This document discusses optical Ethernet networks and related technologies. It defines optical Ethernet networks as networks spanning MANs/WANs that offer carrier-grade Ethernet services over connection-oriented Ethernet transport infrastructures using optical PHYs. Carrier Ethernet provides the service component, while packet-optical transport systems provide the transport and PHY layers in line with various networking standards. Applications include triple-play services, mobile backhaul, and utility infrastructure networks.
Design Considerations for Converged Optical Ethernet NetworksVishal Sharma, Ph.D.
Transport networks have witnessed two significant trends over the past half decade or so. The first has been an explosion in the bandwidth that these networks can support and the distances over which they can support it. This is due to the advent of cost-effective wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and dense-WDM (DWDM), as well as a slew of technologies that extend transmission range, such as...more
Ethernet technology has emerged as a cost-effective, mature, robust, high-speed, and versatile choice for MAN/WAN networking of critical defense establishments and military installations – for e.g., army, navy, and air force bases, mission commands, remote war centers, the Pentagon, and other security agencies. Intelligent Ethernet helps to achieve IP-centric service requirements, while enabling wireless and fixed-line networks to evolve to a fast, economical, packet-switched infrastructure. The last few years have seen tremendous advancements in Ethernet architecture, its features, switch/router system design, and its integration with optical technologies. This tutorial provides a clear conceptual overview of optical Ethernet technology advances, network architectures, and benefits for military and defense network planners, network architects, and system engineers.
Since the photonic layer is the cheapest on a per-bit, per-function basis, and since
the key imperative before operator's today is to bridge the yawning gap between
exponentially increasing data traffic on the one-hand, and flat-to-declining revenues
on the other, a tighter coupling between the packet and optical layers to derive
operational, management, and deployment efficiencies, has...
The goal of the carrier today is to offer manageable end-user data services with a measurable QoS (Quality-of-Service) at the minimum cost per bit, using the smallest footprint systems, with the simplest implementation that allows for service-level agreements, operational efficiency, and traffic scalability. This has lead to the emergence of two design principles: the lower the layer at which...
Understanding Intelligent Military-Grade Optical Ethernet Networks: A Versati...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
Ethernet technology has emerged as a cost-effective, mature, robust, high-speed, & versatile choice for MAN/WAN networking of critical defense establishments and military installations – for e.g., army, navy, & air force bases, mission commands, remote war centers, the Pentagon, and other security agencies. Intelligent Ethernet helps to achieve IP-centric service requirements, while...
Enabling 5G X-Haul with Deterministic Ethernet - A TransPacket whitepaperIvar Søvold
Transpacket (www.transpacket.com) explores the concept of Ethernet X-Haul in a newly released whitepaper. Discussed extensively in the mobile industry in connection with 5G, the idea is to have an Ethernet based converged transport network serving multiple purposes including fronthaul and backhaul. The whitepaper presents the RAN architectures under consideration for 5G, and their consequences in terms of requirements for the transport network. It further describes how an innovative Ethernet scheduling mechanism is required to support deterministic Ethernet, and to fully achieve an 5G Ethernet X-Haul. It also introduces two use cases, namely Ethernet Crosshaul, and Indoor Coverage, which demonstrate the added value of deterministic Ethernet for mobile transport applications.
Telecoms Carriers and Service Providers use Managed Ethernet Demarcation Devices (EDDs) to provide full end-to-end visibility and control of their Layer-2 infrastructure.
Advanced EDDs incorporate test-traffic generation and protocols such as ITU-T Y.1731 to monitor key service-level characteristics such as Frame Loss, Latency and Jitter.
Now, it is possible to incorporate fibre integrity checking and fault-reporting to such devices. Specifically, Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) functionality, integrated directly into EDD fibre interfaces, provides a cost-effective solution to Carriers for fibre fault determination and localisation, reducing costs and time-to-repair for customer services.
Design Considerations for Converged Optical Ethernet NetworksVishal Sharma, Ph.D.
Transport networks have witnessed two significant trends over the past half decade or so. The first has been an explosion in the bandwidth that these networks can support and the distances over which they can support it. This is due to the advent of cost-effective wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and dense-WDM (DWDM), as well as a slew of technologies that extend transmission range, such as...more
Ethernet technology has emerged as a cost-effective, mature, robust, high-speed, and versatile choice for MAN/WAN networking of critical defense establishments and military installations – for e.g., army, navy, and air force bases, mission commands, remote war centers, the Pentagon, and other security agencies. Intelligent Ethernet helps to achieve IP-centric service requirements, while enabling wireless and fixed-line networks to evolve to a fast, economical, packet-switched infrastructure. The last few years have seen tremendous advancements in Ethernet architecture, its features, switch/router system design, and its integration with optical technologies. This tutorial provides a clear conceptual overview of optical Ethernet technology advances, network architectures, and benefits for military and defense network planners, network architects, and system engineers.
