Maqlub Mountain is located 30km northeast of Mosul, Iraq between latitudes 43.23-43.31°E and longitudes 36.33-36.28°N. It is in the low fold zone of the unstable Arabian shelf and foothill region. The mountain structure trends northwest to southeast over 14km and is defined by low dipping layers on both sides. Stratigraphy includes the Pila Spi, Gercus, Lower and Upper Fars, and Bakhtiari formations from the Eocene to Pliocene in age. Dolomite from the Pila Spi is used locally for construction. Exploration at the Ain Safni block has found oil in Jurassic reservoirs with
INTRODUCTION
The Indus Basin of Pakistan is divided into two parts i.e.
3
Lower Indus Basin and Upper Indus Basin. The Upper Indus
Basin is further divided by Sargodha high way into two parts.
Towards the east of the Sargodha highway in Potwar Plateau
and towards the west is Kohat Plateau. The region of the
North Punjab called as Potwar Plateau is bound in the South
by Salt range and in North by MBT as shown below.
INTRODUCTION
The Indus Basin of Pakistan is divided into two parts i.e.
3
Lower Indus Basin and Upper Indus Basin. The Upper Indus
Basin is further divided by Sargodha high way into two parts.
Towards the east of the Sargodha highway in Potwar Plateau
and towards the west is Kohat Plateau. The region of the
North Punjab called as Potwar Plateau is bound in the South
by Salt range and in North by MBT as shown below.
Middle Cretaceous Sequence Stratigraphy at the Ashaka Cement Quarry in Gongol...iosrjce
The Kanawa Member of the Pindiga Formation at Ashaka Cement Quarry forms a Type – one
sequence. The lower sequence boundary is a thin ferruginous crust on top of the Upper Bima Sandstone which
is also a transgressive surface since the intervening Yolde Formation is absent. The upper boundary of the
sequence is a correlative conformity within the Deba-Fulani Member. The transgressive systems tract and the
highstand systems tract are identifiable within the sequence. They both comprises parasequence sets and
parasequences showing smaller scale units produce by relative sea level changes on shorter time frame. The
transgressive systems tract is within the Kanawa Member while the highstand systems tract encompasses the
upper part of the Kanawa Member and basal Deba-Fulani Member. The lowstand systems tract preceding the
transgressive systems tract of the sequence is missing, indicating the marginal position of the Ashaka Cement
Quarry sequence of the depositional basin
Field Report On Khewra Salt Mine | Report On Khewra Trip | Different Formatio...Faizan Tanoli
Field Report On Khewra Salt Mine | Report On Khewra Trip | Different Formations Of Salt Range Area | Geology | Earth Sciences | Paleontology | Stratigraphy
Lithology
Contacts
Middle Cretaceous Sequence Stratigraphy at the Ashaka Cement Quarry in Gongol...iosrjce
The Kanawa Member of the Pindiga Formation at Ashaka Cement Quarry forms a Type – one
sequence. The lower sequence boundary is a thin ferruginous crust on top of the Upper Bima Sandstone which
is also a transgressive surface since the intervening Yolde Formation is absent. The upper boundary of the
sequence is a correlative conformity within the Deba-Fulani Member. The transgressive systems tract and the
highstand systems tract are identifiable within the sequence. They both comprises parasequence sets and
parasequences showing smaller scale units produce by relative sea level changes on shorter time frame. The
transgressive systems tract is within the Kanawa Member while the highstand systems tract encompasses the
upper part of the Kanawa Member and basal Deba-Fulani Member. The lowstand systems tract preceding the
transgressive systems tract of the sequence is missing, indicating the marginal position of the Ashaka Cement
Quarry sequence of the depositional basin
Field Report On Khewra Salt Mine | Report On Khewra Trip | Different Formatio...Faizan Tanoli
Field Report On Khewra Salt Mine | Report On Khewra Trip | Different Formations Of Salt Range Area | Geology | Earth Sciences | Paleontology | Stratigraphy
Lithology
Contacts
Petroleum system, facies analysis and sedimentology of jurassic - cretaceous ...FatimaNasirQureshi
sedimentological differences of jurassic-cretaceous rocks in Hazara and Kohat Basin including their petrochemical analysis and depositional envoirnments
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Conventional- , and Nonconventional types; URANIUM RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN EGYPT
First record of bedded limestone inside Upper BakhtiariFormation, Sulaimani G...iosrjce
Thick beds of detrital and stromatoliticlimestones are found for the firsttime inside Upper Bakhtiari
Formation in two different localities in the Sulaimani Governorate, NE-Iraq. The first locality is Dokan area at the
northwestern limb of Kosrat anticline while the second one is located in the Garmianarea betweenChamchamaland
QadirKaram towns.The limestones change laterally and vertically to conglomerate of the latter formation.The beds
are located on or inside the conglomerateof latter formation and only in one place it changes laterally to green marl.
