The document discusses geriatric care and aging. It defines key terms like gerontology, the study of aging, and geriatric care which aims to keep older persons independent and improve their quality of life. It outlines common physical, psychological, and social changes that occur with aging. It also discusses theories of aging, the role of nurses in geriatric care, assessing health in the elderly, and promoting nutrition, activity, and preventive care for older patients.
The care of older adult is crucial in the present scenario. there are changes that occur in all aspects in the late years of life. the presentation explains the comprehensive changes and their effective management by health care personal.
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over & improve their health by developing their resources to maintain or enhance well being.
medical surgical nursing , nursing care of elderly patient with disease conditions and different care given to them,it contain introduction , definition, nursing care, patient teaching, diet management, research.
The care of older adult is crucial in the present scenario. there are changes that occur in all aspects in the late years of life. the presentation explains the comprehensive changes and their effective management by health care personal.
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over & improve their health by developing their resources to maintain or enhance well being.
medical surgical nursing , nursing care of elderly patient with disease conditions and different care given to them,it contain introduction , definition, nursing care, patient teaching, diet management, research.
This presentation contains ;-
1. Definition of community
2. Definition of health
3. definition of nursing
4. Causes of poor health
5. Definition of community health nursing
6. Types of communities
7. community health
8. Public health
9. Aims of public health
10. Aims of community health nurse
11. Objectives of community health nursing
12. Principles of community health nursing
13. Function of community health nurse
14. The mission of community health nursing
15. concepts of health
16. components of community health nursing
17. Scope of community health nursing
18. Community health nursing roles
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
Ethical issues of Care of elderly patients:-
Decision making capacity.
Informed consent.
Refusal of treatment.
Advance directive.
Major ethical principles.
Psycho-social aspects of aging.
CHN Process Includes 6 Steps such as Community assessment, Community Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation & Re-planning.
Topic of F.Y.GNM
Subject - CHN I
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
This presentation contains ;-
1. Definition of community
2. Definition of health
3. definition of nursing
4. Causes of poor health
5. Definition of community health nursing
6. Types of communities
7. community health
8. Public health
9. Aims of public health
10. Aims of community health nurse
11. Objectives of community health nursing
12. Principles of community health nursing
13. Function of community health nurse
14. The mission of community health nursing
15. concepts of health
16. components of community health nursing
17. Scope of community health nursing
18. Community health nursing roles
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
Ethical issues of Care of elderly patients:-
Decision making capacity.
Informed consent.
Refusal of treatment.
Advance directive.
Major ethical principles.
Psycho-social aspects of aging.
CHN Process Includes 6 Steps such as Community assessment, Community Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation & Re-planning.
Topic of F.Y.GNM
Subject - CHN I
Family health services are the central point of health services.
It is an important component of “Health for All” goal.
Health of each individual affects the health of other member of family.
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- Important links-
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#determinantsofhealth, #communityhealthnursing #anm,#gnm,#bscnursing, #nursingstudents, #nursingtutor
Nursing management of the- medical surgical nursing-1 UNIT 14.pptxJyotiBhagat31
nursing management of the elderly, Geriatrics, Gerontology,
assessment of elderly, ageing process, common ageing changes, psychological changes, assessment of disabilities, helping elderly person in promoting wellness and self care, home and institution care of elders.
Swu 171 intro to social workDr. Hilary Haseley, PhD, MSW, AC.docxrhetttrevannion
Swu 171 intro to social work
Dr. Hilary Haseley, PhD, MSW, ACUE
Overview
Chapter 11
Definitions
Aging: Changes that occur to an organism during its life span, from development to maturation to senescence
Senescence: The gradual decline of all organ systems, especially after age 30
Ageism: Negative attitudes, beliefs, and conceptions of the nature and characteristics of older persons that are based on age and distort their actual characteristics and abilities
Gerontology: The comprehensive study of aging and problems of older adults
Different conceptions of age
Chronological age: The number of years a person has lived, which is used as a standard to measure intelligence, behaviors, and so forth
Biological age: A measure of how well or poorly one’s body is functioning in relation to one’s actual calendar age. It describes a person’s development based on biomarkers, such as a cellular or molecular event, looking at the person as they are, not just when they were born
Psychological age: A subjective description of one’s experience using nonphysical features
Social age: An estimate of a person’s capabilities in social situations, relative to normal standards
AARP membership begins at age 50, a marker of chronological age
Social security has defined retirement age as 65 (moving toward 67)
People of the same older age have vastly different situations and experiences
Cohort: A group of people of the same generation sharing a statistical trait such as age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status
Old, Older, Oldest
Young-old: A term used to denote a person who is between 55 and 75 years of age
Middle old: A term that refers to persons 75–84 years old
Oldest-old: A general term that refers to the population over age 85, which is the fastest-growing age group in the United States and some other nations
Centenarians: People who are 100 or more years old
Supercentenarians: A person who is significantly older than 100 years of age
Life expectancy
Life expectancy: How long, on average, a person is expected to live at a given age
Life span: The number of years a person actually lives
Longevity: Living an active life longer than the average person
Based on genetics and lifestyle
Current issues
More of the population is older than ever before
Increased life expectancy, decreased birth rates
Health-care workforce needs to grow in capacity to accommodate the growing older population, especially the oldest-old (85+)
Threats to well-being and lives of older adults living through the COVID-19 pandemic
Gerontological Social Work
Two specialties:
Gerontological social work: focuses on biopsychosocial-spiritual aspects of aging
Geriatric social work: focuses on physiological changes and health care
Evolution of gerontological practice
Older adults seen as target client population beginning in 1960s/1970s
1995: Social workers participated in National Forum for Geriatric Education
Hartford Foundation began fundi.