Since the photonic layer is the cheapest on a per-bit, per-function basis, and since
the key imperative before operator's today is to bridge the yawning gap between
exponentially increasing data traffic on the one-hand, and flat-to-declining revenues
on the other, a tighter coupling between the packet and optical layers to derive
operational, management, and deployment efficiencies, has...
The goal of the carrier today is to offer manageable end-user data services with a measurable QoS (Quality-of-Service) at the minimum cost per bit, using the smallest footprint systems, with the simplest implementation that allows for service-level agreements, operational efficiency, and traffic scalability. This has lead to the emergence of two design principles: the lower the layer at which...
Understanding Intelligent Military-Grade Optical Ethernet Networks: A Versati...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
Ethernet technology has emerged as a cost-effective, mature, robust, high-speed, & versatile choice for MAN/WAN networking of critical defense establishments and military installations – for e.g., army, navy, & air force bases, mission commands, remote war centers, the Pentagon, and other security agencies. Intelligent Ethernet helps to achieve IP-centric service requirements, while...
Enabling 5G X-Haul with Deterministic Ethernet - A TransPacket whitepaperIvar Søvold
Transpacket (www.transpacket.com) explores the concept of Ethernet X-Haul in a newly released whitepaper. Discussed extensively in the mobile industry in connection with 5G, the idea is to have an Ethernet based converged transport network serving multiple purposes including fronthaul and backhaul. The whitepaper presents the RAN architectures under consideration for 5G, and their consequences in terms of requirements for the transport network. It further describes how an innovative Ethernet scheduling mechanism is required to support deterministic Ethernet, and to fully achieve an 5G Ethernet X-Haul. It also introduces two use cases, namely Ethernet Crosshaul, and Indoor Coverage, which demonstrate the added value of deterministic Ethernet for mobile transport applications.
Telecoms Carriers and Service Providers use Managed Ethernet Demarcation Devices (EDDs) to provide full end-to-end visibility and control of their Layer-2 infrastructure.
Advanced EDDs incorporate test-traffic generation and protocols such as ITU-T Y.1731 to monitor key service-level characteristics such as Frame Loss, Latency and Jitter.
Now, it is possible to incorporate fibre integrity checking and fault-reporting to such devices. Specifically, Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) functionality, integrated directly into EDD fibre interfaces, provides a cost-effective solution to Carriers for fibre fault determination and localisation, reducing costs and time-to-repair for customer services.
Ethernet Demarcation Devices for managing end to end Ethernet service deliveryMetrodata Limited
The use of Ethernet by Telecommunications Service Providers, for Corporate connectivity services, is growing rapidly and is set to dominate within just a few years.End-to-end Ethernet networks offer a number of advantages, particularly in terms of reduced cost and complexity, compared against today's 'managed Router' networks, deployed by the majority of Service Providers.Nevertheless, in today's deregulated Telecoms environment, many Ethernet Service Providers deploy Infrastructure Networks acquired on a wholesale basis, for either for long-haul circuits, local 'last mile' access, or both. Only by having their own manageable network demarcation entities at the customer premises can the Service Provider achieve effective visibility to both local customer connections and end-to-end circuits.Our White Paper examines the challenges of Management of end-to-end network connections experienced by Ethernet Service Providers and looks at how the use of cost-effective, manageable Ethernet Demarcation Devices can help them to meet those challenges
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The performance of the vehicular communication-clustering processTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For the new wireless systems and beyond, the intelligent transportation system is considered as one of the main features that could be covered in the new research topics. Furthermore, both high-speed data transmission and data processing play a crucial role for these generations. Our work covers two main propositions in order to attain an improvement in such intelligent systems performance. A clustering algorithm is proposed and presented for grouping mobile nodes based on their speeds with some modified head assignments processes. This will be combined with a parallel-processing technique that enhances the QoS. Mainly, this work concerns enhancing the V2V data transmission and the processing speed. Thus, a wavelet processing stage has been imposed to optimize the transmitted power phenomenon. In order to check the validity of such proposition, five main efficiency factors have been investigated; namely complementary cumulative distributions, bit rates, energy efficiency, the lifetime of cluster head and the ordinary nodes reattaching-head average times.