Petrographically the limestones consistof alternation of limestone layers of intraclastic, oolitic and pisoidal
andoncoidallithology.The lithology indicates relatively sudden environment changes and unstable energy regime
which most possibly indicated deposition in freshwater lakes. The lakes are formed due fluvial activities such as river
cutoff (oxbow lake)and river damming by rock slides or river plugging. The paleogeography of the Upper Miocene
and Pliocene had assistedthe deposition of the limestone in the lakes due to compartment of source areas. In many
areas, the source area was consisted of limestone terrains during latter two ages and from these terrains the
carbonate rich solution and clasticsare supplied to the rivers and the lakes in which carbonates had deposited
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Location
• Geographical location
• Maqlub mountain is located at 30km north east mosul and west of kalakchi.
Between 43.23o - 43.31o E and 36.33o -36.28o N.
Maqlub Mountain
3. Geological location
It is located at unstable shelf of Arabian Plate and foothill (low fold) zone. At mosul high
subzone.
Maqlub Mountain
4. low fold zone
The Foothill Zone is
dominated by low amplitude
folds with high wavelengths
and it shows low relief
topography. Eocene rocks are
the oldest exposed
Formations. Its southern
boundary with the Stable
Shelf runs along southern limb
of the first major surface
anticline (Zagros
Deformational Front). Its
northern boundary with the
High Folded Zone runs along
the southern limb of the first
high anticlines.
Maqlub Mountain
5. The mountain structure
The axial of the mountain sprawl by Northwest and Southeast lengthways 14
Km. and is plunged by low slope at two side one of the Khazir river and other
near Henjerok village.
It is known the all mountain of Zagros region are generated due to convergent of
Arabian plate and Iranian plate.
6. Ө>90
o Ө<90
o
The thrust fault
the layers are inverted in center mountain
the layers are less inclined in the sides mountain
The dip amount of the layers are changed from place to place even in some place the are in
inverted. But in both plunging area are less inclined.
And the thrust fault is one of the main
element in this unit.
7. Ain Sifni strike slip fault, which extends
between Shakhan and Maqlub
mountain. The abnormal N - S trending
anticline in between, might have
developed upon a restraining bend
along the fault
8. Stratigraphy
The mountain contain mostly limestone rock that come back to Pilaspi formation.
This formation is consist mountain framework. But in some place the Pilaspi
formation weathered and Gercus formation come into sight. And after Pilaspi the
Fars and Bakhtiari formation deposited. Here like mostly region of kurdistan in
oligocene no formation deposited in other word no kirkuk group.
Pilaspi formation Gercus formation
9. Gercus formation
This formation are described in high folded zone in southern Turkey by Maxon
in 1936 in the Gercus region in Iraq first described by Weztel in Dukan area.
This formation are consist red and purple shale, mudstone, sandy and gritty
marl with some soft sandstone and conglomerates. And gypsum lenses.
Fossils are very rare and probably mostly reworked. the age of this formation
lower Eocene in Iraq.
Gercus formation
10. Pila Spi Formation
The Pila Spi Formation was first described by Lees in 1930 from the Pila Spi
area of the High Folded Zone.
The thick of the formation are varies from 100 to 200 m. in Maqlub area
approximately is 100 m the age of this formation is middle Eocene.
Pila Spi Formation
11. chert nodules in Pla Spi formation
Contact between chalk
and limestone
The formation consists in the original type section of two parts. The upper part is
composed of well bedded bituminous, chalky, and crystalline Limestones and with
chert nodules towards the top . The lower part shows well bedded hard, porous, or
vitreous bituminous poorly fossiliferous, limestones, with algal or shell sections. In the
supplementary type section dolomitic and chalky limestone.
12. Lower Fars formation(fath’a)
the Lower Fars Formation of Iraq is characterized by the prevalent evaporitic
(sulphatic and halogenous) facies. The rocks composing the formation are
anhydrite, gypsum and salt, interbedded with limestone, marl, and relatively
fine grained clastics. The quantity and mutual relation of the individual rock
types is the basic criterion for the differentiation of the informal units.
But the ratio of evaporitic mineral and limestone and clastics rock is change
from place to place. More time the lower fars formation is cycle between the
evaporitic mineral and limestone and clastics rock. In the center evaporitic
mineral and then limestone marl and in periphery with contact to Pila spi is
mostly is clastics rock(red clay mineral). The age of the formation is lower
Miocene
Lower Fars formation
13. Lower Fars formation weathered with contact Pila spi formation
Lower Fars formation is weathered
Pila spi formation
Upper fars formation
In maqlub mountain just the part that contact with Pila spi is come into sight
and even is weathered there because is consist mostly clay mineral.
14. Upper fars formation(Ingana)
The lithology of the formation is variable but the unit is essentially composed
of mostly red or grey colored silty marlstones or claystones, siltstones of the
same color, and medium to coarse grained polymictic sandstones.
Conglomerates should not occur according to the original description.
Red colored silty marlstones or claystones
And sandstones in Upper Fars formation
gray colored silty marlstones or claystones
And sandstones
15. The thickness of the formation is very variable.
The environmental conditions during the
deposition of the Upper Fars.