Essay about Health and Wellbeing
Health Assessment Essay
Global Health Essay
Nutrition and Health Essay
A Career in Public Health Essay examples
Essay on Careers in Healthcare
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Essay about Health and Wellbeing
PART IBriefly define andor discuss the terms listed below. Use .docxdanhaley45372
PART I
Briefly define and/or discuss the terms listed below. Use your own words. Use the background material, but it is also acceptable to use the library or other Internet resources. Explain why these concepts are important for financial accounting.
· Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP);
· Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB);
· Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC);
· Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
· Annual Report
· 10-K
Two or three sentences are sufficient to explain each of the six items. Do not use an essay format.
Show sources when appropriate, and APA format is suggested but not required.
The objective for this assignment is to analyze accounting concepts for financial accounting.
PART II
Review the three components in the background material to answer three questions about accounting and its purpose:
· What is accounting?
· What is the importance of accounting?
· What are corporate financial statements?
Case Assignment
Required
Create a table with four columns as shown below and complete the last three columns using the expectations listed in Assignment Expectations.
Question
Complete the Statement
(3–5 sentences)
Corporate Perspective
(3–5 sentences)
Investor Perspective
(3–5 sentences)
Accounting refers to:
Accounting is important because:
Corporate Financial statements are:
Assignment Expectations
Submit a completed table as shown above. Do not copy definitions, but explain in your own words and with examples, if appropriate. Write 3–5 sentences in each cell.
Show sources when appropriate and APA format is suggested, but not required.
Running head: Abuse of Older Adults
Elder abuse is a continuous or a single act that occurs in a relationship where trust is expected but causes distress to later life of a person. Elder mistreatment entails psychological, physical, sexual, exploitation, abandonment and emotional abuse. The effects of abuse of older adults include nutrition and hydration problems, persistent physical pain and soreness, wounds and injuries. I will evaluate the issues associated with abuse of older adults and describe the changes in social policy that impacted how human service professional support this population in this paper. Furthermore, I will consider the needs of older adults and describe the types of service plans that can be created for victims of elder adult's abuse. A proposal of human service programs for elderly adults that experience elder abuse will be made as well as a description of how human service agencies can prevent future abuse of older adult’s thus promoting self-empowerment.
Issues associated with elder abuse are health status, cognitive ability, and social network. These problems are the major risk factors for abuse of older adults. Cognitive capacity is the ability of an individual to process information and solves problems. Older adults experience decreased information processing and problems solving skills as a result of declining cognitive flex.
Psychosocial care of coronavirus disease 2019Nursing Path
The novel Coronavirus (nCoV) epidemic in 2019 -2020 has recently emerged. The route of transmission is not totally known, although it is known that it can spread from person to person, and local health care systems may be ill-equipped to handle a large-scale outbreak.
The blood electrolytes—sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate—help regulate nerve and muscle function and maintain acid-base balance and water balance. ... Thus, having electrolytes in the right concentrations (called electrolyte balance) is important in maintaining fluid balance among the compartments
Hospital infection control programs can help healthcare organizations monitor and improve practices, identify risks and proactively establish policies to prevent the spread of infections
Outcome-based education (OBE) is an educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes). By the end of the educational experience, each student should have achieved the goal.
Assessment is part of the everyday activities of nursing professionals. Assessment is the only way by which a teacher can know how successful his teaching was and what areas in teaching need improvement.
