The document discusses aging and the elderly population in India. Some key points: - India's elderly population is projected to increase from 138 million in 2021 to 194 million in 2031, rising from 8.6% to 13.1% of the total population. - Life expectancy has increased in both rural and urban India, with Kerala having the highest life expectancy. - Social problems faced by the elderly include loneliness, economic issues, health problems, and crime. - The government has implemented various programs and policies to support the elderly population such as financial assistance programs, healthcare initiatives, and old age homes.

1. Harishwaran V

2. - INTRODUCTION
- POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS
- PROBLEMS OF THE ELDERLY AND PREVENTION
- GERIATRIC CARE
- PROGRAMMES FOR ELDERLY
- NGOs
- HEALTHY AGING
POINTS TO BE DISCUSSED.....

3.  Gerontology – the study of physical and psychological changes that
occur in old age people.
 Geriatrics is a branch of medicine concerned with clinical, preventive,
medical and social aspects of illness in elderly.
 Preventive Geriatrics – Branch of geriatrics which deals with
prevention & control of disability & improving the quality of life of
aged people.

4. What is ageing ?
 The process of ageing is considered to start when a person has "completed the
traditional adult roles of making a living and child rearing and enters the years
following the completion of these tasks that represent an extension of life“
 There are further classifications of
"young-old" for persons who may have just turned 60 and
old-old for those in the age-group of those aged 75 years and
beyond.
 Old age is defined as the age of retirement i.e. 60 years of age in India (earlier 58 years
of age)
 Every year on October 1st is celebrated as International Day for Older persons.

5.  Population of the country is its most important demographic indicator.
 The growth in the elderly population became faster mainly due to
decrease in the death rate because of various health interventions after
the census 1981.
 According to the Report of the Technical Group on Population
Projections for India and States 2011-2036, there are nearly 138 million
elderly persons in India in 2021 comprising of 67 million males and 71
million females.

6.  India`s elderly population ( aged 60 years above) is projected to touch 194
million in 2031from 138 million in 2021, a 41% increase over a decade ,
according to the National Statistical Office (NSO)’s Elderly in India 2021
report.
 The report further states that there is likely an increase of nearly 34 million
elderly persons in 2021(i.e. 138 million) as compared to 2011(104
million).This is projected to rise by around 56 million over the next decade(
i.e. 194 million in 2031)
 According to the report , Kerala has the highest elderly population (16.5%)
followed by T.N (13.6%), H.P (13.1%),Punjab (12.6%) and Andhra Pradesh
(12.4%) in 2021.
 Bihar and U.P have the least proportion with 7.7% and 8.1% respectively.

7. The report said that there
will be 93 million males
and 101 million females
in 2031
up from 67 million males
and 71 million females
in 2021

8.  According to census 2001,
older people in India were 7.4% (
of the total population, which
increased to 8.6% in 2011 census.
 The percentage share of the
elderly population in total
population is said to rise from 8.6
% in 2011 to
10.1 % in 2021
and projected to touch
13.1 % in 2031.

9.  The life expectation gives a good idea about the general health
status of the people.
 At a particular age, the life expectation is the number of years a
person is expected to live, on an average, after attaining that
particular age.
 Life expectancy at birth in the country has increased in rural as
well as urban areas.
 As per SRS Report 2014-18, Kerala has got the highest life
expectancy at birth for both male and female.
 The life expectancy at birth in Kerala is 72.5 years and 77.9 years
for males and females respectively

10.  As per SRS Report for the
years 2008 and 2018, the
Age Specific Death Rate
of elderly people for the
age group
60-64 years has decreased
from 22.5 in 2008 to 19.5
in 2018.
65-69 years, it also
decreased from 33.5 in
2008 to 31.3 in 2018.

