A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of liquids and semi-solids by measuring hydrogen ion concentration. It consists of a glass electrode and reference electrode connected to an electronic meter. The first commercial pH meters were developed in the 1930s. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. A pH meter allows for more precise and accurate pH measurements of both liquids and semi-solids compared to pH strips or indicators. The meter must be calibrated using standard buffer solutions before taking measurements.
pH Measurement Principles and Best Measurement Practices | WebinarXylem Inc.
The pH presentation begins with an introduction of how a pH electrode actually works.
After establishing these basics, we cover the different structures that make up an electrode, which will lead us into electrode selection.
Perhaps the most practical portion of this webinar is focused on calibration, measurement, maintenance, and storage tips. After selecting an electrode, these tips will ensure the data you collect is accurate… and repeatable.
Slides giving an overview on pH and its measurement.
Contains information about pH meters, its calibration, maintenance , types of ph electrode and modern definition of pH
pH Measurement Principles and Best Measurement Practices | WebinarXylem Inc.
The pH presentation begins with an introduction of how a pH electrode actually works.
After establishing these basics, we cover the different structures that make up an electrode, which will lead us into electrode selection.
Perhaps the most practical portion of this webinar is focused on calibration, measurement, maintenance, and storage tips. After selecting an electrode, these tips will ensure the data you collect is accurate… and repeatable.
Slides giving an overview on pH and its measurement.
Contains information about pH meters, its calibration, maintenance , types of ph electrode and modern definition of pH
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Ghanshyam padshala
1. Ghanshyam Padshala
146490305039
UI&CP
pH meter
Introduction
• •A pH meter is an electronic instrument used for
measuring the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid
(though special probes are sometimes used to
measure the pH of semi-solid substances). A
typical pH meter consists of special measuring
probes (a glass electrode and a reference
electrode) connected to an electronic meter that
measures and displays the pH reading.
History
• •The first commercial pH meter was built around
1936 by Radiometer in Denmark and by Arnold
Orville Beckman in the United States.
2. • Principle
• pH is defined as the negative logarithm of
hydrogen ion concentration.
• pH= -log [ H+ ]
• p = power
• H = hydrogen
• [H+] = hydrogen ion concentration
The pH of a solution can be measured by the pH
meter. The glass electrode is an half-cell and the
calomel electrode is another half-cell.
The pH scale
3.
4. Table showing different pH
values
pH strips
• Litmus dye is a natural pH indicator. Litmus paper
is a small strip of paper that has dyes in it. When it
touches a base or a dye then the litmus paper
changes colors depending on, either it is a base or
it is an acid. If a litmus paper is exposed to an acid
it either changes its color to pink or red. If a strip
5. of litmus paper touches a base then the paper
changes to a shade of blue.
Construction of pH meter
6. Types of pH meter
Manual pH meter
Digital pH meter
7. Calibration
• •Calibration should be performed with at least
two standard buffer solutions that span the range
of pH values to be measured.
• •For general purposes buffers at pH 4 and pH 10
are acceptable.
• •The pH meter has one control (calibrate) to set
the meter reading equal to the value of the first
standard buffer and a second control (slope) which
is used to adjust the meter reading to the value of
the second buffer.
• •A third control allows the temperature to be set.
8. Conclusion
• •A pH meter is an electronic instrument used for
measuring the pH of liquid/semi • solid
substances. We exploited the properties of this
indicator to determine with precision the acidity or
alkalinity of various substances. pH meter is more
useful than the other pH indicators because it
gives accurate reading (e.g. , for detection of blood
pH ) and can measure the ph of a liquid as well as a
semi-solid substance.
9. Reference
• •Wilson Keith & Walker John, (2008), pH and
oxygen electrodes, Principles and Techniques of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cambridge
University Press, 6th edition. Pg. 18-23
• •Source
• 1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_meter
• 2.http://www.alliancets.com/site/files/408/29497
/109873/159912/Guide_to_pH_Measurement.pdf
![• Principle
• pH is defined as the negative logarithm of
hydrogen ion concentration.
• pH= -log [ H+ ]
• p = power
• H = hydrogen
• [H+] = hydrogen ion concentration
The pH of a solution can be measured by the pH
meter. The glass electrode is an half-cell and the
calomel electrode is another half-cell.
The pH scale](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)