This document provides an overview of carbon fiber, including its history, structure, types, manufacturing process, properties, and applications. Carbon fiber was first created in 1860 but has primarily been developed since the 1950s through improvements in manufacturing. It is produced from polymer precursors like polyacrylonitrile and petroleum pitch. The manufacturing process involves spinning the precursor into filaments, then oxidizing, carbonizing, and applying surface treatments to produce the final carbon fiber. Carbon fiber has very high strength and stiffness to weight ratios, making it useful for applications in aerospace, automotive, civil engineering and sports equipment.

1. CARBON
FIBER BY:-Prathmesh.D.jagtap

2. INDEX
 INTRODUCTION.
 HISTORY.
 FUTURE OF CARBON FIBER.
 STRUCTURE.
 TYPE OF CARBON FIBER.
 MANUFACTURING OF
CARBON FIBER.
 PROPERTIES
 APPLICATION.

3. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS CARBON FIBER?
 A Material Consisting of Thin
,Strong Crystalline Filaments of
Carbon, Used As a Strengthening
Material, Especially In Resins and
Ceramics.

4. Currently, the Untied States of
America uses nearly 60% of
the world production of carbon
fibers and the Japanese
account for almost 50% of the
world capacity for production.
The largest producer of this
fiber is Toray Industries of Japan.
INTRODUCTION

5. Swan first created carbon fiber in 1860 to
use in an early incandescent light bulb
Sir Joseph Wilson
In 1963, the UK Ministry of Defence,
patented a new carbon fiber
manufacturing process..
British scientists W. Watt, L. N.
Phillips, and W. Johnson
In 1879, used cellulose-based carbon
fiber filaments in the some bulb.
Sir Thomas Edison
In the early 1960s, the Agency of
Industrial Science and Technology in
Japan, used polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as
his precursor.
Dr. Akio Shindo
HISTORY
When was carbon
fiber invented?
Although carbon fiber has been
around for more than 150 years, it
has only been through
manufacturing process
improvements in the last half century
or so that its excellent strength-to-
weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios
have been achieved. These modern
advances, coupled with decreases in
manufacturing costs over the last
couple of decades, are what have
made carbon fiber become such a
popular material for design
engineers to use in some of today's
greatest technological advances.
Union Carbide Parma Technical
In 1958, accidentally produced the first
petroleum-based carbon fibers

6. Carbon Fibers Were Developed In The 1950s By Heating Strands
of Rayon Until They Carbonized.
In The Early 1960s, A Process was Developed using Polyacrylonitrile As
a raw material.
During The 1970s, Experimental Work To Find alternative raw materials
led to the introduction of carbon fibers made from a petroleum pitch
derived from oil processing.
Sir Thomas Edison Sir Joseph Wilson British scientists W. Watt

7. FUTURE OF CARBON FIBER!
In 2009, Zyvex Technologies
introduced carbon nanutube-
reinforced polymer.
CarbonNanotube- Reinforced
polymer is several times stronger
and tougher than carbon fibre
and was used in the
manufacturing of air craft as a
structural material.

8. STRUCTURE
Paper video
 The atomic structure of carbon fiber is
similar to that of graphite, consisting
of sheets of carbon atoms arranged
in a regular hexagonal patter
(graphene sheets), the difference
being in the way these sheets interlock.

9. STRUCTURAL MODEL OF CARBON FIBRE

10. CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW

11. LONGITUDINAL VIEW

12. TYPES
Pitch Type Carbon Fiber
Another type of the fiber, produced by
carbonization of oil/coal pitch precursor.
Pan type carbon fiber
A type of the fiber produced by carbonization of PAN
precursor (PAN:Polyacrylonitrile)

13. BASED ON PRECURSOR FIBER MATERIALS,
Pitch-based carbon fibers.
Rayon-based carbon fibers.
PAN-based carbon fibers.
Mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers.
Gas-phase-grown carbon fibers.
Isotropic pitch-based carbon fibers.
1
2
4
5
6
3

14. HOW IS CARBON FIBER MADE?
Production from two sources:-
•Polyacrylonitrile(PAN)
•Pitch
The raw material used to make carbon fiber is called the precursor.

15. MANUFACTURING
 Each carbon filament is produced from a polymer such as
polyacrylonitrile (PAN), rayon, or petroleum pitch, known as a
precursor.
The precursor is first spun into filament yarns, using chemical
and mechanical processes to initially align the polymer atoms
in a way to enhance the final physical properties of the
completed carbon fiber.

16. PAN CARBON MANUFACTURING
Acrylonitril
Solvent
Comonomer
Catalyst
Precursor
Post-treatment
Rinsing
Spinning
Solution spinning
Polymerization

17. Carbon fiber
Precursor
Oxidization
(250~350C in the air)
Carbonization
(1000~1500 C in inert carbon gas)
Surface treatment
Sizing treatment Graphitization
Graphitization
Surface treatment
Sizing treatment
Carbon fiber
Graphite fiber

18. IN GENERAL CARBON FIBER ARE PRODUCER IN
FIVE PROCESSING STAGES:
SPINNING STABILIZATION CARBONIZATION
TREATING THE
SURFACE SIZING

19. MANUFACTURING OF CARBON FIBER
Carbon fiber
The raw material used to make carbon
fiber is called the precursor. About 90% of
the carbon fibers produced are made from
polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The remaining
10% are made from rayon or petroleum
pitch.

20. PROCEDURE

21. MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES
Breathing irritation.
Health and safety.
Skin irritation.
The need for more cost
effective recovery and repair.
Close control required to
ensure consistent quality.

22. PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBERS
High tensile strength.
Low thermal expansion.
Electrically and thermally conductors.
Light weight and low density.
Tensity : 1.8-2.4(kg/mm2).
Density : 1.95 gm/cc.
Elongation at break : 0.5%.
Elasticity : Not good.
Moisture regain (MR%):0%.
Ability to protest friction : good.
Color : Black.

23. PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBERS
Lusture : Like silky.
Ability to protest heat : Good.
Effect of sunlight : No change inn color.
Effect of bleaching : Sodium hypochlorite slightly
effect carbon fiber.
Protection against flame : Excellent.
Protection ability against insection : Do not harm
carbon fiber.

24. APPLICATION
Civil engineering.
Sports equipments.
Aerospace and aircraft industry.
Acoustics.
Portable power.
Building and construction materials.
Fiber reinforced plastics.

25. THANK YOU