Performance Analysis of MIMO-LTE for MQAM over Fading ChannelsIOSRJECE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard. The performance is characterized in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). In this paper the LTE system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB and the BER for 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-LTE using 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes for Rayleigh fading environment are obtained against different SNR values.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
UMTS Long Term Evolution, LTE, is the technology of choice for the majority of network operators worldwide for providing mobile
broadband data and high-speed internet access to their subscriber base. Due to the high commitment LTE is the innovation platform
for the wireless industry for the next decade.
This class will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this course you will have an understanding of
OFDM-principles including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO),
a fundamental part of LTE, will be explained as well as its impact on the design of device and network architecture. We’ll give a quick
introduction into the evolution of this technology including future upgrades of LTE features like multimedia broadcast, location based
services and increasing bandwidth through carrier aggregation.
The second part of the course will provide an overview including practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device
while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receiver sensitivity. We’ll address how
to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will introduce application based testing by demonstrating
end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication
Tester. Examples of application tests are voice over LTE, VoLTE or Video over LTE.
Replacing end-of-life PDH/SDH/SONET multiplexers in critical infrastructure communications. Learn how to deal with legacy equipment obsolescence and leased line service termination by Telcos, while preparing for smart applications and new packet services.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Throughput Performance Analysis VOIP over LTEiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ethernet Demarcation Devices for managing end to end Ethernet service deliveryMetrodata Limited
The use of Ethernet by Telecommunications Service Providers, for Corporate connectivity services, is growing rapidly and is set to dominate within just a few years.End-to-end Ethernet networks offer a number of advantages, particularly in terms of reduced cost and complexity, compared against today's 'managed Router' networks, deployed by the majority of Service Providers.Nevertheless, in today's deregulated Telecoms environment, many Ethernet Service Providers deploy Infrastructure Networks acquired on a wholesale basis, for either for long-haul circuits, local 'last mile' access, or both. Only by having their own manageable network demarcation entities at the customer premises can the Service Provider achieve effective visibility to both local customer connections and end-to-end circuits.Our White Paper examines the challenges of Management of end-to-end network connections experienced by Ethernet Service Providers and looks at how the use of cost-effective, manageable Ethernet Demarcation Devices can help them to meet those challenges
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
The performance of the vehicular communication-clustering processTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For the new wireless systems and beyond, the intelligent transportation system is considered as one of the main features that could be covered in the new research topics. Furthermore, both high-speed data transmission and data processing play a crucial role for these generations. Our work covers two main propositions in order to attain an improvement in such intelligent systems performance. A clustering algorithm is proposed and presented for grouping mobile nodes based on their speeds with some modified head assignments processes. This will be combined with a parallel-processing technique that enhances the QoS. Mainly, this work concerns enhancing the V2V data transmission and the processing speed. Thus, a wavelet processing stage has been imposed to optimize the transmitted power phenomenon. In order to check the validity of such proposition, five main efficiency factors have been investigated; namely complementary cumulative distributions, bit rates, energy efficiency, the lifetime of cluster head and the ordinary nodes reattaching-head average times.
Performance Analysis of MIMO-LTE for MQAM over Fading ChannelsIOSRJECE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard. The performance is characterized in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). In this paper the LTE system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB and the BER for 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-LTE using 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes for Rayleigh fading environment are obtained against different SNR values.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
UMTS Long Term Evolution, LTE, is the technology of choice for the majority of network operators worldwide for providing mobile
broadband data and high-speed internet access to their subscriber base. Due to the high commitment LTE is the innovation platform
for the wireless industry for the next decade.
This class will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this course you will have an understanding of
OFDM-principles including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO),
a fundamental part of LTE, will be explained as well as its impact on the design of device and network architecture. We’ll give a quick
introduction into the evolution of this technology including future upgrades of LTE features like multimedia broadcast, location based
services and increasing bandwidth through carrier aggregation.
The second part of the course will provide an overview including practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device
while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receiver sensitivity. We’ll address how
to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will introduce application based testing by demonstrating
end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication
Tester. Examples of application tests are voice over LTE, VoLTE or Video over LTE.
