This document discusses the major stages of infrastructure system design that can be supported by a GIS application, including terrain modeling, setting up the network layout, simulations and design validation, and detailed design. It provides examples of using GIS for terrain modeling with triangulated irregular networks, setting water and sewage networks on digital terrain models, running hydraulic simulations, and generating detailed designs and construction plans.

1. GIS In Water & Sewage
Systems Design
Workflows

2. Major Stages in Infrastructure System Design
(red stages supported in GIS application)
• Definition of the design criteria
• General data collection
• Survey data & digital terrain model (DTM)
• Setting up a designed GIS network model
• Completion the design by simulation &
optimization
• Validation of the design against the design criteria
• Cost evaluation
• Detailed design drawing & tender document

3. Terrain Modeling Stage
• Data sources may include: survey files, digital
drawing files or raster maps
• Terrain modeling using triangulation (TIN)
• Study of the existing ground by reported contour
lines & and cross-sections

4. Triangulation is a well defined mathematical
algorithm that knows how to take N points of
different locations in the plan domain and create
2N-1 triangles between them. The resulting
triangles collection define a continuous area (with
no islands) that will always be enclosed by a
convex polygon.
What Is a TIN Model (Triangulation) ?

5. What Is a TIN Model (Triangulation) ?

6. DTM of Herzeliya Industrial Zone
Infrastructures Survey Work
TIN model based on 8000 points.
Islands & bays created by removing large edged tringles.
This operation represents more realistic model of the surveyed

7. TIN model of Tel Aviv – Rehabilitation of
Sewage Network
TIN model based on 220,000 points

8. Study of The Existing Ground

9. TIN model of Addis Abeba– Rehabilitation
of Water Distribution System
TIN model based on 50,000 pointsArea 600 squared Km
Pressure zones contourization
Contour lines spacing is 10m

10. Live Demo – Create DTM

11. Setting Up The Network Layout Stage
• Digitizing the network junctions, reservoirs pipe
lines etc on top of the terrain model. The new
elements are added in compliance to the network
rules.
• Updating design parameters such as: pipe
diameter, reservoir water level, line status, pump
curves etc.
• Demand distribution on junctions using various
methods like: exact consumer metering, evaluated
Thiessen demand areas

12. Setting the network by digitization on top of DTM
Karu -Abuja - Nigeria

13. Setting the network by digitization on top of DTM
Karu -Abuja - Nigeria

14. Water Hydraulic Model
City of Petach Tikva
Population 180,000 Area ~40 Km2

15. Sewage Network Master Plan
City of Tel Aviv
18,000 lines
8 drainage zones
100 districts
Rain floating problems

16. Sewage Discharge Distribution Using
Thiessen Polygons
Discharge = Thiessen Area * Population Density * DischargeCoeff / District Area

17. Sewage Network Master Plan
City of Ramat Hasharon
8
7
65
4
9
2
1
3
10
3,500 lines
5 drainage zones
10 districts
40,000 residents
2 pumping stations
1 treatment plant
Rain floating problems

18. Simulations & Design Validation Stage
• Hydraulic simulations of water or sewage networks
for several design scenarios.
• Validation of calculated water hydraulic
parameters such as: pressures, head loss, flow
velocity etc to comply with the design criteria &
energy saving requirement.
• Validation of sewage lines discharge quantities to
sustain their capacity.

19. Live Demo
Build water & Run Simulation
Build Sewage & Optimize
Thiessen Polygons
Water Profile
Sewage Profile

20. Results of Hydraulic Simulation
Karu -Abuja - Nigeria

21. Results of Hydraulic Simulation
Water Distribution - Master Plan- Jerusalem
800,000 residents, Area 130 Km2, 1500 pipes, 8 pressure zones

22. Results of Hydraulic Simulation
Calculated Pressure Zones
City of Petach Tikva

23. Thematic Display of Head Loss in Pipes
Guwahati India

24. Thematic Display of Sewer Pipes Discharge
in Relation to Their Capacities

25. • Rectification of the preliminary calculated network in
accordance to site constraints.
• Design & positioning of the maintenance valves.
• Design of pipe joints.
• Design of the longitudinal cross-section profile of
main pipes & setting up the air or drainage valves.
• Preparation of bill of materials from the drawings.
Detailed Design Stage

26. Automated Identification & Codification of
Water Network Joints
0066-0066-0079-0000
T75R90-75
66mm79mm 66mm

27. GIS Support in Automated Detailing for Bill
of Materials & Site Construction

28. Roads, Sewage & Drainage Rehabilitation
Niroaby - Kennya

29. Air Infiltration Control & The Deign Of
Main Pipes Profile
In detailed designed of water distribution network
we must ensure the best performance of the network
hydraulics. Air infiltration to main lines can cause a
lot of problems during operation. By obtaining a
careful design of the water pipe longitudinal profile,
we can control the air concentration spots and ensure
their relief by installing appropriate air valves.

30. Water Pipes Profile Design
Karu -Abuja - Nigeria

31. Sewage Profiles - City of Tel Aviv