Geology and branches of geology
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Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and history. It plays an important role in civil engineering by providing knowledge about soil and rock properties, which is necessary for foundation design, construction of highways, tunnels, and dams. The main branches of geology include physical geology, mineralogy, petrology, geomorphology, historical geology, economic geology, and others. Geology provides critical information for planning, designing, and constructing engineering projects and for mining activities.
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Introduction to geology
Introduction to geology
BASIC PART OF GEOLOGY AND SCOPE OF GEOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND OTHER ENGINEERING STUDENTS.
Geology & its branches
This document outlines the main branches of geology, which include physical geology, petrology, mineralogy, structural geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, and engineering geology. Physical geology studies natural processes that change the Earth's surface. Petrology examines different rock types. Mineralogy analyzes mineral composition and properties. The other branches focus on structural features of rocks, layering of rock strata, fossils, the history of geology over time, economically important minerals, applying geology to mining, and applying it to engineering.
Engineering geology
The document discusses key topics in engineering geology including:
1) The importance of geology to civil engineering as all civil engineering works involve earth and its features.
2) The physical properties of minerals that are important for identifying and classifying different rock types.
3) The three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their origins and characteristic properties.
4) Important geological structures like strike, dip, folds, faults, joints and unconformities that influence civil engineering design and construction.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
The document provides information on various topics in engineering geology including:
1. Definitions of engineering geology, geology, and their importance in civil engineering projects like understanding construction materials, groundwater, and foundations.
2. Branches of geology like physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and their focus on natural earth processes, rock origins and structures.
3. Key geological concepts like weathering, rock excavation methods, faults, folds, strike and dip, and seismic waves from earthquakes.
4. The importance of understanding local geology for planning major engineering works.
Joints and unconformity
What are joints?
•Terminology related to joints
•Classification
•Engineering considerations
Strike joints
Dip joint:
Oblique joint:
bedding joints.
Tension joints:
Shear joints:
Compression joints:
Gravity anomaly across reagional structures
Gravity Anomaly across continents and ocean, gravity anomaly across mid-oceanic ridges, gravity anomaly across orogenic belts, and gravity anomaly across subduction zones.
Presentation on geophysical methods
This document provides an overview of geophysical methods used for site investigation and laboratory measurements. It discusses various methods including electrical resistivity, seismic methods, electromagnetic conductivity, gravity geophysical methods, and geothermal methods. For each method, it describes how the technique works and how tests are conducted to collect subsurface data on properties like density, conductivity, and elastic moduli. The document aims to explain different geophysical techniques that can be employed to characterize subsurface conditions.
Forms of igneous rocks
There are two main forms of igneous rocks:
1) Extrusive rocks form from lava erupted at the Earth's surface and cool rapidly. They include lava flows, pyroclastic deposits like volcanic ash and tuff.
2) Intrusive rocks form from magma that cools below the surface. They can be concordant, forming sheets and domes parallel to layers, like sills and laccoliths, or discordant and cutting across layers, like dikes, batholiths, and volcanic necks.
Recommended
Introduction to geology
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BASIC PART OF GEOLOGY AND SCOPE OF GEOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND OTHER ENGINEERING STUDENTS.
Geology & its branches
This document outlines the main branches of geology, which include physical geology, petrology, mineralogy, structural geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, and engineering geology. Physical geology studies natural processes that change the Earth's surface. Petrology examines different rock types. Mineralogy analyzes mineral composition and properties. The other branches focus on structural features of rocks, layering of rock strata, fossils, the history of geology over time, economically important minerals, applying geology to mining, and applying it to engineering.
Engineering geology
The document discusses key topics in engineering geology including:
1) The importance of geology to civil engineering as all civil engineering works involve earth and its features.
2) The physical properties of minerals that are important for identifying and classifying different rock types.
3) The three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their origins and characteristic properties.
