Kenya Land Use Planning and the Need for GIS in County Spatial Planning - Mathenge Mwehe
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1) Kenya is devolving spatial planning responsibilities to county governments according to the new constitution, requiring each county to develop a 10-year GIS-based spatial plan. 2) Existing land management systems in Kenya rely on outdated manual records and lack integrated GIS applications, but efforts are underway to develop a national land information management system. 3) A geospatial society of Kenya is being established to promote GIS development and help establish a national spatial data infrastructure, with the goal of supporting county spatial planning through GIS training and resources.
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Kenya Land Use Planning and the Need for GIS in County Spatial Planning - Mathenge Mwehe
- 1. Land Management Systems and the Need for GIS in Kenya Presented by: Mathenge Mwehe Lecturer and Researcher Presented at; International Center for Land Policy Studies and Training (ICLPST) 574 Chungshan Road, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China The Seminar on GIS and Land Management March 19 – April 1, 2014 | Taipei, Taiwan The 321ST Commissioned Training by MOFA
- 2. 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com Mathenge M. (Lecturer and Researcher) Department of Urban Management, Maseno University, Kenya. Email: mathengemwehe@yahoo.com Tel: (+254) 724 302 883 Acknowledgement Prof Jeremy Shen, Director, Information Center, Ministry of Interior; Vice Chair, Societal Impact Committee – IGS, GSDI Association for nominating me to participate in this seminar Republic of China, (Taiwan), Ministry of Interior, for sponsoring me to fly all the way from Kenya to attend this seminar in Taiwan My heartfelt gratitude to;
- 3. Presentation Outline 1. PART 1: Understanding Spatial Planning 2. PART II: Understanding Kenya Land use spatial Scenarios 3. PART III: Existing GIS & Land Management Frameworks 4. PART IV Way forward for GIS use in Land management 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com
- 4. 4/10/2012 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com PART I Understanding Spatial Planning
- 5. 4/10/2012 I will start my presentation with this basic principle; • That nowadays, land has become a finite resource…! It is our common shared space and a factor of production. • But, Land is a very scarce resource. • There is need to decide how to use it – hence the need for developing a spatial plan. Land as a finite resource
- 6. What is spatial planning? Spatial planning can be defined as “coherent and integrated intervention in the allocation of limited land areas for various uses….. taking into account the needs for socio‐economic development and environmental protection. Spatial planning goes beyond traditional land use planning to bring together and integrate policies for the development and use of land with other policies and programmes which influence the nature of places and how they function.
- 7. Existing planning • Has been more of theoretical kind of planning- desktop reviews and experts’ consultation. • Rarely has the development plans dictated by situation on the real geographic locations (situation on the ground). • In these plans, Spatial thinking is more so linked to planners/experts perception and view of how things look like on the ground. • There is therefore need for developing spatially dictated/aligned plans at the counties (county spatial plan).
- 8. Need for Spatial Thinking •How can we think and plan spatially without knowing geo- location & geo-spatial distribution of country’s natural Resources, capital resources, Human habitation and spatial distribution of human activities?
- 9. Why spatial planning •Population continues to grow at alarming levels in our country. •This is causing ever increasing pressure on finite land resources. •Therefore we need to rethink on best strategies to plan, allocate and reallocate these finite land resources. We need to think spatially
- 10. 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com PART II Understanding Kenya Spatial Scenarios https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nphe6O8 TXy8
- 11. Geographical Location of Kenya 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com Kenya total land mass 582,646 km2 (16 times size of Taiwan) Total population of 43 Million 76% live in Rural areas and 24% in urban 46% of population live below poverty line. Life expectancy 60 years Somalia Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Indian ocean
- 12. 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com Overview of land categorization in Kenya Satellite image of Kenya 80% of land mass is Arid and Semi Arid land. Only 20% is classified as productive land
- 13. 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com The Agro-climatic zones of Kenya
- 14. Kenya’s Land scenario in Arid & Semi Lands Temperature map 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com
- 15. Kenya’s Land use scenario in productive Lands Mombasa Nairobi Nakuru Thika/ Nyeri Kisumu Kakamega Kisii/ Homabay Urbanization & land Fragmentation Temperature map Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com
- 16. Spatial distribution of Population in Kenya Population concentrated within the arable land of the country 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com 3D Population Map
- 17. 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com Shortcomings of existing land Management System Map of land Conflict prone areas in Kenya
- 18. Loss of ecological biodiversity 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com Short coming of existing land management system The Kenya safari
- 19. Rural Poverty & scarcity of land- High rise apartments in villagesFloating dingy town e.g. Migingo Slum city Short coming of existing land management system Urbanization of poverty
- 20. Results of existing planning system Land fragmentation dilemma for the current and future generation Kenya has a mean household size of 5.1 persons Which way forward > Land Consolidation? land Readjustment? or land banking? What size will his future land inheritance be?
