisation to describe the process of lower castes adopting the customs and ideology of upper castes to raise their social status. Sanskritisation involves behaviors like wearing sacred threads, following restrictions on meat and alcohol, and using Sanskrit words. It is a process of social mobility rather than structural change in the caste system. Sanskritisation takes place over multiple generations as lower castes emulate the practices of higher castes to enjoy increased economic and political privileges.
Max weber
Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist known for his ideas of ideal types, social action, and forms of authority and legitimacy. Some of his major works examined the Protestant work ethic and relationship between Protestantism and the rise of capitalism. He is considered a founder of sociology and developed concepts such as ideal types, which are analytical constructs used for comparative analysis. Weber saw sociology as the science of interpreting social action and delineated four types: rational, value-rational, traditional, and affectual. His theories profoundly influenced social science.
CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD
The document discusses the 10 oldest civilizations in the world. It begins by defining civilization as an advanced stage of social development and organization reached by a society. It then lists the civilizations chronologically from oldest to most recent. The three oldest are the Mesopotamian civilization, Indus Valley civilization, and Ancient Egyptian civilization. It provides brief descriptions of each civilization's origins, locations, and some key aspects of their cultures and achievements.
What's hot (20)
Similar to Unilinear Evolutionism
Victorian Era
The document discusses Victorian literature during the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. It provides context on the growth of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution, and changing social conditions including urbanization and the role of women. Major literary genres of this period are described, including the rise of the novel, poetry, and drama. Key authors like Charles Dickens, the Brontë sisters, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Oscar Wilde are mentioned in relation to their contributions to Victorian literature.
Worldview Introduction slide show
The document provides a brief overview of key eras in world and human history from the Big Bang to the Enlightenment. It describes the formation of the universe and Earth, the emergence of early humans and hominids, the dawn of agriculture and civilizations along major rivers, important events and periods in Western civilization like Ancient Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Enlightenment. The document aims to give a concise chronological summary of major developments that have shaped our planet and mankind.
Jm in the world ancient, middle, and modern
The document divides history into periods such as prehistory, ancient ages, middle ages, and modern ages to help understand past events. Prehistory is divided into the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and metal ages, which cover the beginning of human life and development of technology like writing, stone tools, and early metal use. The ancient ages saw early civilizations like Egyptians and Greeks and the establishment of societies and governments. The middle ages was defined by feudal systems and kings ruling by divine right in Europe during conflicts with Islamic empires. The modern ages began with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.
The victorian age (1830 1901)
The document provides information about life in Britain during the Victorian Era from 1837 to 1901. It discusses several key aspects of the period including the British Empire's expansion, industrialization and economic success, social reforms related to voting rights and labor laws, urbanization and problems of poverty/living conditions, and moral/family values emphasized by Victorians. It also mentions scientific/technological advances, art/literature of the time, and contradictions between prosperity versus social issues within Victorian society.
Victorian History and Literature(Novels, Poems & Drams )
The document provides an overview of Victorian history, literature, and culture from 1837-1901 during Queen Victoria's reign in Britain. It summarizes that Britain became the world's most powerful nation and its empire grew greatly during this period. The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain's economy and society, though it also led to urban poverty and child labor. Major Victorian thinkers influenced philosophy and science. Literature flourished in this era, especially the novel form. Women began to gain more freedoms and participate more in public life and the arts.
Global 10 midterm review
The Scientific Revolution occurred between 1543-1650 and saw developments in fields like astronomy and physics. The Scientific Method using empirical proofs in experiments also emerged during this time, sometimes conflicting with Church doctrine. Famous scientists like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton made important discoveries, with Newton creating the laws of gravitation and calculus. The Enlightenment era that followed emphasized natural law, scientific progress, deism and civic freedoms, laying the foundations for modern political and economic systems. Key thinkers during this period included Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu. The French and American Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals of natural rights and separation of powers.
The enlightenment; 18th century intellectual movement
This presentation is about major events of 18th century in Europe regarding economy, politics, literature, arts and religion
Ap world history – strayer unit 1 overview
This document provides an overview of early world history from the emergence of humankind to the development of civilizations. It discusses how hominids evolved in Africa around 5-6 million years ago and began migrating from Africa around 2 million years ago. Around 11,000 years ago, the agricultural revolution began as some hominid groups started domesticating plants and animals, allowing for population growth and division of labor. Some of the first complex civilizations emerged around 3500 BCE in river valleys and dominated the globe until the post-1000 CE era. Civilizations laid the foundations for modern empires, religions, technologies, and social inequalities.