11.  Old age dependency ratio gives an idea about the number of persons
aged 60+ per 100 persons in the age group 15-59.
 The ratio has increased from 10.9% in 1961 to 14.2% in 2011 and
further projected to increase to 15.7% and 20.1% in 2021 and 2031
respectively.
 The report also noted a significant rise in old age dependency ratio which
rose from 14.2% in 2011 to 15.7% in 2021 and projected to increase to 20.1%
in 2031.
 The report noted that female old age dependency ratio as compared to male is
high in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh.
 The female old-age dependency ratio as compared to male is significantly
high in the States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab
for the projected year 2021

13.  Social problems
 Crime against aged persons
 Economic problems
 Psychological problems
 Health problems

14.  Social problems of aged is important because the physical
wellbeing & mental health is affected.
 Loneliness & social isolation.
 Rapid disintegration of joint family.
 Change in social contacts due to retirement.
 Bereavement – death of spouse / siblings , close relatives ,
friends or separation of child after their marriage.
 Diminished participation in social & cultural activities like
marriages, ceremonies, visiting temples etc.

15.  Diminished role in family & community. Even if they are
participating their role is not appreciated.
 Absence of job
 Problems of leisure
 Diminished social contact –
i) chronic disability associated with ageing process.
ii) due to death of close friends and relatives.
iii) lowered or loss of income.
 Change in the attitude of community towards elderly.
 Inability to adopt with changing environment.

16. It is a term referring to any knowing, intentional, or negligent act
by a caregiver or other person that causes harm or a serious risk of harm
to a vulnerable adult.
 Types
Physical abuse – inflicting, or threatening to inflict, physical pain, or depriving
them of basic need.
Emotional abuse – inflicting mental pain, anguish or distress on an elder person
through verbal or nonverbal acts.
Sexual abuse – non consensual sexual contact of any kind.
Exploitation – illegal taking, mis-use,or concealment of funds.
Neglect – refusal or failure of those responsible to provide food, shelter, health
care,
Abandonment – desertion of a vulnerable elder by anyone who has assumed the
responsibility of care or custody of that person.

17.  Retirement of people employed in government services,
local bodies, public sector & private organizations.
 Self employee like agriculturists, businessmen, daily
wage earners who cannot earn their livelihood due to
disease and disability etc.

18.  Emotional disturbance.
 Feeling lonely, neglected & unwanted.
 Anxiety ,depression & suicidal tendencies.
 Impaired memory
 Rigid outlook

19.  Cardiovascular diseases like degenerative diseases of heart & vessels,
Hypertension, atherosclerosis, CHD.
 Eyes – senile cataract, glaucoma.
 Ears – nerve deafness, vertigo, tinnitus.
 Skin – loss of skin elasticity leading to wrinkles.
 Articular diseases like osteoarthritis, spondylosis of spine, gout,
rheumatoid arthritis.
 Non articular disorders like fibrosis, myositis.
 Fractures due to falls - fracture neck of femur and hip.
 In case of crisis and conflict displaced older people are particularly
vulnerable.

20.  Respiratory system – chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma.
 Central nervous system – CVA, peripheral neuritis, Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson's diseases.
 Dental carries & loss of teeth.

21.  Maintenance of health in old age by high levels of engagement
and avoidance of diseases.
 Early detection and appropriate treatment of disease.
 Maintenance of maximum independence consistent with
irreversible disease and disability.
 Sympathetic care and support during terminal illness

22.  Provide a safe and supportive environment.
 Restore and maintain the highest possible level of functional
capacity.
 Preserve individual autonomy.
 Maximize quality of life.
 Provide comfort and dignity for disabled & ill.
 Stabilize & delay the progression of chronic diseases.
 Prevent acute medical illnesses, early detection and treatment

23.  Geriatricians
 Nurses
 Physiotherapist
 Social worker
 Health worker

24.  Age proportional mortality rate.
 Age specific death rate of persons over 55 years of age.
 Age specific prevalence's rate for CVD, cancers and accidents.
 Percentage of elders taking 3 or more drugs/day.
 Cumulative percentage of elders undergone cataract surgery.
 Proportional of elders admitted to the hospital in the past one
year.