A mental health disorder characterised by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities.
The term "anxiety disorder" refers to specific psychiatric disorders that involve extreme fear or worry, and includes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder and panic attacks, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, selective mutism, separation anxiety, and specific phobias.
Selection and organization of learning experienceNursing Path
Curriculum is the educational design of learning experiences for the students. Curricular experiences include course content as well as learning activities. The selection and organization of curricular experiences must also reflect the philosophy of the school. The identifying and organizing of curricular experiences begins with the analysis of curriculum objectives. The most commonly used approach in selecting learning experiences is the logical approach in which the process is treated as content in curriculum development.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing.
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs spontaneously is also known as a miscarriage.
The enterobacteriaceae basic properties.ppsx xNursing Path
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella, and Shigella.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. GERIATRIC OR
GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING-
Childhood, youth, adulthood and old age are different
stages of life. With increasing age we become old. Birth,
development, decline and death are the laws of life. Whether
we want it or not, we have to pass through these stages. Old
age is also one part of this cycle.
What is ageing?
Old age or ageing expresses the continuous pressure
and effect of time on our body, senses and skin. Due to
continuous functioning, the cells, tissues and organs of our
body degenerate. In the later part of life, we have to face many
physical and mental problems. Hence old age is the result of
physical and psychological fatigue caused by continuous
functioning. Just like problems or defects occur in machines
due to continuous functioning, or workload, with increasing
age, problems also arise in human body. www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
n
3. Ageing and Demography
Large number of aged people in the population is the
result of demographic change.
The number of people above 60 years is assessed to
be over 49 crores in world. By 2040, their number
will be 140 crores. (According to the prediction of
(W.H.O).
As compared to old men, there are more old women.
Because of the increasing number of old people,
many socio-economic problems are arising. The main
problems are of housing, their livelihood and medical
treatment.
French doctor Jean Martan Carcot was the first
person who had studied about old age diseases, in the
year 1881. www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
n
4. National Policy for Older Persons
The Government of India in January-1999
announced the National Policy for older persons. The
principle areas of intervention and action strategies
suggested in the policy sector include the following:
Financial security for older persons working in the
formal sector as well as those working in the informal
sector.
Health care and nutrition to enable older persons to cope
with the health, associated with ageing, with particular
emphasis on prevention.
Shelter/housing keeping in view the life style of older
persons.
Emphasis upon education, training and information needs
for older persons.
Priority attention to vulnerable groups such as the
destitute, widows and disabled older persons.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
n
5. Establishment of welfare fund for older persons.
Protection of life and property of older persons.
Concessions, rebates and discounts to older persons.
Participation of NGOs in the care of aged.
Strengthening the family and reinforcing inter-
generational relationship between children and older
persons.
Formation of self-support group of older persons.
Development of the manpower for the caring of
aged.
Creative use of media in the sector for care of old
persons.
Establishment of a separate bureau for older persons
in the ministry
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
n
6. Gerontology
This is a science dealing with ageing
process.
Geriatric Care
This is related to the disease process of
old age and it aims at keeping old persons at a
state of self-dependence as far as possible and to
provide facilities to improve their quality of life.
Gerontoiogical Nurse-
A nurse who has specialization in geriatrics
or in the care of old people is called geriatric
nurse or gerontoiogical nurse.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
n
7. Functions of Gerontoiogical Nurse-
G (Guiding): Giving guidance to people of all ages
regarding ageing process.
E (Eliminating): Eliminating ageism or considering old
age as disease.
R (Respecting): Respecting the rights of old people.
O (Observing): Observing the facilities provided to old
people and improving them.
N (Noticing): Noticing health hazards that may happen
in old age and try to reduce them.
T (Teaching): Teaching how to take care of old people,
for those who are caring for them (family members,
friends, community health worker, voluntary
organization, etc.).
O (Opening Channels): Opening the channels of
developmental activities for the care of the aged.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
n
8. L (Listening): Listening attentively to the problems of old people and
giving due importance to them.
0 (Offering): Offering positivism – Presenting different possibilities
of life.
G (Generating): Generating energy for the participation in the care of
aged and researches for new supporting techniques.
I (Implementing): Implementing activities for rehabilitation and re-
adjustment.
C (Co-coordinating): Co-coordinating different services related to the
care of the aged.
A (Assessing): Assessing the needs and health of the old people.
L (Linking): Linking, contacting services according to need.
N (Nurturing): Preparing future nurses for the care of the aged
U (Understanding): Understanding every old person as an invaluable
asset of the society.
