Carrier Ethernet is defined by the MEF as having five key attributes that distinguish it from traditional Ethernet: 1) standardized services, 2) scalability, 3) reliability, 4) quality of service guarantees, and 5) centralized service management. It provides ubiquitous, carrier-class Ethernet services via a standardized architecture and interfaces. Carrier Ethernet augments traditional Ethernet to make it suitable for wide-area deployment by service providers. It allows traffic to move between different network domains while remaining agnostic to the underlying networks.
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, and has since been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances.
The IEEE 802 is a family of IEEE standards dealing with Local Area Networks and Metropolitan Area Networks. The IEEE 802 family of standards is maintained by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC).
The most widely used standards are for the Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs (802.1), Ethernet family (802.3), Token Ring (802.5) and Wireless LAN (802.11).
Class lecture by Prof. Raj Jain on Carrier Ethernet. The talk covers Options to Connect Two Data Centers?, Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH), SONET/SDH, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), Label Switching Example, IP over MPLS over Ethernet, Martini Draft, Pseudo Wire: L2 Circuits over IP, Ethernet over PWE3 over MPLS, Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), Differentiated Services, Carriers vs. Enterprise, Issue: UNI vs Peer-to-Peer Signaling, UNI vs. ENNI, Operator Virtual Connection (OVC), Metro Access Ethernet Private Line, End-to-End Metro Ethernet Connection, Ethernet Virtual Connections (EVCs), Metro Ethernet Service Attributes, Metro Ethernet OAM, Metro Ethernet OAM Messages, Metro Ethernet Use Cases, Ethernet Provider Bridge (PB), Provider Backbone Network (PBB), MAC-in-MAC Frame Format, PBB Service Instance, Connection Oriented Ethernet, VLAN Cross-Connect, PBB-TE, PBB-TE QoS, Ethernet Tagged Frame Format Evolution, Comparison of Technologies. Video recording available in YouTube.
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, and has since been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances.
The IEEE 802 is a family of IEEE standards dealing with Local Area Networks and Metropolitan Area Networks. The IEEE 802 family of standards is maintained by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC).
The most widely used standards are for the Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs (802.1), Ethernet family (802.3), Token Ring (802.5) and Wireless LAN (802.11).
Class lecture by Prof. Raj Jain on Carrier Ethernet. The talk covers Options to Connect Two Data Centers?, Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH), SONET/SDH, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), Label Switching Example, IP over MPLS over Ethernet, Martini Draft, Pseudo Wire: L2 Circuits over IP, Ethernet over PWE3 over MPLS, Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), Differentiated Services, Carriers vs. Enterprise, Issue: UNI vs Peer-to-Peer Signaling, UNI vs. ENNI, Operator Virtual Connection (OVC), Metro Access Ethernet Private Line, End-to-End Metro Ethernet Connection, Ethernet Virtual Connections (EVCs), Metro Ethernet Service Attributes, Metro Ethernet OAM, Metro Ethernet OAM Messages, Metro Ethernet Use Cases, Ethernet Provider Bridge (PB), Provider Backbone Network (PBB), MAC-in-MAC Frame Format, PBB Service Instance, Connection Oriented Ethernet, VLAN Cross-Connect, PBB-TE, PBB-TE QoS, Ethernet Tagged Frame Format Evolution, Comparison of Technologies. Video recording available in YouTube.
Check out our new Ethernet Services Suite, a major new range of professional services that are designed to help carriers design, deploy, operate and maintain Ethernet networks
A presentation given by RAD’s CTO, Dr. Yaakov Stein, at the 2012 MPLS and Ethernet World Congress. The presentation compares the two technologies in ten critical categories and grades them on suitability, coverage and maturity
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https://m.imdb.com › title › plotsum...
Plot Summary - Free Fire (Videoree Fire is the ultimate survival shooter game available on mobile. Each 10-minute game places you on a remote island where you are pit against 49 other players, all seeking survival. Players freely choose their starting point with their parachute, and aim to stay in the safe zone for as long as possible.
https://m.imdb.com › title › plotsum...
Plot Summary - Free Fire (Videoree Fire is the ultimate survival shooter game available on mobile. Each 10-minute game places you on a remote island where you are pit against 49 other players, all seeking survival. Players freely choose their starting point with their parachute, and aim to stay in the safe zone for as long as possible.
https://m.imdb.com › title › plotsum...