CHAPTER 3 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED SOCIETY.pptx
This document discusses several intellectual revolutions that defined society:
1. The Copernican revolution established that the sun, not Earth, is the center of the solar system.
2. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection explained how species evolve over generations.
3. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposed that unconscious drives and early childhood experiences shape personality.
4. The information revolution began with developments in computing, leading to new technologies.
It also summarizes contributions of ancient civilizations including advances in agriculture, mathematics, architecture, and medicine.
Review & test Taking PPT
The document provides an overview of several topics in history. It begins with tips for test taking, then defines primary and secondary sources. It discusses timelines, noting that years count down to zero and up from there. Several key events in world history are briefly outlined, along with explanations of concepts like the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, English and French Revolutions, Industrial Revolution, and causes of World Wars I and II. The Interwar period and rise of fascism in Germany are touched on, as well as US involvement in WWII and the creation of the UN. The Cold War between the US and USSR concludes the summary.
Lecture6 and 7
Here are some questions we could ask based on the information provided:
- Are there any regions today where population growth is pushing up against the local land/resource carrying capacity, making societies more vulnerable to climate impacts?
- What social coping mechanisms exist today to help buffer populations from climate stresses like drought or flooding? Are some societies more resilient than others?
- Could climate change exacerbate existing geopolitical tensions over land and resources? Do environmental stresses increase risks of conflict?
- How might climate-driven migration patterns interact with urbanization and spread of disease in the modern world? Are we adequately preparing for these impacts?
- What can we learn from past examples of social adaptation/maladaptation to shifting climate
First civis chapter one section one
The document summarizes the development of early civilizations. It describes how early hominids evolved and migrated out of Africa, and how hunter-gatherer societies lived during the Paleolithic era. It then discusses the Neolithic Revolution around 8000 BC, when humans began farming and domesticating animals. This led to surpluses of food and the emergence of city-states, division of labor, and social hierarchies. Slavery began as captives were used for labor. The document lists six characteristics of early civilizations: cities, government, religion, social structure, writing, and art.
The world system and colonialism2
The document discusses the development of the modern world system from the 15th century onward. It describes how European colonialism in the 15th-19th centuries and the industrial revolution established a global capitalist economy divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries. Postcolonial studies examine the interactions between colonizing European nations and the societies they colonized. Different intervention philosophies like colonialism, communism, neoliberalism, and development have shaped global relations.
Ss6h3latinrevolution 121109134318-phpapp01
The document provides information about Latin American history, including:
- Key figures in the conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires by Spain, such as Cortes, Montezuma, Pizarro, and Atahualpa.
- Details about the Aztec and Inca civilizations prior to European contact, their major accomplishments, and factors that led to their decline with the arrival of the Spanish.
- Effects of the Columbian Exchange, including the introduction of diseases that killed most indigenous people in the Americas as well as the spread of crops and livestock between the Old World and New World.
- Influence of African slavery in developing Latin America and the triangular slave trade between Africa,
Chapter 1 anthropological foundation
This document provides a brief overview of some of the major figures in the development of anthropology as an academic discipline. It discusses early thinkers like Herodotus and Ibn Khaldun and their contributions to understanding human civilizations. It then outlines key developments like the three-age system proposed by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen to classify ancient cultures by their tool materials. Major later anthropologists discussed include Charles Darwin, Lewis Henry Morgan, Edward Tylor, Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, and Claude Levi-Strauss. The document traces the evolution of anthropology from its roots in early history to its establishment as a scientific field of study.
AP US History Chapter 1
1. Prior to European contact in the 15th century, the Americas were home to diverse indigenous cultures, but European arrival irrevocably changed these cultures and connected the Americas to global changes.
2. The geography of Europe, Africa, and the Americas impacted how technology developed in each region and drove European exploration across oceans.
3. Multiple social, political, religious, intellectual, and economic factors in 15th-16th century Europe, including developments like the Renaissance, contributed to the Age of Discovery and changing global connections through colonization and slave trade networks.
The world system and colonialism
The document discusses the development of the modern world system from the 15th century onward and the rise of European colonialism. It describes how regular contact between Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas opened an exchange of goods, ideas and people. Demand for exports like sugar and cotton led to the growth of plantation economies using slave labor and the transatlantic slave trade. The industrial revolution began in Europe in the late 18th century, fueling urbanization and new social classes. In the 19th century, European imperialism and colonialism expanded into Africa, Asia and Oceania seeking new markets and resources.