- 21. 1975 1977 1992 2012 2022 2 acres 1 acre Family -1 kid Family expands to 6 children 12 children 1/2 1/2 ½ ÷ 6=0.006 Father –2 wives All marry 1st wife 2ndwife 1 acre 2 yrs 22 children 15 yrs 20 yrs 10 yrs Results of existing planning system A case example of central Kenya 0.006 ÷ 22= ½ / 6 = 0.08
- 22. 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com 4/10/2012 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com PART II Existing GIS Application and land management frameworks in Kenya
- 23. 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com • Community Land Board (CLB) Community Land • National Land Commission • County Land Management board Public land • Managed by Individual or groupsPrivate land Whose manages land in Kenya? Freehold Leasehold Customary
- 24. Laws and policies used in land management 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com 1. Land Act 2. National Land Commission 3. Constitution of Kenya 2010 4. National Land Policy 5. County Government Act 6. Physical Planning Act 7. Land Control Act 8. Forest Act e.t.c Need to harmonize various Laws and policies used in land management
- 25. 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com MINISTRY OF LANDS, HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Dept of surveying and Mapping DIRECTORATE OF LAND MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATE OF PHYSICAL PLANNING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT Dept of Land Administr ation Dept of Land Registratio n Land Sector reform unit Dept of urban developm ent Dept of Physical Planning Dept of land use regulation Land Management frameworks in Kenya
- 26. Kenya’s Land Registry System 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com The standard News paper: Thursday, February 20, 2014 Massive Land Records, of over 100 years old. Land registry records in the country is reliance on manual records since 1903 Heaps of tattered, dilapidated files of land registry records
- 27. No GIS Application in Land Records Management 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com Shortage of Resources both Human & Equipment. Use of Outdated Procedures and Practices The Ministry of Land has no GIS based Land Information Systems Pile of Manual land registry records
- 28. Current Initiative by the Ministry • Project underway to Develop Kenya Land Information Management System (KLIMS). • The NLIMS is being developed through computerization of land registries. • Developing a model GIS-Based Cadastral Information System 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com
- 29. 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com 4/10/2012 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com PART III Devolving Spatial Planning in Kenya
- 30. The new constitutional dispensation of 2010 in Kenya has devolved Spatial Planning and recommends the use of GIS tools in Counties Land Management 4/10/2012 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com Devolving Spatial Planning in Kenya
- 31. • Parliament at the national government sets the general policies and the overall policy framework, but land-use planning is a devolved responsibility. • Overall responsibility of county spatial planning lies with the relevant devolved county Government Departments. Land-use planning at National and county Government
- 32. county county county county Devolution and Spatial Planning County government Act stipulates that; • There shall be a ten year county GIS based database system spatial plan for each county……providing; – A spatial depiction of the social and economic development program of the county . – Clear statements of how the spatial plan is linked to the regional, national and other county plans.. county county Central government county
- 33. 105. Planning in the county • Ensuring the establishment of a GIS based database system. 108. County integrated development plan Refer to maps, statistics and other appropriate documents that are not attached but held in a GIS based database system: 110. County spatial plans (1) There shall be a ten year county GIS based database system spatial plan for each county. In the Laws of Kenya, County Governments Act. No. 17 of 2012. The County Government Act underscores the importance of GIS in County Governments, as stated below; The New constitution and GIS in Land Management 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com GIS Application in County spatial planning
- 34. The opportunity – Devolved Land Management functions > 47 devolved governments > 47 spatial plans > 47 GIS Land cadastral database and Information systems > 1 central government > 1 National spatial plan > 1 GIS land database > 1 Land Information system Year 2010 and beyondBefore Year 2010 Nationalgovernment Countygovernments Setting up of
- 35. Setting GIS databases for the 47 County governments • There shall be a ten year county GIS based database system spatial plan for each county… County government Act sets forth a County Planning Unit which shall be responsible for; • Ensuring the collection, collation, storage and updating of data and information suitable for the planning process; and • Ensuring the establishment of a GIS based database system 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com
- 36. County government Act sets forth a County Planning Unit which shall be responsible for; • Coordinating integrated development planning within the county; • Ensuring linkages between county plans and the national planning framework; • Ensuring meaningful engagement of citizens in the planning process; • Ensuring the collection, collation, storage and updating of data and information suitable for the planning process; and • Ensuring the establishment of a GIS based database system County Planning Units
- 37. County spatial plans The county Spatial plan will foster; •Better spread of job opportunities. •Better places to live in. •Better quality of life for people. •Strong, competitive economic position •Environment of the highest quality.