4) Important geological structures like strike, dip, folds, faults, joints and unconformities that influence civil engineering design and construction.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
The document provides information on various topics in engineering geology including:
1. Definitions of engineering geology, geology, and their importance in civil engineering projects like understanding construction materials, groundwater, and foundations.
2. Branches of geology like physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and their focus on natural earth processes, rock origins and structures.
3. Key geological concepts like weathering, rock excavation methods, faults, folds, strike and dip, and seismic waves from earthquakes.
4. The importance of understanding local geology for planning major engineering works.
Joints and unconformity
What are joints?
•Terminology related to joints
•Classification
•Engineering considerations
Strike joints
Dip joint:
Oblique joint:
bedding joints.
Tension joints:
Shear joints:
Compression joints:
Gravity anomaly across reagional structures
Gravity Anomaly across continents and ocean, gravity anomaly across mid-oceanic ridges, gravity anomaly across orogenic belts, and gravity anomaly across subduction zones.
Presentation on geophysical methods
This document provides an overview of geophysical methods used for site investigation and laboratory measurements. It discusses various methods including electrical resistivity, seismic methods, electromagnetic conductivity, gravity geophysical methods, and geothermal methods. For each method, it describes how the technique works and how tests are conducted to collect subsurface data on properties like density, conductivity, and elastic moduli. The document aims to explain different geophysical techniques that can be employed to characterize subsurface conditions.
Forms of igneous rocks
There are two main forms of igneous rocks:
1) Extrusive rocks form from lava erupted at the Earth's surface and cool rapidly. They include lava flows, pyroclastic deposits like volcanic ash and tuff.
2) Intrusive rocks form from magma that cools below the surface. They can be concordant, forming sheets and domes parallel to layers, like sills and laccoliths, or discordant and cutting across layers, like dikes, batholiths, and volcanic necks.
1.1 introduction of geology,Branches and Scope of Geology
This document discusses the branches and scope of geology. It outlines 15 branches of geology including physical geology, crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, civil engineering geology, hydrology, Indian geology, resources engineering, and photo geology. It then discusses the importance and scope of geology for civil engineering, including providing construction materials knowledge, helping with erosion and deposition projects, tunneling and foundations, and reducing engineering costs.
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Geological surveys are normally undertaken by private agencies, state government departs of mines and geology, and national geological survey organizations. They maintain the geological inventory of various formations, mineral deposits and resources. They keep all records for the advancement of knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. Geological mapping are parts of a geological survey. It involves certain procedures. This lesson highlights the methods and procedures of geological mapping.
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Topic 1 concept of mineral deposits
Introduction of mineral deposits: Mineral deposit ; A geological definition of an ore deposit; Ore Deposit Environments; The significance of ore deposit size; Which commodities are included by the definition of Ore Deposits ; The extraction of an economic commodity from ore ; Geological Factors Affecting Economics of Ore Extraction ; Shape and depth of the deposit; Mineralogy and texture of the ore; The presence of multiple extractable products; Metals enrichment factors; Ore Deposit Constitutes; Ore Deposit Geology and Related Sciences; Structural Control Ore Deposits; Depth of Occurrence Mineral deposits; Nature of Mineralization; Morphology of Ore Deposit; Geographical Localization of Ore Deposits;
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Foliation and lineation
A fabric describes the spatial and geometric relationships that make up a rock at the microscopic to centimeter scale. It includes planar structures like bedding and cleavage, as well as the preferred orientation of minerals. There are different types of fabric including linear fabric formed by elongate minerals, planar fabric formed by platy minerals, and random fabric with no orientation. Foliation specifically refers to any planar arrangement of minerals or structures in a rock. Foliation can be primary, forming during rock formation, or secondary, resulting from deformation. Common types of secondary foliation include cleavage, schistosity, and mylonitic foliation. Lineation describes a preferred linear orientation of features in a rock, often related to deformation processes like intersection of planar
Joints
