Glass fiber is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass. Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of glass fiber was only made possible with the invention of finer machine tooling.
Glass fiber is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass. Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of glass fiber was only made possible with the invention of finer machine tooling.
Glass wool
Glass wool is an insulation material made from glass fibers and arranged into a wool-like texture using a binder. The process traps many small pockets of air within the glass and these small air pockets result in high thermal insulation properties. Glass wool is produced in rolls or slabs with different thermal and mechanical properties. It can also be produced as a material that can be sprayed or applied in place, to heat the surface. The modern method of making glass wool was invented by Game Slater while he was working at the Owens-Illinois Glass Co. He first applied for a patent in 1933 for a new process for making glass wool.
Glass wool is made from sand, limestone, and soda ash with a high proportion of recycled glass and other minerals. They are melted down into fibers and mixed with organic resins before being cured into products. The mineral raw material melts at about 1400 to 1500 °C. An aqueous binder is sprayed onto the fibers during the spinning process. The fibers cool quickly and harden like glass. The binder is then hardened in a tunnel oven at approximately 250 °C whereby the products gain their structural stability.
You May Know- Mineral fiber | Properties, Chemical composition, Types | Applications
Glass wool is produced from a thick layer of glass fibers that are cured in an oven at about 200°C to bind the fibers together and therefore reduce the thickness of the layer. The molten glass from the furnace is fed into the various forehearths by a distribution station. At the front end, the temperature of the feeder is monitored and usually controlled by a silicon detector-based radiation thermometer and coupled thermal radiation through a fiber optic cable. From the nozzle, the molten glass flows into a rotating fiber spinner, which uses centrifugal force to create small pieces of glass fiber. The temperature of the spinner is controlled by a single or dual-wavelength radiation thermometer. For quality control purposes at the entrance and exit of the curing oven, the mat of fibers is imaged by an infrared line-scanner with a very high measuring speed to detect unwanted hot glass gobs inside the insulating material. These gobs can cause problems during the cutting, packing, and handling of glass wool and also inhibit the thermal insulation properties of the final product.
Characteristics
i. Glass wool is an insulation material that is arranged into a wool-like texture using a binder made from glass fibers.
ii. It is a cheaper and more affordable material. It is less expensive than other insulators in the market.
iii. It is made of fire-resistant material. So, it can withstand fire up to 300°C.
iv. It has excellent qualities including acoustic and thermal insulation.
v. It is readily available at every DIY store/hardware store along with other repair supplies.
vi. This component is designed to be rot-proof. It can last a very long time.
You May Know- Glass fiber | Properties and Chemistry | Their application
Experimental Analysis on Strength Properties of Glass Fiber Concreteijtsrd
"The current world is witnessing the construction of challenging and innovative civil engineering structures. It has been established that when fibers are added in certain percentage to the concrete improves the strength properties as well as crack resistance and ductility. Fibers impart energy absorption, toughness and impact resistance properties to fiber reinforced concrete material and these characteristics in turn improve the strength properties. In the present experimental investigation the alkali resistant glass fiber of diameter 14 micron, length 24mm, having an aspect ratio of 855 was employed in percentage varying from 0, 10 , 20 , 30 , 50 , 60 and 80 to study the effect on compressive, split tensile and flexural strength on M40 grade concrete. At early age strength, the concrete with more than 20 of glass fiber gain strength around 61 until 82 faster than normal concrete. This implies that glass fibers assist in increasing the Compressive strength of concrete. The higher the glass fiber, in the mix the compressive strength also increases. Deepak T. J. | Senyange E. K. | Iman. F. | Nazrul Azmi A. Z. | Chakravarthy N. ""Experimental Analysis on Strength Properties of Glass Fiber Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Information Technology , November 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19110.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/19110/experimental-analysis-on-strength-properties-of-glass-fiber-concrete/deepak-t-j"
Glass, properties, manufacturing, applications, advance techniquesSAAD ARIF
Glass is an amorphous material giving the highest transparency at all and its applications are globally versatile in almost every field of science from window panes to advance engineered glass, controlling its transparency by some alteration in the structure, making it bullet proof and giving it high strength, also used for green house effect,
Article on ceramics, glass, adhesives, sealantsrita martin
rticle on ceramics, glass, adhesives, sealants and its chemicals history, evolution, production, industrial applications. Different types of ceramics, glass, adhesives, sealants chemicals and its properties
Fabrication and Electrical Discharge Machining of Al-SiC-Mg Composite with Me...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Composites are the materials obtained by
combinations of different materials, with greater and better
properties that are not present in the individual parent
material. Due to its outstanding properties like light weight,
corrosion resistance, higher strength and better thermal and
electrical properties it is widely used. More than 40000
products of composite materials are used across the Globe. In
this work Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite is formed with
varying percentage of SiC and Mg. The electrical discharge
machining (EDM) of the fabricated composite material has
done to observe the material removal rate (MRR) and surface
roughness along with different tests such as XRF, hardness
test, tensile test and compression test. This paper represents
the information that are observed after conducting various
tests on composites casted by varying the percentage of Sic
and Mg.From Various tests it is observed that with increase
in percentage of SiC and Mg hardness, Young’s modulus and
MRR increases
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
4. INTRODUCTION
Glass fiber is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass.