Lesson-3-Early-Civilization-students.pptx
Early civilizations first appeared in locations favorable for agriculture along major rivers like the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow. Governments and states emerged as rulers consolidated power over larger populations using writing, religion, and control of resources. Writing allowed laws and records to be codified, spreading shared cultural practices. Major early civilizations discussed include Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Maya, Indus Valley, China, Persia, Greece, and Rome, each making significant cultural and technological contributions to modern society. A state is defined as a community exercising power over a territory with key elements including people, land, government, and sovereignty.
First Man to First Civilizations
The document summarizes the transition from early hunter-gatherer societies in the Paleolithic period to the first civilizations in the Neolithic period. In response to warming climates around 10,000 years ago, settled agriculture began developing in several regions, marking the Neolithic Revolution. This transition led to increased population, more complex social hierarchies and economies, specialized labor, and the emergence of the first civilizations with cities, centralized governments, writing systems, and organized religions.
World Studies: Chapter 01
The document provides an overview of human origins and early civilization. It describes how early humans originated in Africa and migrated throughout the world beginning around 2.5 million years ago. Various hominid species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens developed tools and technology over time. Around 10,000 years ago, humans began engaging in agriculture, leading to population growth and the rise of permanent settlements. Some of the earliest civilizations emerged in places like Mesopotamia and Sumer, where cities like Ur had populations of tens of thousands and featured specialized workers, systems of governance, and religious institutions.
Similar to Unilinear Evolutionism (20)
Victorian History and Literature(Novels, Poems & Drams )
Victorian History and Literature(Novels, Poems & Drams )
The enlightenment; 18th century intellectual movement
The enlightenment; 18th century intellectual movement
CHAPTER 3 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED SOCIETY.pptx
CHAPTER 3 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED SOCIETY.pptx
More from bentogo
Just war theory
This document outlines the principles of just war theory, which specifies conditions for determining whether going to war is just and how a war should be fought. It discusses two main categories: jus ad bellum, which covers the right to go to war, and jus in bello, regarding proper conduct in war. Under jus ad bellum are criteria like just cause, last resort, and proportionality. Jus in bello includes distinction between combatants and non-combatants, proportionality in attacks, and fair treatment of prisoners. The document examines how just war theory applies to issues like humanitarian intervention, the Iraq War, and terrorism.
Liberalism in global politics
Liberalism views the global political system as characterized by complex interdependence rather than realism's focus on power. It argues that states are interdependent through multiple channels including non-state actors like corporations and NGOs. States are connected on multiple issues beyond just security, and military force is less effective due to these connections. As a result, cooperation is more common than conflict according to liberalism. The spread of democracy, nuclear weapons, wealth redistribution, and technology have increased complex interdependence in the modern world.
Fivefold typography of conflict
The document outlines the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research's (HIIKR) definition of political conflict and their methodology for measuring conflict intensity on a scale from dispute to war. A political conflict involves at least two assertive actors with opposing positions on issues relevant to a society, carried out through observable measures outside of established procedures that threaten core state functions or international order. The HIIKR system classifies conflicts as disputes, non-violent crises, violent crises, limited wars, or wars based on the level of physical violence used and the consequences of conflict measures.
Realist theories of global politics
This document provides an overview of realism as a theoretical perspective in international relations and global politics. It discusses two main versions of realism - classical realism and structural realism. Classical realism sees the pursuit of power as an innate human tendency, while structural realism views it as a result of the anarchic nature of the international system.
The document then contrasts offensive and defensive structural realism. Offensive realism believes states should maximize their power and pursue hegemony whenever possible to ensure survival. Defensive realism argues this is strategically foolish and states should seek an "appropriate" amount of power to avoid triggering a balancing response from other states. The document concludes by outlining how offensive and defensive realists
Balance of power presentation
The document discusses balance of power theory, a realist international relations theory. According to the theory, national security is strengthened when military power is distributed so that no single state can dominate others. If one state becomes stronger, it may attack weaker neighbors, prompting threatened states to form defensive coalitions. When faced with an external threat, states can counter through balancing, bandwagoning, buck-passing, or bloodletting. Balancing involves increasing one's own military capabilities or forming alliances to counter a rising power. Bandwagoning means aligning with the stronger power, while buck-passing passes responsibility for countering the threat to another state. Bloodletting causes rivals to engage in prolonged conflict while remaining neutral.