This document discusses joints, which are fractures in rock where there has been no displacement of the rock on either side. It classifies joints based on their geometry and genesis. Geometrically, joints are classified as strike joints, dip joints, or oblique joints based on their orientation relative to the bedding of the rock. Genetically, joints are classified as tension joints, which form perpendicular to tensional forces, or shear joints, which form due to shearing stresses during folding or faulting. Examples of tension joints include columnar joints, mud cracks, sheet joints, and mural joints. The document discusses the formation and features of these different joint types and their presence in igneous, sedimentary, and metam
Classifications of igneous rocks
Igneous rock forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. It is classified based on several properties including genesis, texture, color, and chemical composition. Based on genesis, igneous rocks are classified as plutonic (cooled at depth), hypabyssal (cooled at shallow depth), or volcanic (cooled on the surface). Texture classifications include phaneritic, aphenitic, porphyritic, and poikilitic. Color classifications are based on the percentage of mafic minerals and include leucocratic, mesocratic, melanocratic, and hypermelanic. Chemical composition classifications include peraluminous, metaaluminous, subaluminous, and several
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Structural geology is the study of the architecture and geometry of the Earth's crust and the processes that have shaped it. It involves analyzing how rock bodies deform in response to tectonic stresses. Structural analysis generally involves descriptive, kinematic, and dynamic analysis. Descriptive analysis describes rock structures like folds and faults. Kinematic analysis evaluates strain and changes in shape and orientation of rocks. Dynamic analysis reconstructs the stresses that caused rock deformation and failure. Stresses in rocks can be tensile, compressive, or shear stresses. Stress is analyzed using concepts like the stress tensor, Mohr's circle diagrams, and the orientation of maximum shear stresses. The main sources of stress that drive deformation are the motions of tectonic
What is geology and scope of geology
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. The document outlines several key branches of geology, including economic geology, mining geology, petroleum geology, engineering geology, environmental geology, geochemistry, geomorphology, geophysics, historical geology, hydrogeology, mineralogy, paleontology, petrology, structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and volcanology. Each branch deals with different aspects of the Earth and geological processes. Engineering geology specifically applies geological knowledge to civil engineering projects regarding construction materials, site selection, and safe design and construction.
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Mohr's circle is a graphical representation used to analyze the state of stress at a point. It relates the normal and shear stresses acting on planes of all orientations passing through that point. The document discusses how to construct Mohr's circle through an example and how it can be used to analyze principal stresses, maximum shear stress, and normal and tangential stresses on any given plane. Applications of Mohr's circle include studying brittle deformation features like faults and fractures, pore pressure effects, and stability of structures like bridges, dams and tunnels.
Geology
Geology is the study of the physical structure and substance of the Earth. It provides knowledge about construction materials like stones and clay. It also helps understand natural geological processes like erosion that impact civil engineering projects. Geology is important for determining suitable foundations, exploring ground conditions via drilling, and planning major projects like dams, roads and tunnels. The study of geology includes physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and the weathering of rocks. Physical geology examines how the Earth's surface and interior change over time. Petrology studies the origin, composition and structure of different rock types. Structural geology analyzes the three-dimensional distribution of rocks and their deformation history. Weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes.
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This powerpoint presentation gives some basic information regarding structural geology,folds,joints,faults etc.
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The document summarizes the various processes of formation of ore deposits, which are grouped into three main types: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Magmatic processes include magmatic concentration, hydrothermal processes, and sublimation. Sedimentary processes include sedimentary deposits, oxidation and supergene enrichment, residual and mechanical concentration, volcanogenic deposits, evaporation, and bacteriogenic processes. The key magmatic and sedimentary processes are described in further detail.
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This document provides an overview of engineering geology and its scope. It discusses how geology relates to civil engineering projects in areas like construction, water resource development, and town planning. Key points covered include:
- Engineering geology deals with applying geology principles to safe and economic design of civil engineering projects.
