Kurdistan geology spans from the Cambrian period to the Jurassic period, around 542 million to 146 million years ago. The earliest Kurdistan formations were deposited in the Cambrian-Ordovician period, represented by the Khabour Formation in a shallow to deep marine environment. The second formation, the Akkas Formation from the Silurian period consisted of black shale and sandstone in a marine environment. Subsequent formations from the Devonian-Carboniferous included the Pirispiki, Chalki, Ora, Kiasta and Harur formations in continental to marine environments. Permian formations included the Gaara and ChiaZairi formations in continental, lacustrine and ner

1. ‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬
Soran university
Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering
Present by: Reband.A Raza
Supervised by :DR.Pavel Spirov

2. Geology of Kurdistan
From Cambrian to Jurassic
and
An Introduction to
lithology

3. Our beautiful country :Kurdistan

4. Geological time scale :

6. Kurdistan Geology Starts From Paleozoic 542 million years ago

7. First kurdistan formation it was in Cambrian – Ordovician 542
million years ago

8. • 1- Cambrian – Ordovician :
• Represented in Iraq and Kurdistan mainly by the Khabour Formation.
• * Khabour Formation:
• Lithology: essentially composed of thin bedded, fine grained
sandstone, quartzite, siltstone and micaceous shale.
• Environment: the Khabour Formation was deposited in tide and storm
dominated shallow marine environment in the south, passing rapidly
into a deep marine environment in the northern part of Iraq.

9. Second kurdistan formation was created in between 444-
416 million years ago in silurian:

10. 2- Silurian cycle:
Represents essentially by Akkas Formation.
• Akkas Formation:
Lithology: consists of black shale with
occasional thin layers of sandstone. The lower
most 60m of the formation is organic rich
consists of a (Hot shale).

11. Kurdistan geology: in Devonian& carboniferous 416-299
million years ago

12. • 3- Devonian – Lower Carboniferous cycle:
• Essentially represents by Pirispiki, Chalki, Ora, Kiasta and Harur
Formations.
• * Pirispiki Formation:
• Lithology: it comprises of grey to green fine grained soft sandstone in the
basal part, yellow brown well bedded sandstone with beds of brown
shale. Red marly sandstone with occasionally beds of conglomerate with
pebbles of green basalt, quartzite. The Chalki volcanic comprises olivine
basalt with beds of tuff, ash, shale and siltstone.
• Environment: the depositional environment of the Pirispiki Formation is
continental to marginal marine.
• * Ora Formation:
• Lithology: it composed of dark calcareous shale with interbeds of silty
marls and lenses of detrital limestones and of fine grained limestones.
• Environment: the formation is purely marine, shallow water origin.

13. Kurdistan geology: in Permian 299-251 million years ago

14. • Permian cycle:
• Essentially represents by Gaara Formation and partially by ChiaZairi
Formation.
• * Gaara Formation:
• Lithology: essentially composed of coarse, quartzite sandstone, sandy marl
in the upper part of the unit
• Environment: mostly deposited in a continental and lacustrine
Environment.
• * ChiaZairi Formation:
• Lithology: it composed of limestones and some dolomites. The lower unit
consists of alternating thin bedded organic detrital limestones, dark blue
massive limestones. The middle unit called Satina Evaporate Member is
composed of dolomites, solution and re-crystallized breccias and marls.
• The upper unit is composed of thin bedded organic detrital, sometimes
cherty limestones.
• Environment: mostly deposited in a neritic Environment. The Satina
Evaporate Member as well as the upper parts represents lagoonal
Environment.

15. Kurdistan geology: Mesozoic 251-66 million years ago

16. Kurdistan geology: Triassic 251-200 million years ago

17. Mirga Mir Formation (Lower Triassic), Nazdur area,
Northern Thrust Zone

18. Beduh Formation (Lower Triassic), Nazdur area, Northern Thrust Zone

19. Geli Khana Formation (Middle Triassic), Ora region,
Northern Thrust Zone

20. Kurdistan geology: Jurassic 200-146 million years ago

21. KURRA CHINA FORMATION

22. BALUTI SHALE FORMATION
• The formation is essentially shale dominated, with grey green and grey
shales with not more than 10 cm. thick. Intercalations of thin bedded
dolomitic, silicified, and oolitic limestones and recrystallization
breccias are also occur.
• The thickness of the formation ranges between 35-60 m. in surface
sections. The Baluti Shale Formation of the subsurface sections varies
between 25 and 80m.
• The formation represents the sediments of lagoonal estuarine
environment.
• Thee lower and upper contacts of the formation are conformable and
gradational.
• The formation in its typical development is confined to the outcrops
on' the High Folded, Imbricated and Northern Thrust Zones of Iraq and
to the southeast as far as the Ranya region.

23. Thank you
Any Question?