Plot Summary - Free Fire (Videoree Fire is the ultimate survival shooter game available on mobile. Each 10-minute game places you on a remote island where you are pit against 49 other players, all seeking survival. Players freely choose their starting point with their parachute, and aim to stay in the safe zone for as long as possible.
https://m.imdb.com › title › plotsum...
Plot Summary - Free Fire (Videoree Fire is the ultimate survival shooter game available on mobile. Each 10-minute game places you on a remote island where you are pit against 49 other players, all seeking survival. Players freely choose their starting point with their parachute, and aim to stay in the safe zone for as long as possible.
https://m.imdb.com › title › plotsum...
Plot Summary - Free Fire (Videoree Fire is the ultimate survival shooter game available on mobile. Each 10-minute game places you o
Ethernet technology has emerged as a cost-effective, mature, robust, high-speed, and versatile choice for MAN/WAN networking of critical defense establishments and military installations – for e.g., army, navy, and air force bases, mission commands, remote war centers, the Pentagon, and other security agencies. Intelligent Ethernet helps to achieve IP-centric service requirements, while enabling wireless and fixed-line networks to evolve to a fast, economical, packet-switched infrastructure. The last few years have seen tremendous advancements in Ethernet architecture, its features, switch/router system design, and its integration with optical technologies. This tutorial provides a clear conceptual overview of optical Ethernet technology advances, network architectures, and benefits for military and defense network planners, network architects, and system engineers.
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Content
Brief history about wireless ecosystem.
What is LTE (Long Term Evolution) ?
How is it different from older technologies ?
Network architecture in LTE
Radio Access network (RAN)
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Bearers in LTE
Interfaces in LTE
Life Cycle of a UE
LTE RAN overview
Architecture and requirements
Channel bandwidths and operating bands
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency (LTE-FDD) and time division duplexing (LTE-TDD)
Multiple Antenna techniques in LTE
Channels in LTE and protocol Stack
LTE EPC overview
Architecture
Functions of various elements in EPC
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Glimpse of Carrier Ethernet-I
Carrier Ethernet: A Formal Definition
The MEF (Metro Ethernet Forum) has defined Carrier Ethernet as the “ubiquitous, standardized, Carrier-class service defined by five attributes that
distinguish Carrier Ethernet from the familiar LAN based Ethernet.” As depicted in Figure , these five attributes, in no particular order, are
1. Standardized services
•E-Line, E-LAN provide transparent, private line, virtual private line and LAN services
•A ubiquitous service providing globally & locally via standardized equipment
•Requires no changes to customer LAN equipment or networks and accommodates existing network connectivity such as, time-
sensitive, TDM traffic and signaling
•Ideally suited to converged voice, video & data networks
•Wide choice and granularity of bandwidth and quality of service options
2. Scalability
•The ability for millions to use a network service that is ideal for the widest variety of business, information, communications and entertainment applications
with voice, video and data
•Spans Access & Metro to National & Global Services over a wide variety of physical infrastructures implemented by a wide range of Service Providers
•Scalability of bandwidth from 1Mbps to 10Gbps and beyond, in granular increments
3. Reliability
•The ability for the network to detect & recover from incidents without impacting users
•Meeting the most demanding quality and availability requirements
•Rapid recovery time when problems do occur, as low as 50ms
4. Quality of Service (QoS)
•Wide choice and granularity of bandwidth and quality of service options
•Service Level Agreements (SLAs) that deliver end-to-end performance matching the requirements for voice, video and data over converged business and
residential networks
•Provisioning via SLAs that provide end-to-end performance based on CIR, frame loss, delay and delay variation characteristics
5. Service management
•The ability to monitor, diagnose and centrally manage the network, using standards-based vendor independent implementations
•Carrier-class OAM
•Rapid service provisioning
What is Carrier Ethernet?
Carrier Ethernet essentially augments traditional Ethernet, optimized for LAN deployment,with Carrier-class capabilities which make it optimal for deployment
in Service Provider Access/Metro Area Networks and beyond, to the Wide Area Network. And conversely,from an end-user (enterprise) standpoint, Carrier
Ethernet is a service that not only provides a standard Ethernet (or for that matter, a standardized non-Ethernet) hand-off but also provides the robustness,
deterministic performance, management, and flexibility expected of Carrier-class services.
