This document discusses several applications of GIS technology. It describes how GIS is used in petroleum exploration to integrate geological, drilling and other data to identify potential oil and gas deposits. It also discusses using GIS to model the effects of wetland restoration and to generate ecological maps. Further applications discussed include creating a biomass map of the US to identify methane sources, digitizing road and transportation infrastructure, mobile transport mapping applications, land use planning, and mapping water distribution systems.

1. INTRODUCTION TO GIS AND IT’S APPLICATION

2. GIS is a relatively broad term, that can refer to a
number of technologies, processes, so it is attached
to many operations, in engineering, planning,
management, transport/logistics and analysis.
WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH GIS

3. GIS as it applies to Petroleum Exploration
In order to recognize the subsurface geologic body comprehensively, all
kind of ways are used synthetically in Petroleum Exploration.
• Discovering and assessing oil and gas deposits require information
integration culled from geology, drilling and GIS.
• By gathering geophysical data to narrow the search area within large
fields, exploration crews can refine their targets and apply seismic
techniques more efficiently. Combining seismic and gravity methods
enables oil explorers to better define and focus projects early on, and
minimize the risk of conducting expensive investigation before potential
is determined.

4. Ecological Engineering Application
Ecological engineering is an emerging study of
integrating ecology and engineering concerned with
the design, monitoring, and construction
of ecosystem. It is also known as the study of the
environment as it relates to living or dead organisms.
• A GIS based model was used in testing effects of
restoration measures in wetlands by Prof Jar slaw
Chormaoski University of life Science Poland.

5. Highlights:
► The degree of degradation of wetland vegetation and
soils can be related to groundwater conditions.
► Established relation between soils, vegetation and
groundwater allows using the latter as a predictor.
► Exclusion of the existing drainage system can cause
positive effects on wetland vegetation.
► other considered restoration scenarios do not show
the potential of change in wetland state.
► Presented approach contains uncertainty which
cannot be easily quantified for soil and vegetation
mapping.

6. ECOLOGICAL MAPS GENERATED FROM ARTICLE

7. BIOMASS MAP OF USA

8. BIOMASS MAP OF USA
• It is a typical representation of biomass resource from Methane
emission.
• Biomass is said to be the total mass of living matter in a given unit
area, in this map America has used the technological-know-how of
GIS to collect mapped data of methane emission from
biodegradable substances such as plant materials and animals and
used them as Fuel.
• Methane: Atmospheric methane is one of the most potent and
influential greenhouse gases on earth, and the relative abundance
makes an attractive fuel.
CH4 + CL CH3 + HCL

9. In this Process maps of the following are collected via GIS
Crop residues
The following crops were included in this analysis: corn, wheat, soybeans,
cotton, sorghum, barley, oats, rice, rye, canola, dry edible beans, dry edible peas,
peanuts, potatoes, safflower, sunflower, sugarcane, and flaxseed. The quantities
of crop residues that can be available in each county are estimated using total
grain production, crop to residue ratio, moisture content, and taking into
consideration the amount of residue left on the field for soil protection, grazing,
and other agricultural activities. Source: USDA, National Agricultural Statistics
Service; five-year average: 2003-2007.

10. Forest residues
This category includes logging residues and other removable
material left after carrying out silviculture operations and site
conversions. Logging residue comprises unused portions of
trees, cut or killed by logging and left in the woods. Other
removable materials are the unutilized volume of trees cut or
killed during logging operations. Source: USDA, Forest
Service's Timber Product Output database, 2007.
Primary mill residues
Primary mill residues include wood materials (coarse and fine) and bark
generated at manufacturing plants (primary wood-using mills) when round
wood products are processed into primary wood products, such as slabs,
edgings, trimmings, sawdust, veneer clippings and cores, and pulp screenings.
Source: USDA, Forest Service's Timber Product Output database, 2007.

11. Secondary mill residues
Secondary mill residues include wood scraps and sawdust from
woodworking shops — furniture factories, wood container and pallet
mills, and wholesale lumberyards. Data on the number of businesses by
county was gathered from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2009 County
Business Patterns.
Urban wood waste
Urban wood waste includes wood residues from MSW (wood chips and
pallets), utility tree trimming and/or private tree companies, and
construction and demolition sites. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010
Population data; BioCycle Journal: "State of Garbage in America",
January 2008; County Business Patterns 2009.

12. Methan emmission from landfills
Methane emissions from landfills
The methane emissions are estimated for each landfill considering total
waste in place, landfill size, and location (arid or non-arid climate), and
then aggregated to county level. Note: this dataset doesn't include all
landfills in the United States due to gaps in either precise geographic
location or waste in place. Source: EPA, Landfill Methane Outreach
Program (LMOP), April 2008.
landfilMethane emmission from manure management
The following animal types were included in this analysis: dairy cows,
beef cows, hogs and pigs, sheep, chickens and layers, broilers, and turkey.
The methane emissions were calculated by animal type and manure
management system at a county level. Source: USDA, National
Agricultural Statistics Service, 2002 data.

13. Transport or transportation : Is the movement of people, animals
and goods from one location to another. Model of transport include air,
rail road, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided
into infrastructure, vehicle and operation. Transport is important since it
enables trade between people, which in turn establishes civilizations.
Digitalization of Road transport Infrastructure:
As much as transport playing a vital role the economic growth of any
country, With the use of GIS, satellite imageries are collected to help out in
the building/construction of roads and bridges across various Cities and
towns.

14. Transportation helps shape an area’s economic health and quality of
life. Not only does the transportation system provide for the mobility of
people and goods, it also influences patterns of growth and economic
activity by providing access to land.
The demand for transport infrastructure and services in Nigeria is fast
rising predominantly as rail services are being introduced in the near
future.

15. ICT/ GPS MOBILE TRANSPORT MAP APPLICATIONS
Mobile Transport GPS:
These is a technology that helps you KEEP track ON anything
from your mobile device or your computer, be it car, phone etc.

16. GIS APPLICATION AND LAND-USE PLANNING
• GIS has served as one of the world’s veritable source of
income. GIS based mapping application address various
spatial need of land Register.
• Provides tamper-proof Records for GIS land information,
which hereby reduces social conflicts on land and
Litigation.
• Provides detailed planning for new estates infrastructure
and environmental development.
• Especially for those into real estate/ urban regional
planning.

17. Enhancement of (IGR) on Land based transaction.

18. WATER DISTRIBUTION:
• Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities,
commercial organizations, community endeavors or by
individuals, usually via a system of pumps and
pipes. Irrigation is covered separately.
• GIS helps in the digitalization of pipe line Infrastructure.

20. As we continue to study deep and make researches to
our scope,
We’ll timely affect positively the rapid growth and
technological
Development of our Country and the African Continent
at large.