The SCT Technique fills the gap in the armory of integrity engineers when assessing the condition of difficult to inspect pipelines and is being referred to as a "game changer" by many individuals in the industry.  

1. ABOVE GROUND INSPECTIONS OF BURIED PIPELINES
Speir Hunter Limited
STRESS CONCENTRATION TOMOGRAPHY
(SCT)
1

2. STRESS CONCENTRATION TOMOGRAPHY (SCT)
• Ideal for ageing and non-piggable pipeline infrastructure
• Non-invasive & remote pipeline integrity assessment
• No interruption of pipeline service
• No change to operating parameters
• No pipeline or ROW preparation procedures
• Indicates geological induced stresses on pipelines
• Detection of stress not geometry
SCT is a MFL-like proprietary rapid screening tool within the
Remote Magnetic Monitoring of Stress (RMMS) and Large
Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) category of NDE inspections.
SCT is used to detect corrosion and metallurgical defects in the
pipe wall from above ground without removing soil cover or
coatings:
2
Speir Hunter Limited

3. Speir Hunter Limited
SCT FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
1. Joule Magnetostriction Principle
• Change in sample dimension in the direction of the applied field
2. Villari Effect
• Change in magnetization due to applied stress

4. Pipelines experience stress and output a corresponding
magnetic signature:
• Operational Stresses eg Hoop, longitudinal, axial
• Stress given in MPa and banded per % SMYS per ASME B31G
• Stress Concentration Zones:
• Pipe Wall Corrosion & Erosion
• Stress Corrosion and Metallurgical Defects
• Mechanical damage, dents and weld defects
• Geotechnical Soil Slippage, Subsidence, Erosion, Frost Heave
Changes in
magnetic field
Pipeline Magnetic
Anomaly
Localised Stress
Concentration
Magnetostriction
and Villari Effect
Speir Hunter Limited
APPLICABILITY TO PIPELINES

5. Defective section
No 1
Defective section
No2
Defective section
No 3
anomaly 1 anomaly 2 anomaly 3
Pipeline
Magnetic field
• Shape, strength and direction of magnetic field vectors determined by the
intensity and extent of stress
• Field generated by pipeline stress decays with distance from pipe
• SCT reports geometric center of the SCZ caused by the defect(s), not the
geometrical features of the defect.
STRESS CONCENTRATION ZONES (SCZs)
5
Speir Hunter Limited

6. STRESS CONCENTRATION TOMOGRAPHY (SCT)
6
Speir Hunter Limited

7. SCT TARGET APPLICATIONS
1. Pipeline Integrity Management Program Regulatory Requirements
2. ECDA/ICDA Integrity Dig Prioritization
3. Unpiggable Pipeline Inspections
4. Track & Monitor ILI Defects between runs
5. Stuck Pig/ILI tool Detection & Location
6. Girth Weld Detection & Location
7. CIS & CP Survey Coating Defect Detection
8. Geotechnical Imposed Stress Conditions
9. CUI Surveys to Determine Where to Strip
10. Documentation Improvements for alignment sheets, buried valves,
flanges & casings, diameter & radius ID, and field bend wrinkles.
11. Depth of Cover Surveys, 3D Line Mapping
12. GPS Survey & GIS system data integration of buried pipeline detail
In Development: Characterization of defects with clock position, sub-sea
pipeline inspection via ROV, and remote inspection via UAV.
Speir Hunter Limited

8. GIS SYSTEM for SCT INTEGRATION
• Speir Hunter utilizes MRF Geosystems for GIS integration of SCT results.
• Pipeline data storage with SQL Server and Oracle
• Pipeline inspection details referenced and viewed linearly with
associated georeferenced notes, pictures and videos.
• Oil & Gas mobile apps on ruggedized field tablets for complete offline
capabilities and access to SCT GIS data and results, Ground Truthing,
Topo Surveys, and on-site document retrieval.
• 3D GIS visualization for pipeline modeling, routing and planning.
• Allows pipeline operators to simulate excavation and investigate
complex pipeline crossings in 3D.
8
Speir Hunter Limited

9. SCT Survey Map - 0 to 200 meters
9
Key Reporting Elements
1. Topographical Features along Pipeline Route

10. 10
Key Reporting Elements
2. Strip Charts – visual overview of SCZs in relation to Hoop Stress and Material SMYS