Glass fiber combines its light weight with an inherent strength to provide a weather
resistant finish with a variety of surface textures
The basic component of glass fibers is silica, SiO2. In its pure form it exists as a
polymer, (SiO2)n.
It has no true melting point but softens up to 2000°C,where it starts to degrade.
It is usual to introduce impurities into the glass in the form of other materials to
lower its working temperature.
5. HISTORY
The ancient Pheonicians and Egyptians were two civilizations that made glass, and both
of them made glass into fibers, or made glassfiber. They used this fiber for decoration,
unaware of the potential that lay within it.
After that In 1870, a man named John Player developed a process of mass producing
glass strands with a steam jet process.
Mass manufacture of glass fiber was only made possible with the invention of finer
machine tooling in 1893.
In 1935, Corning Glass joined with Owens-Illinois, another company that had been
experimenting with fiberglass, to develop the product further. In 1936, they patented
the product "Fiberglas", with only 1 "s.", and then in 1938 the two companies merged to
become Owens-Corning, which is still in existance today.
As early as 1942, Owens-Corning was producing fiberglass and polyester airplane parts
for the war effort.
6. TYPES OF GLASS FIBER
As per ASTM C162 the glass fiber was classified according to the end use and
chemical compositions.
E, Electrical
S, Strength
C, Chemical
M, Modulus
A, Alkali
D, Dielectric
7. PROPERTIES
Thermal
Glass fibers are useful thermal insulators because of their high ratio of surface area to weight.
However, the increased surface area makes them much more susceptible to chemical attack.
By trapping air within them, blocks of glass fiber make good thermal insulation, with a
thermal conductivity of the order of 0.05 W/(m.K).
Tensile
Fiber type
Tensile
strength
(MPa)
Compressi
ve
strength
(MPa)
Density
(g/cm3)
Thermal
expansion
(µm/m·°C)
Softening
T
(°C)
Price
($/kg)
E-glass 3445 1080 2.58 5.4 846 ~2
S-2 glass 4890 1600 2.46 2.9 1056 ~20
9. MANUFACTURIG
PROCESS
Glass melts are made by fusing
silica with minerals, which
contain the oxides needed to
form a given composition.
The individual components are
weighed and delivered to
blending station where the batch
ingredients are thoroughly
mixed before being transported
to the furnace.
10. ADVANTAGES
Very high tensile strength
Excellent resistance to sunlight and U
Excellent FR properties
Good dimensional stability
Zero moisture absorbance
Resistant to mildew, rotting and insects
Excellent UV stability
Glass textiles are of comparatively relatively low price (1.25 Euro/kg) so they have
found wide applications.
11. DISADVANTAGES
Adhesion difficulties.
Relatively heavy.
Glass fibers if breathed into the lungs can promote fatal cancerous growth.
Brittle, poor flexing properties
Poor abrasion resistance
12. APPLICATION
Important Commercial Products
Fiberglass Fabric. Fiberglass yarns are converted to fabric form by conventional weaving
operations.
Textile yarns are fine-fiber strands of yarn from the forming operation that are air dried on
the forming tubes to provide sufficient integrity to undergo a twisting operation.
Texturized Yarn. Texturizing is a process in which the textile yarn is subjected to an air jet
that impinges on its surface to make the yarn ’fluffy’’
Carded Glass Fibers. Carding is a process that makes a staple fiberglass yarn from
continuous yarn.