Carrier Ethernet Architecture
2. Data moves from UNI to UNI across "the network" with a layered architecture.
When traffic moves between ETH domains is does so at the TRAN layer. This allows Carrier Ethernet traffic to be
agnostic to the networks that it traverses
MEF Carrier Ethernet Terminology
•The User Network Interface (UNI)
–The UNI is always provided by the Service Provider
–The UNI in a Carrier Ethernet Network is a physical Ethernet Interface at operating speeds 10Mbs, 100Mbps, 1Gbps or 10Gbps
•Ethernet Virtual Connection (EVC)
–Service container
–Connects two or more subscriber sites (UNI’s)
–An association of two or more UNIs
–Prevents data transfer between sites that are not part of the same EVC
–Three types of EVCs
•Point-to-Point
•Multipoint-to-Multipoint
•Rooted Multipoint
–Can be bundled or multiplexed on the same UNI
–Defined in MEF 10.2 technical specification
Carrier Ethernet Terminology
•UNI Type I
–A UNI compliant with MEF 13
–Manually Configurable
•UNI Type II
–Supports E-Tree
–Support service OAM, link protection
–Automatically Configurable via E-LMI
–Manageable via OAM
•Network to Network Interface (NNI)
–Network to Network Interface between distinct MEN operated by one or more carriers
–An active project of the MEF
•Metro Ethernet Network (MEN)
–An Ethernet transport network connecting user end-points
(Expanded to Access and Global networks in addition to the original Metro Network meaning)
Carrier Ethernet Service Types
3. Services Using E-Line Service Type
Ethernet Private Line (EPL)
•Replaces a TDM Private line
•Port-based service with single service (EVC) across dedicated UNIs providing site-to-site connectivity
•Typically delivered over SDH (Ethernet over SDH)
•Most popular Ethernet service due to its simplicity
Ethernet Virtual Private Line (EVPL)
•Replaces Frame Relay or ATM L2 VPN services
–To deliver higher bandwidth, end-to-end services
•Enables multiple services (EVCs) to be delivered over single physical connection (UNI) to customer premises
•Supports “hub & spoke” connectivity via Service Multiplexed UNI at hub site
–Similar to Frame Relay or Private Line hub and spoke deployments
Services Using E-LAN Service Type
•EP-LAN: Each UNI dedicated to the EP-LAN service. Example use is Transparent LAN
•EVP-LAN: Service Multiplexing allowed at each UNI. Example use is Internet access and corporate VPN via one UNI
4. Services Using E-Tree Service Type
EP-Tree and EVP-Tree: Both allow root - root and root - leaf communication but not leaf - leaf communication.
•EP-Tree requires dedication of the UNIs to the single EP-Tree service
•EVP-Tree allows each UNI to be support multiple simultaneous services at the cost of more complex configuration that EP-Tree
APPLICATION OF CARRIER ETHERNET
5. The Standardization of Services:Approved MEF Specifications
•MEF 2 Requirements and Framework for Ethernet Service Protection
•MEF 3 Circuit Emulation Service Definitions, Framework
and Requirements in Metro Ethernet Networks
•MEF 4 Metro Ethernet Network Architecture Framework
Part 1: Generic Framework
•MEF 6 Metro Ethernet Services Definitions Phase I
•MEF 7 EMS-NMS Information Model
•MEF 8 Implementation Agreement for the Emulation of PDH Circuits
over Metro Ethernet Networks
•MEF 9 Abstract Test Suite for Ethernet Services at the UNI
•MEF 10 Ethernet Services Attributes Phase I
•MEF 11 User Network Interface (UNI) Requirements and Framework
•MEF 12 Metro Ethernet Network Architecture Framework
Part 2: Ethernet Services Layer
•MEF 13 User Network Interface (UNI) Type 1 Implementation Agreement
•MEF 14 Abstract Test Suite for Traffic Management Phase 1
•MEF 15 Requirements for Management of Metro Ethernet
Phase 1 Network Elements
•MEF 16 Ethernet Local Management Interface
How the MEF Specifications Enable Carrier Ethernet