11. Anomaly
Type)
Sample
ID
Distance
[m]
Latitude
[WGS84]
Longitude
[WGS84]
X[RD] Y[RD]
Altitude [m
WGS84]
Anomaly
Magnitude
[uT]
Estimated
Stress [MPa]
%SMYS
CWT 2343 45.87 52.789751 4.917489 123313.66 533710.82 -3.90 1.10 158.78 65.80%
CWT 3484 72.27 52.789988 4.917444 123310.79 533737.21 -4.64 1.15 161.71 67.02%
CWT 4264 89.61 52.790142 4.917411 123308.68 533754.36 -4.72 0.91 146.54 60.73%
CWT 4889 103.99 52.790273 4.917377 123306.48 533768.95 -4.63 0.92 146.74 60.81%
CWT 4926 105.06 52.790280 4.917377 123306.48 533769.73 -4.63 0.90 145.24 60.19%
CWT 4962 106.10 52.790288 4.917374 123306.29 533770.62 -4.66 0.92 146.66 60.78%
SCZs identified with estimated local stress in band 61% - 72% SMYS)
3. Table of Magnetic Anomalies
Banding Reference Documents
ASME B31.8 – 2007 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
ASME B31.8S – 2004 Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines
NB Class locations used to establish safety margins. Based on population density
Operating Hoop Stress
52% material SMYS
11
Key Reporting Elements

12. 4. Visualised view of Girth Weld Location and Pipeline Route in WGS84 Format
12
Key Reporting Elements

13. 5. Visualised Depth of Cover with Girth Weld Locations
13
Key Reporting Elements

14. 3 Dimensional Mapping: Significant reduction in pipeline strikes and excavation costs
Girth Weld and Pipe Casing Locating: Precision excavations reducing costs
Accurate Depth of Cover Surveys to trend soil loss/erosion with time
Detect & Monitor changes of actual pipeline stresses from above ground:
– Detects localized stress caused by all metal defects irrespective of orientation
– Detects stress corrosion
– Detects stress caused by ground movements, twisting and sagging
– Can confirm if damaged coating has led to metal corrosion
– Suitable for all ferromagnetic pipelines including tight turns and small diameters
– No interruption to pipeline operations
– No minimum or maximum operating pressure required at time of inspection
– No dependancy on flow rate of transported material
– 10 kms of pipeline typically inspected per team per day depending on terrain
14
Speir Hunter Limited
SCT BENEFITS TO PIPELINE OPERATORS
NO LOST PRODUCTION, NO HIDDEN COSTS

15. 15
Speir Hunter Limited
SCT APPLICATION FOR PIPELINE OWNERS
Non-Piggable Pipelines:
• Estimated that 35% of global pipelines have not been designed for and
have not been converted to enable ILI inspection
• Provides a pipeline evaluation technique for non-piggable pipelines
Piggable Pipelines:
• Between ILI cycles to verify, validate and monitor High Consequence Areas
• In-situ technique so operators don’t need to shut in the line or disrupt
operation in any way
US DEPT OF TRADE
REGULATORY
EVALUATION PIELINE
INTEGRITY
MANAGEMENT 2001
Estimates

16. 16
Item Low $/km High $/km
Caliper Tool 620 810
Launcher/Receiver 500 620
Clear Restrictions 3,100 15,500
Total 4,220 16,930
Assumptions:
Caliper tool used to identify restrictions and bends that would need modification
Modification to fit the launcher/receiver combination ranges $80k - $100k.
Assume requirement is every 160km. Figures in table are average cost/km
Restriction clearance assumed as minimum 1 obstruction per km with low
in table referencing section replacement to clear tight bends only and high
including valve replacement. NB Figures include cost of loss of throughput
Speir Hunter Limited
US DEPT OF TRADE REGULATORY EVALUATION PIELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT 2001 Estimates
COSTS TO UPGRADE A PIPELINE FOR ILI

17. 17
Low $/km High $/km
Cleaning 315 315
Inspection 1250 2200
Operator Errors 65 65
Throughput Loss 1800 3600
Total 3,430 6,180
Low $/km High $/km
Cleaning 5620 5620
Inspection 1250 2200
Operator Errors 65 65
Throughput Loss 0 0
Total 6,935 7,885
Natural Gas Pipelines Liquid pipelines
Assumptions
1. Throughput loss based on futures price of $6/mmBtu
Historical High = $15.38/mmBtu
Historical Low = $1.05/mmBtu
2. Cleaning of natural gas pipelines assumes mechanical (scraper tools) only
Cleaning of liquid pipelines assumes a split of 65% mechanical and 35% chemical
Speir Hunter Limited
ILI COSTS
US DEPT OF TRADE REGULATORY EVALUATION PIELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT 2001 Estimates