- 38. What the county spatial plan must address •Spatiality: -Spatial planning has to make sense. •Governance: -Spatial planning has to work •Implementation: -Spatial planning has to make a difference •Conservation: -Spatial plan must conserve biological diversity
- 39. 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com 4/10/2012 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com PART III The way Forward for GIS Application
- 40. Road Towards National Spatial Data Infrastructure in Kenya 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com Year 2001 First workshop on building National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) held. Year 2002 Second Kenya NSDI Workshop held. Year 2006 2-year-project by JICA aimed at; 1) Development of NSDI standards in Kenya 2) Enhancement of competence in map digitization 3) Developing resources for GIS dissemination Year 2014 As of 2014 Nothing concrete has been achieved in establishment of NSDI
- 41. The way forward With the NSDI in Limbo, GIS professionals and university students in Kenya has Set up Geospatial Society of Kenya to spearhead the use, application and establishment of NSDI in Kenya 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com
- 42. Setting up Geospatial Society of Kenya (GSK) GSK is a professional society that aim to bring all GIS and RS professionals and university student across Kenya. It is currently being established to spearhead GIS development in Kenya 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com
- 43. Milestones in development of GSK • Year 2012- – Idea conceived to start a GSK platform – A GSK facebook page formed. Current membership over 300 • Year 2014 – Officially start deliberation to formally register GSK – 2 meeting have already been held toward officiating it. – GSK Officials elected, with the founding President being Mathenge M. – GSK constitution and by laws formulated Present Activities – Developing strategic plan – Developing the website – Establishing the framework and structures – Recruitment drive 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com
- 44. GSK seeking for support and partnerships • Seeking assistance from GIS experts all over the world in developing; – Kenya’s Geoportal – Seminars and Training of GSK members – Financial support to establish GSK structures – GSK eLearning Portal – GIS advisors for GSK 4/30/2014 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com Should you need to help, please contact the GSK President at mathengemwehe@yahoo.com
- 45. 4/10/2012 Mathenge Mwehe mathengemwehe@gmail.com What do you think are the challenges county Spatial planning in Kenya? How can GIS be used to address these? Discussion question
- 46. Thank you (Asante Sana) 谢谢 Karibu Kenya-Hakuna matata!! mathengemwehe@yahoo.com Prepared by: MATHENGE MWEHE Department of Urban Management, School of Planning and Architecture, Maseno University, Kenya
Editor's Notes
- Spatial planning is also intended to support an integrated, participatory management approach at the national, provincial and local levels. Spatial plans are used both to promote desirable land and resource use and to regulate human activities to minimize negative environmental and social impacts.Spatial planning is widely considered to be one of the key instruments of good governance, particularly when the approach integrates environmental, economic and social factors. Spatial planning goes beyond traditional land use planning to bring together and integrate policies for the development and use of land with other policies and programmes which influence the nature of places and how they function. Spatial planning refers to the methods used by the public sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scales. This includes urban (urban planning), regional (regional planning), national and international levels
- 75% of this population live in the rural areas and rely on agriculture for most of their livelihood. Kenya has High poverty levels due to unemployment and low land productivityPopulation continues to grow at alarming levels in our country. This is causing ever increasing pressure on finite land resources.Therefore we need to rethink on best strategies to plan, allocate and reallocate these finiteland resources.We need to think spatially
- Are referred to as waste lands (barren lands) or the forgotten frontiers.Characterized by Droughts, famine & Abject poverty
- Urbanization occurring in high potential areas Urban sprawl encroaching on rich agricultural land Rural lands being subdivided into small uneconomical plots Diminishing agric land to feed increasing urban population Kenya major urban development located in Highly productive lands. Very high land fragmentation in these areas.
- Population 44,037,656Density 67.2/km2
- Spatial implication of existing Management
- Current and future likely scenarios
- Which way forward? Land Consolidation? land Readjustment? Or Land Banking
- A personal story– all demanding piece of land ½ / 6 = 0.08 then 0.08/12 = 0.006
- Land tenure systems in KenyaFreehold -unlimited right to use and dispose of land in perpetuity. Leasehold- assignment of land rights to a private party Customary land rights which are consistent with the constitution.Various forms of partial interest to land such as easements.
- The Ministry of Lands has four technical Departments; two of which deal with land registration mapsDepartments of Survey Physical PlanningAnd the other two with land ownership data Departments of Lands Land Adjudication & Settlement
- Manual Systems of handling the land dataOutdated Procedures and PracticesTorn and Missing Land Records
- Kenya has a New constitution that was adopted in year 2010 Devolution of land management functions in Kenya. One of the most transformative aspects of the new constitution which the Kenyan people adopted is devolution of political power, responsibilities and resources.Parliament at the national government sets the general policies and the overall policy framework, but land-use planning is a devolved responsibility. Overall responsibility of county spatial planning lies with the relevant county Government.
- An integrated county spatial plan requires the involvement of all sectors and a high degree of coordination among agencies on various policies, strategies, plans and legislation implemented through sectors.
- It will be used as a measurement tool to: Co-ordinate County government action and alignment spatially.Provide base for interpreting strategic direction.Maximize social and economic impact of spending.The county Spatial plan will enable all sectors of the economy to plan future investment in a better-informed way.