25. 1. PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
- Pre Geriatric care
- promoting joint family system.
- involvement in leisure time activities like light house hold
work, part time jobs, social services, reading books , looking after
agricultural lands, gardening,etc.
- income generation activities.
- social welfare measures all aged needs sympathy and
assistance by their family members and community.
- social security measures like old age pensions.
- provision of institiuitional care for those who have no
house of their own or persons to look after them.

26.  HEALTH PROMOTION
- HEALTH EDUCATION
• Explaining the biological changes in ageing.
• Personal hygiene.
• Regarding smoking, alcohol related diseases.
• Information on CD&NCD specific to old age.
• Availability & utility of health services.
• Over the counter drugs/
• Use of aids like visual, auditory, walking aids
etc.

27.  Maintenance of clean housing conditions.
 Need for fresh air , light, ventilation.
 Vector control.
 Prevention of accidents both inside & outside the
home like
• Slip resistant flooring
• Smooth pathways
• Hand rails in bathrooms
• Adequate lighting

28.  Principles of balanced diet
 Food safety
 Food which improve bowel movements.
- LIFESTYLE & BEHAVIORAL CHANGES
• Physical exercise like yoga & relaxation.
• Personal habits like alcohol, smoking &
tobacco chewing

29.  Avoidance of injuries and falls
 Vitamin D, nutritional supplements.
 Certain food rich with antioxidant property – protect
against cancer and degenerative disorders.

30.  Early diagnosis & treatment – early recognition of CD &
NCD proper treatment , patient compliance & self care.
 Provision of free medical care.

31.  Rehabilitation of elderly people with chronic diseases & care for
terminal illness.
 Rehabilitation – medical, vocational, social and psychosocial
 Measures include –
- training to increase independence in self care.
- educational and vocational measures aimed at achieving
economic independence.
- social measures to ensure full integration and acceptance
in community

32.  Appropriate exercise therapy for maintain the range of motion of joints,
improving power in weak muscles and strengthening them.
 Restoring the function of affected extremity.
 Provision of external appliance , splint or calliper, crutches, wheel chair
etc.
 Relief of pain by means of physical modalities like heat , cold ,
electricity.
 Bowel/bladder training to achieve continence.

33.  Rehabilitation is never complete unless the psychosocial aspects are duly
undertaken care.
 Problems – loneliness , anxiety, depression, feeling of insecurity,
behavioral disorders, affective disorders, personality disorders, suicidal
tendencies, dependence, irritability, malingering, hysteria, etc.
 The clinicians duty is to – explain , reassure, remove problems of the
disabled about his disabilities , their effort on work and its possible
solutions.

34. 1. Integrated Programmes for senior citizens (IPSrC)
2. Rahtriya vayoshri Yojana (RVY)
3. Senior citizens welfare fund
4. National council for older persons (NCOP)
5. Vayoshreshtha Samman
6. National social assistance Programme (NSAP)
7. Annapurna scheme
8. Antyodya Anna Yojana (AAY)
9. Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana
PROGRAMMES

35. 10. Accessible India campaign ( Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan )
11. Concession in the fares and other amenities
12. National programme for health care of the elderly (NPHCE)
13. Longitudinal ageing study in india (LASI)
14. Rashtriya swasthya bima yojana (RSBY)
15. Senior citizen health assistance scheme (SCHIS)
16. Pradhan mantri jan arogya yojana (PMJAY)
17. Medical facilities for senior citizens by AYUSH ministry

36. Other Services
1. Income tax Rebate
2. Service tax Exemption
3. Scheme for reverse mortgage
4. Health insurance
5. Financial assistance
6. Retiring benefits and pension
7. Safety and security

37. - earlier known as Integrated programme for older
persons (IPOP)
- under the control of ministry of social justice and
empowerment
- grants in aid are given for running and maintenance of
senior citizens homes – old age homes