R (Recognizing): Recognizing the moral and religious aspects of old age
and giving them recognition.
S (Supporting): Supporting the old people in accepting realities and
preparing them mentally for impending death.
E (Education and Encouraging): Educating and encouraging old people
for self care.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
n
9. Factors Affecting Ageing
Hereditary Factors
Hereditary diseases, the capacity for longevity
and physical capacities influence the ageing process.
Environmental Factors
Three types of environmental factors affect ageing:
a) Abiotic Factors
Factors affecting ageing process like climate, radiation, chemical and
physical elements of pollution, etc. are included in this.
b) Biotic Factors
In this, living organisms present in the environment like pathogens,
parasites, the availability and quality of food etc. are included. They
all influence the ageing of the person.
C) Socio-economic Factors
Several socio-economic factors responsible for creating adverse living
or working conditions increase "the wear and tear" of life. Such
tensions make people grow old early.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
n
10. Common Ageing Changes
Physical Changes-
Changes, which may occur in different systems, are as follows:
1. Integumentary System
Decrease in elasticity of skin and dryness appears
Wrinkles appear
Age spots appear
Hair of head, axilla or pubic region become scanty grey/white
Hair growth on women's face
Thickening of nasal hair and hair on ears
2. Cardiovascular System
Less blood circulation in heart
Increased blood pressure
Flexibility of heart valve diminishes
Blood vessels of head, neck, hands and legs become prominent.
3. Respiratory System
The capacity of lungs becomes less.
Ineffective gas exchange
The chances of cough increases
More chances of respiratory infections
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
n
11. 4. Genito-Urinary System
The kidney function may be impaired
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Capacity of urinary bladder decreases
Incontinence
Enlargement of prostate in males
Atrophy of reproductive organs in females
Vaginal secretion decreases
5. Gastro-intestinal System
Falling of teeth
Less secretion of saliva and gastric juice
Complaints of constipation
Digestion becomes weak
6. Musculo-Skeletal System
Height reduces (In most of persons above 70 years height decreases
unto two inches)
Kyphosis, swelling in joints
Bones become weak
Mobility decreases, if proper exercise is not donewww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
n
12. 7. Endocrine System
Thyroid gland becomes less active
Alertness decreases
More susceptible to cold
Secretion of testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone decreases.
Less secretion of insulin by pancreas
8. Neurological System
Sensitivity becomes less/reaction is delayed
Change in sleeping habits
Frequent awakening
9. Sensory System
Eyes become weak
Hearing capacity decreases
Complaint of presbyopia
Ability to smell is reduced
Ability to taste is reduced
Tactile sensations are affected
10. Immune System
Ability to prevent diseases or resistance power decreases
Probability of infections increases www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
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13. 2. Psychosocial Changes
The psychosocial changes occurring in old age cannot be
separated from physical changes. Because of decreased
activity of sensory organs, person is not able to work with full
efficiency in his environment. Due to this, psychosocial state
is affected. Person feels the sense of 'uselessness'. Social and
psychological changes of old age are as follows
a) Personality
Because of the experiences and happenings of life, person's
personality is affected. But in old age, no remarkable changes
occur in the basic personality structure. Changes may occur in
the personality due to death of life partner, decreased or end of
self-dependence, loss of source of income, incapacity, etc.
b) Memory
Memory power may decrease with increasing age.
Recalling of less frequently used information is difficult. In
some old people, the tendency to repeat facts and information
increases. Confused memory also may be found.
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14. Some Forms of Old Age Abuse
Old people may have to undergo a lot of neglect. Some main
forms of neglect or abuse are following:
Physical Abuse
Beating and physical punishment
Sexual abuse
Restraining or locking them in the house
Teasing them for physical conditions or diseases
Psychological Abuse
Giving mental torture
Abusive language
Calling by names (disrespectful words like old man etc.), making
fun of them, threaten them.
Forced isolation
Treat them as children
Material Abuse
Snatching their property illegally
Economic exploitation
Misuse or wasting their property for personal pleasureswww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
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15. Active Neglect
Not providing food purposely or giving less food
Neglecting their likes and dislikes
Spoiling or removing their dentures, glasses, hearing aid
etc.
Forbid them to play with grand children
Encouraging grand children to insult grand parents
Passive Neglect
Become lazy or neglecting the care of old people.
Neglect may be due to ignorance also.