18. 18
Speir Hunter Limited
Non Piggable Pipelines - Summary of ECDA Process
Step 1 Pre assessment
Collect and evaluate data looking for potential
threats to pipeline integrity and relative risks
Step 2 Indirect Inspection
Based on data assessed in step 1. Minimum 2
inspection methods required usually DCVG + CIPS
Step 3 Direct Examination
Data from step 2 is used to identify excavation locations
Visual plus contact NDT methods
Step 4 Post assessment
Composite set of data from steps 1 – 3 (ie risk factors)
are considered to identify continuing excavation needs,
determine if additional technologies are needed and
establish a reassessment schedule

19. 19
Speir Hunter Limited
ECDA COSTS (per mile = 1.6Km)
Interstate Natural Gas Association of America US$15,000
American Gas Association (members estimate) US$7500 (not including excavations)
American Gas Association (members estimate) Up to US$250,000 excavation costs
American Gas Association (members estimate) US$40,000 for typ transmission line
PG & E report an average cost to perform ECDA US$29,000
HYDROSTATIC TESTING COSTS (per mile = 1.6km)
INGAA US$29,700 – Transmission Lines
AGA US$40,000 – Urban Distribution Lines
US DEPT OF TRADE REGULATORY EVALUATION PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT 2001 Estimates
SCT INSPECTION COSTS (per mile = 1.6km)
US $3,500 – Transmission Lines
US $5,500 – Urban Distribution Lines
* Dependent on terrain accessibility

20. 20
Speir Hunter Limited
WHO’s USING SCT?
• TransCanada
• Shell
• Chevron
• Kinder Morgan
• Enbridge
• PG&E
• Colonial Pipelines
• National Grid (UK)
• GRTgaz (France)
• PRCI (Houston)

21. 21
Line 37: 1400 – 1600m from start
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES

22. 22
Line 37: 1400 – 1600m from start
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES

23. 2323
Speir Hunter Limited
Maximum deviation
from original route is
1.4m
Distance[M] GNSS Depth Terrain Size of Indication Notes
1364-1491 Fixed 0.19-1.11 Slope 7m over 90m Significant(large)
A group of SCZs at 1440m
and 1480m, sharp
Magnetic signal change
CASE STUDIES

24. Line 37: 1360 -1500m from start
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES

25. 25
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES
Dig No.2, DEF46, ID 1197
• Microcracks are microstructural
features often formed along the
surface interfaces of elastically
hard phases
• Microcracks encounter others
at random and join together
(coalescence)
• The distribution of marks often
controls the probability of
macrocrack initiation
• The resulting sudden length
increase causes a jump in the
stress intensity
MICRO CRACKS

26. 26
66%
SMYS
Crack opening: 0.2mm
Crack depth: 0.6mm
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES
Dig No.2, DEF46, ID 1197

27. 27
4.25in Dent between 9 and 11 o’clock
Dig No.3, Site 3, ID 37903
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES

28. 28
2mm misalignment at girth weld Pitting from 5 to 9 o’clock
638x18mm
Dig No.3, Site 3, ID 37903
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES

29. P11 Dig Site 2
Lancashire
Condition following repairCondition prior to repair
29
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES

30. Sullom Voe - Shetlands
No indications of localised stress exceeding operating hoop stress during SCT
3 Excavations along the length
Inspected confirmed no corrosion
detected
SCT VERIFIED
Operating hoop stress 31% material SMYS
30
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES

31. 36” Water Pipe – South Africa
SCT Verification Against 7 Excavations
• 3 SCZs and 4 Corrosion locations with
coating damage not identified by DCVG
CWT 20575
CWT25247 CWT26718
31
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES

32. Hoop Stress 20%SMYS
CWT 20575 CWT 25247 CWT 26718
32
Speir Hunter Limited
36” Water Pipe – South Africa

33. Ultrasonic Inspection at CWT 20575
Ultrasonic Inspection at CWT 25247
(NB CWT 25068 generated by water meter)
Ultrasonic Inspection at CWT 26718
Phased Array Ultrasonics Corresponding SCT indication
33
Speir Hunter Limited
36” Water Pipe – South Africa

34. 6 Pipelines scanned
• One twice pre & post MFL
• Scanned known faults (blind)
• Depth variation in Pipeline
SCT-to-ILI correlation within 2m
Holland
ILI DEFECTS
SCT SCZs
34
Speir Hunter Limited CASE STUDIES