Replacing end-of-life PDH/SDH/SONET multiplexers in critical infrastructure communications. Learn how to deal with legacy equipment obsolescence and leased line service termination by Telcos, while preparing for smart applications and new packet services.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Throughput Performance Analysis VOIP over LTEiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Video steaming Throughput Performance Analysis over LTEiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
In today's fast driven business world, each industry is trying to find different means to deliver Products, Services and information in more timely manner in the most cost effective way. SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) provides one of the most effective solutions to the high demands of the data communication requirements of these fast phased business organization as well as general data communication needs.
Long term evolution (LTE) is replacing the 3G services slowly but steadily and become a preferred choice
for data for human to human (H2H) services and now it is becoming preferred choice for voice also. In
some developed countries the traditional 2G services gradually decommissioned from the service and
getting replaced with LTE for all H2H services. LTE provided high downlink and uplink bandwidth
capacity and is one of the technology like mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET) being used as the backbone communication infrastructure for vehicle networking applications.
When Compared to VANET and MANET, LTE provides wide area of coverage and excellent infrastructure
facilities for vehicle networking. This helps in transmitting the vehicle information to the operator and
downloading certain information into the vehicle nodes (VNs) from the operators server. As per the ETSI
publications the number of machine to machine communication (MTC) devices are expected to touch 50
billion by 2020 and this will surpass H2H communication. With growing congestion in the LTE network,
accessing the network for any request from VN especially during peak hour is a big challenge because of
the congestion in random access channel (RACH). In this paper we will analyse this RACH congestion
problem with the data from the live network. Lot of algorithms are proposed for resolving the RACH
congestion on the basis of simulation results so we would like to present some practical data from the live
network to this issue to understand the extent RACH congestion issue in the real time scenario.
A presentation given at the IoT World, May 2016 discussing why IoT innovation has significant economic impact, the legal and commercial challenges to the IoT Ecosystem, and the impact of new IP regulations (AIA, Banks, open-source models). We also assess the IP landscape for IoT looking the a taxonomy of technologies involved, the key owners, and areas ripe for licensing, and conclude with a look to the future.
Network Infrastructure Security in Cellular Data Networks: An Initial Invest...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
Network Infrastructure Security in Cellular Data Networks: An Initial Investigation - a presentation of the research by the Wireless Networks Research Group at IIT Bombay at SANOG (The South-Asian Network Operators Group) in January 2006.
A New Analysis for Wavelength Translation in Regular WDM NetworksVishal Sharma, Ph.D.
We present a new analysis of wavelength translation in
regular, all-optical WDM networks, that is simple, computationally
inexpensive, and accurate for both low and high
network loads. In a network with
k
wavelengths per link,
we model the output link by an auxiliary
M/M/k/k
queueing
system. We then obtain a closed-form expression for
the probability
P succ
that a session arriving at a node at a
random time successfully establishes a connection from its
source node to its destination node. Unlike previous analyses,
which use the link independence blocking assumption,
we account for the dependence between the acquisition of
wavelengths on successive links of the session’s path. Based
on the success probability, we show that the throughput per
wavelength increases superlinearly (as expected) as we increase
the number of wavelengths per link; however, the
extent of this superlinear increase in throughput saturates
rather quickly. This suggests some interesting possibilities
for network provisioning in an all-optical network. We verify the accuracy of our analysis via simulations for the torus
and hypercube networks.
Architectural Options for Metro Carrier-Ethernet Network Buildout: Analysis &...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
This workshop is one of the first that we're aware of to give a detailed taxonomy & analysis of deployment options for Carrier Ethernet-based metro/access networks, in one place. We elaborate each option addressing questions like: network architectures possible? Is other supporting technology needed? Or, is it standalone for the applications/services a provider might run, and so on.
A carrier-oriented panel conceived, co-ordinated, moderated/chaired by me (with great inputs from the NANOG Program Committee, and our PC Liason, Tony Tauber of Comcast), as part of our "Network Health Assessment to Lower TCO!" initiative, where our focus is to gather carrier eco-system thinking around contemporary carrier issues/challenges, to explore what we are doing well, what the needs of the...
Capacity Planning Panel - Operator and Eco-System Player DiscourseVishal Sharma, Ph.D.
This is a service-provider oriented panel hosted at NANOG52 in Denver, CO, that I coordinated (with Nina Bargisen of TDC with help from Phil Griston, Cariden, and Timothy Hu, WANDL) and moderated/Chaired. The panel involved excellent presentations by Tom Lundstrom (Qwest) and Duke Fisher (Verizon) on how they were using network planning and design tools to effectively handle large-scale design..