38. RASHTRIYA VAYOSHRI YOJANA (RVY)
-objective of scheme is to provide physical aids and assisted
living devices to senior citizens , below poverty line and suffering
from age related disabilities.
-launched on 1st April 2017.
-this scheme is being implemented by Artificial Limbs
Manufacturing Corporation (ALIMCO), a PSU by the MOSJ&E.
-scheme is being funded from senior citizens welfare fund
(SCWF)

39. “SENIOR CITIZENS” WELFARE FUND
- This welfare fund has been created in 2015-2016 annual budget , to be utilized
for promoting financial security, healthcare, and nutrition of senior citizens, welfare
of elderly citizens.
-This scheme is under the MOSJ&E.
- The fund comprises of the unclaimed amounts transferred by every institution
holding such fund in the schemes including small savings and other saving schemes
of the central Govt such as post office savings accounts, etc.
- Accounts of public provident funds accounts of employees provident funds
that remain unclaimed for a period of seven years are declared inoperative accounts,
this fund is administered by the inter ministerial committees .

40. - This is renamed as National Council of senior citizens
(NCSrC) in 2012.
- The mandate of NCSrC is to advice central and state
government on the entire gamut of issues related to the welfare
of senior citizens and enhancement of their quality of life.

41. VAYOSHRESHTHA SAMMAN
In order to recognize the efforts made by the eminent senior citizens and
institutions involved in rendering the distinguished services for the cause of
elderly persons , especially indigent senior citizens, the MOSJ&E has a Scheme
of National Awards for Senior Citizens to showcase the Government’s concern
for senior citizens with the aim of strengthening their legitimate place in the
society.
The Scheme of National Awards for senior citizens was notified in the
Gazette of India on 22.01.2013.
The awards named „Vayoshreshtha Samman‟ are conferred on
the 1st October every year on the occasion of International Day
of Older Persons (IDOP)

42. - A centrally sponsored scheme of ministry of rural development.
- It is a social security /social welfare programme applicable to old
aged ,widows, disabled persons and bereaved families on death of primary
bread winner, Belonging to BPL household.
- Old age pension is provided under INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL
OLD AGE PENSION SCHEME (IGNOAPS) to the persons below poverty
line.
- This Scheme is implemented by the States/U'I's.
- Central assistance of Rs. 200/per month is provided to the persons
of 60-79 years of age and Rs. 5OO/- per month to the persons of age of 80
years or more.

43. A Top-up, over and above the Central assistance is also provided by State
Governments / UT Administrations
--Top-up of Rs. 800/- is being provided by TAMIL NADU government
--A Top-up of Rs. 1800 – is being provided by the PUDUCHERRY
government.

44. - it is under the ministry of finance.
- the scheme aims to protect elderly persons aged 60
years and above against a future fall in their interest
income due to the uncertain market condition, as also to
provide social security during old age.
- the scheme is being implemented through Life
Insurance Corporation (LIC) of India .
- the scheme provides an assured return of 8% per
annum payable monthly for 10 years

46.  It was implemented from year 2010-2011, to provide
dedicated healthcare services to the elderly people at various
level of state health care delivery system at primary,
secondary, tertiary healthcare including outreach services.
 It has two components with the following provisions to
provide health care facilities to the elderly people in the
country-
1. NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION COMPONENT
2. TERTIARY COMPONENT

47.  The district and below activities of the programme is being covered
under non-communicable diseases (NCD) flexible pool of NHM which
are as below:
- Geriatric OPD and 10 bedded geriatric ward at District Hospitals.
- Biweekly geriatric clinic at community health centres (CHC)
- weekly geriatric clinic at primary health centres (PHC)
- provision of Aids and Appliances at sub centres.
 The programme is being implemented on the basis of programme
implemented plan PIP submitted by the states/UTs and viability under
the provisions of NPHCE.
 As on date 599 district of 35 states /UTs have been approved to
implement the district and below activities of the programme.