Configurationalism
Configurationalism was developed by Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead, two students of Franz Boas. It views culture as an integrated system of traits that are uniquely patterned. While related to functionalism, configurationalism emphasizes that cultural traits diffuse between societies are adapted to fit the receiving culture. Benedict and Mead conducted ethnographic fieldwork to demonstrate how different cultures configure traits in unique ways to produce distinct patterns of enculturation and personality types, challenging views that biology determines human behavior.
Historical particularism
Franz Boas developed the theory of historical particularism, which rejects the idea that cultural traits follow single evolutionary paths. Through his research on immigrant populations in the US and indigenous groups in the Pacific Northwest, Boas demonstrated that human biology and culture are influenced by environmental and historical context rather than predetermined. Historical particularism stresses that cultural traits diffuse between societies but take on distinct histories as they are adapted locally. Comparisons of cultural traits across societies are not valid because their origins and meanings have been shaped by different historical processes.
Differing definitions of terrorism
The document discusses different definitions and perspectives on terrorism. It presents several competing definitions from various news articles and outlines key issues around defining terrorism, including: methods/results used; who the perpetrators and targets are; motives; and points of view. Students are asked to develop their own "terrorism checklist" based on these issues and use it to evaluate different scenarios. The document emphasizes that there is no single agreed definition of terrorism and explores how the term is used for political advantage.
UWCCR GloPo Student Presentations (IMF)
The IMF was created in 1945 after WWII to prevent another Great Depression and promote international monetary cooperation. It is governed by 188 member countries and led by a Managing Director. The IMF aims to facilitate balanced global economic growth and make resources available to countries experiencing financial crises. It provides loans with conditions requiring economic reforms. While the IMF helped stabilize economies like China, programs in countries like Venezuela failed due to public backlash against imposed austerity measures, demonstrating how IMF involvement can infringe on national sovereignty.
Violent protest groups
The document discusses violent protest movements in Colombia, focusing on the two main leftist rebel groups: FARC and ELN. It provides a brief history of both groups, noting that FARC was formed in the 1960s by communist militants and peasants in response to political violence, while ELN was dominated by students, Catholics, and intellectuals. It also discusses right-wing paramilitary groups. While both FARC and ELN oppose US influence and privatization, FARC primarily operates rurally while ELN is more urban. Both are designated as terrorist organizations by the US, though some argue FARC has been able to sustain itself for decades through more than just criminal activities.
More from bentogo (10)
Recently uploaded
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit - NGV Pavilion Concept Design
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcHindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaRecently uploaded (20)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Unilinear Evolutionism
- 1. Unilinear Evolutionism Anthropological Theory IB Anthropology UWC Costa Rica
- 2. Key Theorists Sir Edward Burnett Tyler (1832- 1917) Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)
- 3. ‘Ancient Society’ – Morgan (1877) • Example of 19th century evolutionism applied to society • Assumes human society evolved through a series of stages – savagery, barbarism and civilization • Divided savagery and barbarism into three distinct sub-stages
- 4. Savagery • Lower savagery: humans exist through subsistence based on fruit and nuts • Middle savagery: people start fishing and gain control over fire • Upper savagery: invention of bow and arrow
- 5. Barbarism • Lower barbarism: humans start making pottery • Middle barbarism: domestication of plants and animals (Old World) and irrigated agriculture (Americas) • Upper barbarism: iron smelting and use of iron tools
- 6. Civilization • Invention of writing
- 7. Unilinear Evolutionism • Assumes one line along which all societies evolved • E.g. any society in upper barbarism had to include in its history, in order, periods of lower, middle and upper savagery, and then lower and middle barbarism • Morgan: societies of the time time could be placed into various stages. Some had not advanced beyond upper savagery. Some were at middle barbarism and others had reached civilization
- 8. Criticisms of Morgan’s Unilinear Evolutionism • Used loaded terms such as ‘savagery’ and ‘barbarism’ • Many writers dispute the criteria used for each stage of evolution • Morgan is incorrect to assume societies can only follow one evolutionary path. In practice, societies follow multiple developmental paths
- 9. ‘Primitive Culture – Tylor (1871) • Takes evolutionary approach to anthropology of religion • Proposed unilinear path – from animism, through polytheism and monotheism to science • Tylor – religion would retreat when science provided better answers
- 10. Survivals • Both Tylor and Morgan interested in survivals – practices that survive in contemporary societies from earlier evolutionary stages • E.g. belief in ghosts today represents survival from stage of animism • Survivals taken as evidence that society had passed through earlier evolutionary stages