Internet Routing Protocols: Fundamental Concepts of Distance-Vector and Link-...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
An easy to follow basic presentation designed to explain the core operating principles of link-state and distance-vector routing protocols, which form the basis of OSPF/IS-IS and BGP routing protocols for the Internet, respectively. Adapted and summarized from Christian Huitema's "Routing in the Internet," bringing some of his examples "to life" as it were.
This talk/presentation is useful for...
This classic talk from 2002-03, captures some of the key traffic engineering and core network design strategies deployed by carriers from the early 1990's to early 2000's, and (now, in 2011!) provides a great historical perspective on how network cores have evolved. It will prove valuable for those looking to understand network evolution, and the operational principles and considerations behind it...
This talk/tutorial was one that I delivered to multiple organizations -- ranging from semiconductor houses, to start-up system vendors, to research and academic institutions, back in the 2002 time frame. As the abstract below illustrates, it captures the key essence & principles behind the router designs of two of the most popular and landmark switch/routers in our industry -- the Cisco...
Multi-Protocol Lambda Switching: The Role of IP Technologies in Controlling a...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
This is an early short tutorial from back in 2001 that focuses on the control of dynamic (or agile) optical networks. We begin by highlighting the motivation for such networks, their basic requirements, and the advantages of agility. We examine the functionality needed for routing and connection establishment in such dynamic networks, and compare possible candidates for the design of such a...
Elements of Cross-Layer System & Network Design for QoS-Enabled Wi-Max Networks Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
The main theme of this workshop is to elucidate medium access control (MAC) layer operation and cross-layer system and network design techniques for providing Quality-of-Service (QoS) in wireless broadband networks, and to put it in the context of military communications. We will use the IEEE 802.16 standard as an example for the rich feature set it presents, and the flexibility it provides for...
Today’s emerging metro Ethernet networks represent a significant shift in the way in which data services are offered to enterprise and residential customers. With Ethernet emerging as the access interface of choice, services such as packet-leased line and virtual private LAN service are being delivered over a wide mix of transport technologies – SONET/SDH, next-gen SONET/SDH, Ethernet/WDM, and...
Packet-Optical Integration: The Key to Evolving Towards Packet Enabled Agile ...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
The operator's paradox, for the past several years now, has been that while there is an explosion in data traffic volumes to the tune of 45-65% yearly, the corresponding revenue growth is in the single digits at best. To bridge this gap between rising operating costs (spurred by increased network capacity demands) and relatively flat revenues, providers must assess how to better architect their...
A Survey of Recent Advances in Network Planning/Traffic Engineering (TE) ToolsVishal Sharma, Ph.D.
Designing & managing operational IP networks is a complex, multi-dimensional
task. A fundamental problem before carriers today
is to optimize network performance by better resource allocation to traffic demands.
This requires a systematic evaluation of options, a thorough scenario analysis,
and foolproof verification of network designs, all of which are increasingly
possible only with help from automated TE and planning tools.
In the past few years, significant advances have been made in enhancing existing
tools and developing new ones that help providers rapidly identify potential
performance problems, experiment with solutions, and develop robust designs.
Several techniques from optimization theory, linear programming, and
models of effective bandwidth calculation have been incorporated in such
tools, as have detailed models of several vendor systems.
We present a comparative analysis and an overview of key features of some key
commercially available network planning/TE tools, and outline how
they could be leveraged by carrier network engineering/planning
organizations to perform detailed network analysis, proactive/reactive
TE, and network design.
We first give an overview of the architecture, design philosophy, and canonical
features of modern design tools, and then focus on new enhancements to some
popular tools
as well as key distinguishing features of some newly developed ones.
In particular, we focus on decision support tools for IP network planning
and network analysis, including the latest versions from
WANDL, OPNET, Cariden..
We also present a perspective on current outstanding carrier requirements
for TE/planning tools that was synthesized by our conversations with
several leading Tier 1 and Tier 2 carriers.
A fundamental problem before carriers today is to optimize network cost
and performance by better resource allocation to traffic demands. This is especially
important with the packet infrastructure becoming a critical business resource.
The key to achieving this is traffic engineering (TE), the process of
systematically putting traffic where there is capacity, and backbone
capacity management, the process of ensuring that there is enough network
capacity to meet demand, even at peak times and under failure conditions,
without significant queue buildups.
In this talk, we first focus on the TE techniques and approaches used
in the networks of two large carriers: Global Crossing and
Sprint, which represent the two ends of the traffic engineering spectrum.