48.  To ensure appropriate referral for conditions not amendable to be treated at
primary and secondary level to create human resource oriented towards
geriatric care, this ministry is supporting development of 19 Regional
Geriatrics Centres (RGC) with and establishment of 2 national centres of
ageing each at AIIMS, NEW Delhi and MMC, Chennai with the following
geriatrics health care facilities:
- geriatric OPD , 30 bedded Geriatric ward for in patient care @
RGCs and 200 bedded geriatric ward @ NCAs.
- 02 PG seats per RGc and 15 PG seats per NCA in geriatric
medicine.
- research activities, impairing training and development of
training material.

50.  Ministry of health and family welfare launched this project
in 2016 to assess the health, economic and social status of
elderly (45-60).
 It is one of the largest comprehensive ageing surveys in the
world with a sample size of 61000.
 This project is being conducted by international institute of
population sciences.

52.  It is a centrally sponsored scheme that was implemented by
Ministry of Labour & employment since 2008, under the
unorganised workers social security act 2008,to provide health
insurance coverage to BPL families and 11 other categories of
unorganised workers.
 The scheme has been transferred to ministry of health &
family welfare in 2015.
 Each family enrolled in the scheme is entitled to
hospitalisation benefits upto RS.30,000/- p.a.

53.  This Scheme, being implemented since 2016, provides insurance cover to
senior citizens as a top-up over the existing RSBY Scheme. This Scheme
provides an additional annual coverage of Rs. 30,000/-per senior citizen in
the eligible RSBY beneficiary family.
 211 Treatment packages are covered under SCHIS, in addition to 1516
packages under RSBY.
 Currently, 08 States, namely Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala,
Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and West Bengal are implementing SCHIS.

55.  PMJAY has been launched on 23rd September 2018.
 In March 2018, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, has approved the
launch of Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY during 2018-19 to cover over 10 crore
poor and vulnerable families (approx. 50 crore beneficiaries) providing
coverage upto Rs. 5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary
hospitalization.
 With the launch of the PMJAY, RSBY and SCHIS are be subsumed in it and
All enrolled beneficiary families of RSBY and SCHIS are entitled for
benefits under PMJAY.

56.  Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Department of Urban
Development has issued the Model Building Bye Laws, 2016
(MBBL) which prescribes standards for creation of elder
friendly barrier free environment with reference to buildings,
toilets etc.

57. ANNAPURNA SCHEME
Department of food and public distribution allocates food grains as per
requirements projected by the ministry of rural development under the annapurna
scheme ,
wherein indigent senior citizens , who are not getting pension under IGNOAPS , are
provided 10kg of food grains per person per month free of cost.
ANTYODYA ANNA YOJANA
Department of food and public distribution implements Antyodya Anna Yojana ,
under which rice and wheat at a highly subsidized cost is extended to households,
headed by widows/terminally ill/disabled persons/senior citizens, with no assured
means societal support.

58. INCOME TAX REBATE
- Ministry of finance provides income tax rebate to senior citizens.
- Income tax exemption for senior citizens of 60 years and above
age is up to Rs. 3 lakhs and only 5% is levied on income between Rs.
3 lakhs and 5lakhs.
- To incentivize younger generation to look after medical needs of
their parents, section 80D of I.T. Act provides for a deduction to
keep in force insurance on the health of the parents, parents of the
assessee.
SCHEME FOR REVERSE MORTGAGE
- This scheme was launched in 2007 under the ministry of
finance.
- under the scheme, senior citizens can mortgage their property
with bank and can get a maximum loan amount of upto 60% of he
value of the residential property.

60.  It was launched in December 5th 2015.
 The main objective of the campaign is to build an ecosystem
which is disabled - friendly in the country.
 It aims to enable persons with disabilities to gain universal
access, equal opportunity for development, independent living
and participation in an inclusive society in all aspects of life.
 Certain disability friendly features in public places are ramp,
braille symbols, and lifts.