Fossils remnants occur mainly in the lower part
of the formation Unfortunately they were not
investigated at all. Therefore no list of fossils
found in Iraq can be quoted.
The age of the formation is usually accepted as
Upper Miocene.
16. Bakhtiari Formation(Mukdadiyah, Bai Hasan)
The formation is composed almost purely of terrigenous. In general, the grain
size of the clastics increases upward. The prevalence of the conglomerates in
the upper part of the formation had been the main reason for considering that
part as an independent formation.
The thickness of the formation is very variable due to primary differences and
partly due to erosion too.
The only fossil reported to be found in the formation is Hipparion sp.
The age of the formation is mostly Pliocene.
The Mukdadiya (Lower Bakhtiari) Formation comprises of fining upwards cycles
of gravely sandstone, sandstone and red mudstone. The sandstones are often
strongly cross-bedded and associated with channel lags and clay balls.
Lower part of Bakhtiari Formation
(Mukdadiyah Formation)
17. Upper part of Bakhtiari Formation (Bia Hasan Formation)
Bai Hasan is congolmerate facies was deposited in
alluvial fans. The prevalence of the conglomerates
in the upper part of the formation had been the
main reason for considering that part as an
independent formation.
18. Quaternary deposition
The Foothill Zone is characterised by long anticlines with Miocene cores
flanked by very broad and shallow synclines exposing Mio-Pliocene molasse
along their flanks. The inner parts of the synclines contain Quaternary
deposits, referred to here as the Polygenetic Synclinal Fill. The thickness of
this Quaternary veneer is variable but is >120.
19. Economic of the mountain
Dolomite is used like building materials and is useful in industrial like
Oil refine and glassy industrial and iron industrial ..ect
Dolomite can fined in Pila Spi formation in Maqlub mountain.
More factory used the limestone that exist in lower fars for industrial
of cement like Hamam Ali factory in Mosul.
The Gomil- Khazir sub province groundwater is bounded in the south
west by maqlub mountain. the Quaternary sediment and Bakhtiari
formation represent the main aquifer within this Sub province.
20. Oil and gas in Maqlub
Maqlub mountain at Ain Safini block. and operated by Hunt Oil Middle East (75%) and
Afren(25%).
In 2007 a 2D seismic survey was acquired which was subsequently reprocessed in
2010.by Hunt oil.
21. Exploration well Beginning at 2011. operator Hunt Oil spudded the
Maqlub-1 well tested the high potential Maqlub structure drilled
ahead in the Jurassic reservoirs. And Maqlub-2 at them planned at
2014 but it don’t beginning due to safety.
22. The characters of Maqlub Field
Source rock is Naokelekan and Sargelu and
Butmah and Kurra Chine C Formations.
Reservoir rock is Adaiyah, Butmah and Kurra
Chine Formations.
Cap rock : the major reservoir are trapped by
major fault on the mountain. And Baluti , Kurra
chine ….. ect
23. The Kurra Chine Formation
The most important formation at Maqlub field is became
the source ,reservoir and cap rock.
The formation in the type area is a monotonous sequence
of dark brown and black limestones, alternately thin and
thick bedded, with occasional intercalations of thick
bedded foetid dolomites, showing slump structures, and
with some papery shales. Sometimes recrystallization
breccias occur. in many sections by extensive
dolomitization. more evaporitic development in some
areas (mainly in subsurface sections of
the Foothill Zone).
The age of this formation is upper Triassic.
24. Quality of the oil
The oil that in Jurassic formation is heavy oil( API 21)
But the in the Triassic formation is light oil (API 39) in kurra chine formation.
25. Reference
REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF IRAQ (BUDAY-1980)
Geology of Iraq/Saad Z. Jassim and Jeremy C. Goff/2006
SEDIMENTARY BASINS AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF MIDDLE EAST/A.S.
ALSHARHAN & A.E.M. NAIRN/2003
Ain Sifni CPR/ Afren plc/ January 2015
GEOMETRY AND EVOLUTION OF FOLD STRUCTURES WITHIN THE HIGH FOLDED
ZONE: ZAGROS FOLD-THRUST BELT, KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ/Mjahid
Zebari/University of Nebraska-Lincoln/2013
WESTREN ZAGROS FOLD – THRUST BELT , PART1: THE LOW FOLDED ZONE/Saffa
F.A.Fouad/2012
HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE LOW FOLDED ZONE /Hatem K. Al- Jiburi and Naseer H.Al-
Basrawi/2012
العربيه مصادر
العراق جيولوجيا/الموصل جامعة/د.د و العمرى هللا صنع فاروق.السياب عبدهللا
العراق شمال جيولوجية/د.د و العمرى هللا صنع فاروق.صادق على
الكيموستراتيغرافي طريقة استعمال(الكيميائية الطباقية)بين الفاصل الحد لتعيينحجر صخورلت الرملكويني
جبل في وانجانة الفتحةبعشيقة/النعمي جمعة حازم و الصائغ يحيى عبدالهادى/2002