We do so by presenting a snapshot of their TE philosophy, deployment strategy,
and network design principles and operation.
We then present the results of an empirical study of backbone traffic
characteristics that suggests that Internet traffic is not self-similar at
timescales relevant to QoS. Our non-parametric approach requires minimal
assumptions (unlike much of the previous work), and allows
us to formulate a practical process for ensuring QoS using backbone
capacity management.
(This latter work is joint with Thomas Telkamp, Global Crossing Ltd. and Arman
Maghbouleh, Cariden Technologies, Inc.)
With the rapid growth of IP networks in South-Asia in the past
few years, and the advent of new services and applications -- be they
wireless/wireline broadband Internet access, cable telephony, VoIP, remote
teleconferencing, e-governance, or mobile entertainment -- a key
issue before carriers is how to design and operate their networks as
methodically and as efficiently as possible to maximize both customer
retention and profits.
While several best practices typically emerge from each provider\'s
unique situation and cumulative experience (the "art" of network design), there
are certain operational precepts that systematize and streamline the
complex, multi-dimensional task of designing and managing modern, operational
IP networks (the "science" of network design).
In this talk, we first discuss the overall network design process and the
manner in which control over the network must be exercised at varying
timescales to achieve efficient operation. Next we discuss the
functions that the operational, engineering, and planning teams at a
carrier must typically execute, their inter-relationships, and
the importance/rationale for performing them to optimize network
performance.
We then outline some network design best practices that have evolved
over the past decade, drawing upon examples of carriers such as
Sprint, Global Crossing, AT&T, NTT, and Reliance. We conclude with
a look at some automated traffic engineering and planning tools,
and how they enable carriers to rapidly identify potential
performance problems, rigorously experiment with/evaluate design
options, perform thorough scenario and network analysis, and
develop robust designs.
Multi-Protocol Label Switching has become by far one of the most important Internet technologies of the last 15 years. From humble beginnings back in 1996-97, it is literally the defacto standard in a large majority of service provider networks today. This presentation, delivered to executives at MTNL, Mumbai (a large regional carrier in India), explains the key operational principles behind MPLS, and its significant applications.
Furnish executives, senior engineering mgt., and technology experts at vendors & service providers (carriers, operators, MSOs, ISPs, ILECs, IXCs) with a bird’s eye view of how Metanoia, Inc. can be of service to them.
Set context for an interactive presentation/meeting to follow, where we can:
Present details of our service provider and/or vendor activities;
Discuss key points of problems solved/projects done;
Respond to queries in real-time
Review 8 key operator areas of interest (based on our analysis/interactions) as operators evolve their networks/services in an increasingly competitive world.
Highlight the top 4-6 issues within each area that, based on our assessment, operators are concerned about in the medium term, and furnish executives, senior engineering mgt., and technology experts at service providers (carriers, operators, MSOs, ISPs, ILECs, IXCs) with a bird’s eye view of how Metanoia, Inc. can be of service to them.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...
Demystifying optical ethernet networks
1. Demystifying Optical Ethernet Networks
Monday, February 01 2010
The TDM-to-packet network transformation has been underway in transport/ telecommunications networks
for some years now, fueled primarily by two trends: (a) the advent of triple-play (voice, video, data) for
enterprise and residential customers and, lately, the explosion in video and mobile data services, and (b) the
evolution in both packet- and transport-network equipment.
Figure 1. Three key components of Optical Ethernet: service, transport, PHY, together with the
technologiesand standards organizations involved in specifying/developing each component.
In this regard, there have been rapid advancements to make packet technologies, such as IP and Ethernet,
more “circuit-like”, and to make transport technologies and equipment more dynamic and, thus, “packet
friendly.” These developments have led, over the last few years, to the emergence of a mélange of terms —
“optical Ethernet”, “metro optical Ethernet”, “packet-optical transport”, “Carrier Ethernet”, “metro
Ethernet” — which are often used interchangeably, blurring the distinction between them, and leading to
confusion in industry circles. Our objective here is to define the terms optical Ethernet, Carrier Ethernet,
and packet-optical transport, explain their relationships, and show how they all fit together in emerging
optical Ethernet networks.
2. Versatile Packet Networking
Before defining the term “optical Ethernet,” it is useful to point out that the term “Ethernet” itself can apply
to any one of the three roles of Ethernet technology: as a service, as a transport technology, and as a PHY
layer (Figure 1).