Social Abuse
Neglecting their advice
Overlooking their experiences
Not providing them proper place or
honour on social occasions. www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
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16. Adjustment in Ageing
a. Family Changes :
Family is such a unit through which maximum satisfaction
may be obtained. But in old age the person's family status is
changed. A father, who was the chief of the family till now,
may have to become dependent on his children. A mother
may have to subject herself to the rule of daughters-in-law. If
one of the partners is dead, the other has to face loneliness.
The decision making process in the family changes and the
control is transferred.
b. Retirement
In Indian context, retirement is a symbol of old age. In the
retirement process, the person may pass through the following
phase:
1. Remote Phase
Even when retirement is near or approaching, person does not
get ready for it.
2. Near Phase
When retirement is very near, making imaginary plan for it
(day dreaming)
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17. 3. Honeymoon Phase
Just after retirement person wants to do all those
things, which he could not do so far or was always
desirous of doing. But health and financial resources may
cause problems (not in all people) in fulfilling his dreams
or imaginations.
4. Disenchantment Phase
The problems/realities of retired life may dispirit the
person. His excessive dream regarding retired life may
result in more disappointments. At this stage, person may
begin to come out of false imaginations.
5. Stability Phase
Person understands the realities of retired life. He
makes adjustments to his new roles.
6. Termination Phase
This happens either by taking up some work again or
due to illness or incapacity. www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
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18. Responsibilities of Nurse in Ageing
Care giver
Health educator
Coordinator of health services
Counselor and guardian (Those people who
protect the old person or take responsibilities
as his guardian, spokesman or responsible
person).
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19. Health Assessment
Daily activities of living (bathing, excretion,
clothing, urinary control, ability to eat etc.).
Activities related to use of equipment (Telephone,
bank account, food preparation, etc., his ability in
these activities).
Health Screening: Ability to see and hear, dental
problems, blood pressure, examination of breasts and
uterus, cancer testing, examination of skin, etc.
should be done.
In laboratory tests; blood examination, urine
analysis, cholesterol, blood sugar, thyroid, etc. tests
should be conducted www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
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20. 2.Arranging / Promoting Good Nutrition
3.Promoting Activity and Exercise
4.Preventive Care of Elderly
5.Providing Psychological Support
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21. Ageing: New Nursing Challenges
Gerontological psychiatric nurse specialist in old age
home and nursing homes.
Care manager and family counselor of chronic old
patients in the community.
Pre admission assessor of nursing homes hospitals.
Nurse Director of old age care giving training centre,
old age day care centre.
Counselor of old patients in surgical wards.
Pre-retirement counselor / educator.
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22. Theories of Aging:
Biological Theories:
Intrinsic Factors: Several theories assume that individuals inherit a
genetic program that determines their specific life expectancy. In fact,
various studies have shown a positive relationship between parental
age and filial life span. Genetic mutations are also thought to be
responsible for aging, a pattern depicted below, laboratory experiments
which have accelerated mutation rates have not produced proportionate
increases in the rate of aging, thus reducing support of this theory.
Some theorists believe that a growth substance fails to be produced
causing the cessation of cell growth and reproduction.
Extrinsic Factors: Disease producing organisms are often associated
with biological aging. Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other organisms are
thought to be responsible for certain physiological changes during the
aging process. Although no conclusive evidence presently exists to link
these pathogens with the aging process, interest in this theory has been
stimulated by the fact that humans and animals have been shown to
live longer with the control or elimination of certain pathogens via
immunization and the use of antimicrobial drugs.
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23. Psychological Theories:
Psychological and social changes during the aging
process are closely united, and they have a significant impact
on each other. It is difficult to explain mental processes,
behavior and feelings without the perspective of social roles,
positions and norms. A theory of aging that is purely social or
psychological would be most unusual, and it is more
appropriate to approach these aging factors as psychosocial
theories. Probably the most controversial and widely
discussed is the disengagement theory, developed by Elaine
cumming and William Henry. This theory views aging as a
process whereby society and individual gradually withdraw or
disengage, from each other, to the mutal satisfaction and
benefit for both. The benefit to individual is that they can
reflect and be centered on themselves, having been freed from
societal roles. The value of disengagement for society is that
some orderly means is established for the transfer of power
from old to young, making it possible to society to continue
functioning after its individual members have died.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.i
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24. Bibliography:
Springhouse, mastering geriatric care, USA.1997.1-
447.
Charlotte Eliopoulos, Geriatric nursing, UK.1-335.
Park.k, Preventive and social medicine, 19th edition,
India (Jabalpur).2007; 475.
Gulani k, Community health nursing principles and
practices. Delhi; 469-472.
www.google.com
Search-Geriatric care.
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