35. Bermuda China
Buried capped T joint
Washout
Landslip
Increase in Localised Stress Caused by Earth Movement
35

36. 3
Speir Hunter Limited
SCT FULLY DIGITiSED TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM MTM MAINLY ANALOGUE TECHNOLOGY
AUTOMATED ANALYTICAL ALGORITHMS DETECT ABNORMAL LOCALISED STRESS. Short
processing and report generation time
Manual interpretation of data. No automation. Subject to human error. Clients have reported
waiting 6 months+ for condition reports
No contact with target pipe. NO EXCAVATION REQUIRED. No direct assessment required.
Truly a remote and passive inspection
Claim non intrusive inspection but minimum of 1 excavation for direct assessment required
prior to completing results depending on length inspected. Often 3+
GNSS SATELLITE POSITIONING SYSTEM REPORTS LOCATION OF GEOMETRIC CENTRE OF
ABNORMAL STRESS TO CM ACCURACY
Cotton and pulley measures distance. Errors over distance are cumulative. Very inaccurate over
long distances and in strong wind (blowing the thread to spin the pulley in addition to
longitudinal movement
Reports abnormal localised wall stress relative to operating hoop stress and material SMYS.
FACILITATES ASME B31G BANDING ASSESSMENT
Black box sentencing using traffic light system. No explanation and no units. No compliance with
ASME B31G
Above ground features mapped to cm accuracy and recorded in an electronic data logger
using triangulated GNSS satellite system
Above ground features noted by hand and positioned using hand held LOW COST Garmin
accurate to +/- 15m
LOCALISED ABNORMAL STRESS BANDED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME B31 G TO ASSIST
INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT
No conformity with international standards
3 DIMENSIONAL MAPPING CONCURRENT WITH PIPELINE CONDITION REPORTING (lat, long,
depth)
No mapping or imaging capability
GIRTH WELD POSITION REPORTED TO CM ACCURACY No capability to recognise welds
Reports precise locations where terrain prevents inspection eg walls Claims continuous inspection in locations where no magnetic data collected – misleading
clients in capability
Speed of inspection: continuous at walking speed with data stored on large capacity memory
stick. SHORTER INSPECTION TIME IN THE FIELD THAN MTM = LOWER COST
Frequent 20m -50m stops to minimise measurement thread curvature. Stops to replace reel
when thread runs out. Stops to Replace small capacity memory blocks every 200m. Longer time
in the field than SCT
SCT MTMSignificant advantages for client compared with
LARGE STANDOFF MAGNETOMETRY
TECHNIQUE COMPARISON

37. SPECIFICATIONS & LIMITATIONS
• Pipe diameters between 2.5” to 72”
• Minimum wall thickness: 1/8”
• Pipe material: Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Iron
• Does not detect composite pipeline repair materials
• Probability of Detection: >80% with a confidence level of 95%
• False Alarms: < 20% with a confidence level of 95%
• Max pipe burial distance to scanner: 12 times pipe diameter
• Signal decay beyond 12 x pipe diameter
• Parallel pipes must be a minimum 0.5m apart
• Post processing can isolate tighter pipe spacing
• Inaccessible terrain (buildings, trees, river crossings, sub-sea pipes, etc)
• Not adapted for submerged pipelines
• Nearby location of sources of magnetic interference
• Reinforced Concrete/Small Diameter Pipes/Cast Iron
• No impact from overhead power lines or plant facilities
• Vertical sections - positioning errors
• Complex crossing piping networks 37
Speir Hunter Limited

38. SUMMARY
Stress Concentration Tomography (SCT) is an above ground, in-situ,
non-destructive inspection service for buried oil & gas pipelines:
• Accurate and Precisely provides data for:
1. Pipeline Integrity Management Program (PIMP) Data
2. ECDA/ICDA Dig Prioritization & Excavation Savings
3. Stuck PIG/ILI tool detection and locating
4. CIS Coating Survey Defect Location & Detection
5. Depth of Cover Surveys & 3D Pipe Route Maps
6. CUI Prioritization & Insulation Stripping Savings
7. Girth Weld Detection & GPS Locating
• Ideal for Non-Piggable & Aging Pipelines
• Fully Automated Software Algorithm to Interpolate
Magnetic Data and Calculate Stress to ASME B31G
• Lower cost than alternative LSM providers
38
Speir Hunter Limited
NO LOST PRODUCTION, NO HIDDEN COSTS