Figure 2. Relationships of the different layers: service layer, transport layer, and PHY layer, and their
corresponding entities.
An Ethernet service is offered to the end-customer (the enterprise or residential customer), runs end-to-end
(customer premise-to-customer premise), and is one in which the traffic flow into/out of the system at the
customer consists of Ethernet frames. An Ethernet service is thus the Ethernet connectivity between
customer equipment. A carrier-grade Ethernet service is one that is scalable (to many MAC addresses and
end points), offers QoS (traffic management), reliability (protection), and manageability (OAM and
monitoring), and can span long distances (of MAN/WAN scope; typically tens to thousands of kilometers).
Ethernet transport refers to the ability to switch/route Ethernet frames (belonging to an Ethernet service)
between network nodes, by setting up/using connection-oriented, traffic engineered paths in the network
with deterministic performance (QoS, delay, jitter, loss, reliability). In other words, Ethernet transport
refers to the setting up of the “pipe” through which the Ethernet frames travel, and to determining its
routing within the cloud.
Ethernet transport makes it possible to realize connection-oriented Ethernet (COE). COE, in essence, refers
to the collection of control-plane protocols and data-plane settings that create a connection- oriented
capability for transferring the frames of an Ethernet service. We mention that Ethernet transport could be
provided either by enhancing Ethernet technology (e.g. as is done in Provider Backbone Bridging with
Traffic Engineering, PBB-TE, in the IEEE 802.1Qay standard) or by a different technology (e.g. using
MPLS-TP technology being developed jointly by the IETF & the ITU-T). Both of these forms of transport
involve switching/routing data frames and are, therefore, referred to as Layer 2 (or L2) transport.
It is also possible to embed Ethernet frames in a different transport networking layer, such as the one
provided by the ITU-T’s G.709 OTN (Optical Transport Network) standard. This form of transport
involves switching/routing traffic at the optical channel data unit (ODU) level and is, therefore, referred to
as Layer 1 (or L1) transport.
Ethernet PHY refers to the framing and timing of the actual bits of the Ethernet frame, and their
transmission over a physical medium — copper wire, coaxial cable, or optical fiber — to connect switches
at the physical layer. Some common Ethernet PHYs are the 1 GE (IEEE 802.3z), 10 GE (IEEE 802.1ae),
and 100 GE (IEEE 802.3ba) Ethernet PHYs. Note that Ethernet frames can also be embedded in other PHY
framing standards, such as those in the ITU-T’s G.709 OTN (Optical Transport Network) standard.
3. Optical Ethernet Network
With this background, we may now define an Optical Ethernet Network as a network spanning a
MAN/WAN that offers a carrier-grade Ethernet service, running over a connection-oriented Ethernet
(COE) transport infrastructure over an optical PHY (Figure 2). The optical PHY could be provided either
by the OTN’s optical channel (OCh), or by an Ethernet PHY running over optics, and may be multiplexed
onto a given fiber using CWDM/DWDM technology.
A key characteristic of optical Ethernet is that its scope is beyond the enterprise LAN, and spans a
metropolitan- area or wide-area network.
“Carrier Ethernet” vs Optical Ethernet
The term “Carrier Ethernet” was formalized by the work of the MEF (Metro Ethernet Forum) in the 2004-
2005 time frame, which defines Carrier Ethernet as “a ubiquitous carrier-grade Ethernet service that has the
following five attributes: standardized services, scalability, reliability/ protection, hard QoS, and service
management.” The technical work of the MEF (as described in its specifications) together with the
technical work of associated standards bodies (ITU-T, IEEE, IETF) enable the functionality and attributes
of Carrier Ethernet.
The services defined by the MEF are in terms of an Ethernet Virtual Connection (EVC), which is defined
as an association of two or more User Network Interfaces (UNIs) at the edge of a metro Ethernet network
(MEN) cloud (i.e. subscriber sites), where the exchange of Ethernet service frames is limited to the UNI’s
in the EVC. The MEF defines three standardized services: E-Line (a point-topoint EVC), E-LAN (a
multipoint-to-multipoint EVC), and E-Tree (a point-to-multipoint “rooted” EVC, where the root(s) can
communicate with any of the leaves, but the leaves must communicate with each other only via the root).
Figure 3. Optical Ethernet Network with the service, transport and PHYcomponents in operation.