61. SAFETY AND SECURITY
- The ministry of home affairs has issued advisories to all state
and UTs to take immediate measures on safety and security and for
elimination of all forms of neglect, abuse and violence against old
persons through several initiatives .
- It aims to enable persons with disabilities to gain universal
access, equal opportunity for development , independent living and
participation in an inclusive society in all aspect of life.
- It includes elder friendly barrier free environment in buildings,
public toilets, buses, bus stands, and other places to create eco
friendly cities.

62. HEALTH INSURANCE
Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA) , under the ministry of
finance , issued guidelines for all insurance companies on health insurance for
senior citizens.
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
Ministry of textiles has a scheme under which monthly financial assistance of
RS.3500/- per month to such handicrafts awardee artisans who are above 60 years
of age, and having annual income less than Rs.50000/-.
RETIRING BENEFITS AND PENSIONS
Department of pension & pensioners welfare monitors and ensures that the
retiring central government employee are granted retirement benefits including
pension, so that they can live an active and dignified life after retirement.

63. Ministry of AYUSH has been providing the following facilities to senior
citizens:
i. Free consultation and yoga therapy under Yoga and Naturopathy.
ii. OPDs are being provided in various Government Hospital at Delhi,
Haryana, Tripura, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and
Jharkhand.
iii. Free Yoga training at 50 Yoga Parks are being run through NGOs in
various states of the country.
iv. In addition, other programmes such as Health Promotion Programme,
Yoga Therapy Programmes, Individual Yoga Therapy Sessions, Weekend
Yoga Training Programmes, Monthly Clinical Yoga Therapy Workshop
are also being imparted.

64.  It is a legislation passed by the ministry of social justice and empowerment.
 Its an act to provide for more effective provisions for the maintenance and welfare of
parents and senior citizens guaranteed and recognised under the constitution and for
matters connected therein or incidental thereto.
 It was re-enacted as an amendement bill in 2019 with several improvemtns.
.

65.  A parent or senior citizen who is unable to maintain himself to lead a LIFE OF
DIGNITY from his own earning, including earning from any property owned by
him, and is either not maintained by his children or relatives or is neglected by
them, shall be entitled to make an application for maintenance.
---where maintenance includes provision of food, clothing, housing, safety
and security, medical attendance, healthcare and treatment necessary to lead a
Life of Dignity.
--- children in relation to a parent or senior citizen means his son or daughter,
whether biological, adoptive, or step-child and includes his son in law, daughter in
law, grandson, grand-daughter, and legal guardian of the minor children.

66.  People live with dignity all their life and suddenly one day ,
they are left with no choice but to beg to survive.
 In this time, NGOs comes in aid to help the elderly.
 As per NITI AYOG , nearly 24631 NGOs are registered in NGO
DARPAN for improving the elderly peoples.

67. - Manavlok
- HelpAge india
- Abhoy mission
- Shraddhanaand mahilashram
-Asha kiran
- Vridhcare
- dignity foundation
- agewell foundation

68. HELPAGE INDIA
-It is an indian organisation focused on the concerns of elders,
-It is established in 1978.
Mission:
To work for the cause of disadvantaged older persons and to improve their
quality of life.
Aim:
To serve the disadvantaged elders in a holistic manner, enabling them to live
active, dignified ,and healthier lives.
HelpAge india runs various programs serving the needs of disadvantaged
elderly like:
-Mobile heath care units
-Restoration of vision
-Cancer and palliative care
-Geriatric physiotherapy
-Elder help lines
-Old age homes
-Livelihood support
-Student action for value education
-Digital literacy for elders

69. What is healthy aging ?
It is a process of developing
and maintaining the functional
ability that enables wellbeing in
older age.

70. What is filial piety ?
It is a virtue of respect for
one’s parents, elders,and
ancestors.
It is influenced by the
confucian thought.

75.  www.nia.nih.gov.in
 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.in
 www.nhm.gov.in
 www.nhp.gov.in
 www.main.mohfw.gov.in