Scalability refers to a service that scales to millions of UNIs (end-points) and MAC addresses, spanning
access, local, national, and global networks, with the ability to support a wide bandwidth granularity and
4. versatile QoS options. Reliability refers to the ability to detect and recover from errors/faults without
impacting customers, typically with rapid recovery times, as low as 50ms. Hard QoS implies providing
end-to-end performance based on rates, frame loss, delay, and delay variation, and the ability to deliver
SLAs that guarantee performance that matches the requirements of voice, video, and data traffic over
heterogeneous converged networks. Service management implies having carrier-class OAM, and standards-
based, vendor-independent implementations to monitor, diagnose, and manage networks offering Carrier
Ethernet service.
Thus, we see that Carrier Ethernet comprises the service component of optical Ethernet networks (Figure 1,
Figure 2, and Figure 5).
Packet-Optical Transport
Packet-optical transport systems (P-OTS or P-OTP) are a new class of networking platforms that combine
the functions and features of SONET/SDH/OTN ADMs or cross-connects, Ethernet switching and
aggregation systems, and WDM/ROADM transport systems into a single network element, thus providing
“data-aware optical networking.”
A P-OTS network element typically will have ITU-T G.709 OTN support, a COE component, and support
for WDM. These elements also offer transport of a wide range of client signals — Ethernet (dominant),
legacy SONET/ SDH, SAN traffic, IP/ATM, video traffic, and can switch at the wavelength level Figure 3.
Optical Ethernet Network with the service, transport and PHYcomponents in operation. (WDM), sub-
wavelength (or ODU) level, TDM level (SONET/SDH), and packet level (Ethernet, MPLS). A P-OTS
network element enables a carrier, especially in the MAN/WAN, to quickly and cost-effectively change
connectivity and bandwidth in the network, without knowing about the actual services.
Key architectural features of P-OTS elements are:
• Universal switching architecture/fabric for switching traffic at different layers (OTN, TDM and
packet)
• Ability to switch, groom, and manage traffic in its native format (i.e. SONET/SDH traffic as TDM
traffic, and IP or Ethernet traffic as packet traffic), thus, allowing for the percentage of each traffic
type to vary dynamically (all Ethernet to all SONET/SDH and anything in between, for instance)
• Software-selectable ports that can switch between switching SONET/ SDH to switching Ethernet,
depending on the traffic
Even as this definition is gaining industry consensus, according to research firm Heavy Reading, there are
three architectures that are currently deemed to fall under the packet optical transport umbrella, shown in
Figure 4.
Thus, P-OTS platforms provide the transport and PHY components of optical Ethernet networks (Figure 5).
5. Optical Ethernet Applications
So which applications/services are optical Ethernet being used for (or envisaged for) today?
Figure 4. Packet-Optical Transport Systems (P-OTS): Architectures in use today.
As expected, it is the business or residential services with triple-play applications (voice, video, and data to
the desktop), mobile backhaul applications (where the Ethernet PHY is used between the base-station and
the first switching node, and regular optical Ethernet networks are used in the backhaul and backbone
networks), and utility infrastructure networks (where oil, gas, water, and electric utilities are transforming
their aged communication systems into “data-aware” systems that allow for automation of functions such
as billing, monitoring, meter reading).
Applications such as software-as-a-service, VoIP, VoD, and hosted unified communications are driving
demand, as are ICT trends such as virtualization, data center outsourcing, data replication, disaster
recovery, remote backup, and IT outsourcing.
6. How It All Fits Together
Figure 5. Optical Ethernet: How it all fits.
Thus, we see that in the trio that are the components of optical Ethernet — service, transport and PHY —
Carrier Ethernet provides the service component, packet-optical transport gear provides the transport and
PHY component, and the various IETF, IEEE, and ITU-T standards provide the specifications for the PHY
layers, as well as connection-oriented Ethernet (Figure 5).
As optical Ethernet evolves over the next few years, there will be further reduction in the layers leading to a
fused Ethernet-WDM packet transport layer with circuit-like capabilities, and to packet- optical systems
optimized for it. This allows the providers to handle increasing volume of data traffic, while reducing the
number of network elements by using Ethernet as the common packet technology in access, aggregation,
and core networks.
This article was written by Vishal Sharma, Ph.D., Principal Consultant & Technologist, Metanoia, Inc.
(Mountain View, CA) and Shahram Davari, MASc, Associate Technical Director, Network Switching,
Broadcom Corporation (San Jose, CA). For more information, contact Dr. Sharma at vsharma@metanoia-
inc.com, Mr. Davari at davari@broadcom.com, or visit http://info.hotims.com/28050-201.