- Geological maps, hydrological maps, and topographical maps are important for planning projects.
- Geological characteristics like bedrock, mechanical properties, and seismic activity influence project design.
- Geological knowledge aids in quality control of construction materials and sensitive construction areas.
- Geology is relevant for water resource exploration, development, and the water cycle understanding.
- Land utilization and regional planning requires considering natural geological features and
Topic 2 classification of mineral deposits
ORE DEPOSIT TYPES AND MODELS; Syngenetic Ore Deposit; Magmatic deposits ; Epigenetic Ore Deposit; Historical Perspective & Different Classifications; Ore deposits classified by Evans (1997) into broad classes namely: syngenetic and epigenetic
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Presentation focuses on the types of Rock cleavagrs, foliations and lineations. These types are also explained in brief.
Introduction-of-Geology.pdf
This document discusses the role of geology in civil engineering. It begins with defining geology and its various branches including geochemistry, geologist, geological survey, and geological maps. It then discusses the different branches of geology such as physical geology, crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, and stratigraphy. The document emphasizes that civil engineering geology involves applying geological knowledge to ensure safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of engineering projects. Finally, it outlines the key roles of geology for civil engineering projects, which include providing construction materials, assisting with soil conservation and river/coastal works, aiding tunneling and road works, informing dam, bridge and building designs, assessing groundwater, creating geological
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Introduction of mineral deposits: Mineral deposit ; A geological definition of an ore deposit; Ore Deposit Environments; The significance of ore deposit size; Which commodities are included by the definition of Ore Deposits ; The extraction of an economic commodity from ore ; Geological Factors Affecting Economics of Ore Extraction ; Shape and depth of the deposit; Mineralogy and texture of the ore; The presence of multiple extractable products; Metals enrichment factors; Ore Deposit Constitutes; Ore Deposit Geology and Related Sciences; Structural Control Ore Deposits; Depth of Occurrence Mineral deposits; Nature of Mineralization; Morphology of Ore Deposit; Geographical Localization of Ore Deposits;
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This document discusses the process of prospecting for and proving a mineral deposit. It begins by defining prospecting and mining. Prospecting aims to initially find deposits, while proving works to establish the deposit's parameters, quality, and reserves. The process involves three stages - prospecting, exploration, and proving. Exploration methods discussed include remote sensing, mapping, geophysics, geochemistry, and drilling. Proving then further defines the deposit through deeper drilling, sampling, determining reserves and establishing a mining plan. Developing accurate ore deposit models is also an important part of effectively exploring for and proving deposits.
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It covers seismic method, gravity method, electromagnetic method, magnetic method and radiometric method. all these methods help in mineral exploration
Foliation and lineation
A fabric describes the spatial and geometric relationships that make up a rock at the microscopic to centimeter scale. It includes planar structures like bedding and cleavage, as well as the preferred orientation of minerals. There are different types of fabric including linear fabric formed by elongate minerals, planar fabric formed by platy minerals, and random fabric with no orientation. Foliation specifically refers to any planar arrangement of minerals or structures in a rock. Foliation can be primary, forming during rock formation, or secondary, resulting from deformation. Common types of secondary foliation include cleavage, schistosity, and mylonitic foliation. Lineation describes a preferred linear orientation of features in a rock, often related to deformation processes like intersection of planar
Joints
This document discusses joints, which are fractures in rock where there has been no displacement of the rock on either side. It classifies joints based on their geometry and genesis. Geometrically, joints are classified as strike joints, dip joints, or oblique joints based on their orientation relative to the bedding of the rock. Genetically, joints are classified as tension joints, which form perpendicular to tensional forces, or shear joints, which form due to shearing stresses during folding or faulting. Examples of tension joints include columnar joints, mud cracks, sheet joints, and mural joints. The document discusses the formation and features of these different joint types and their presence in igneous, sedimentary, and metam
Classifications of igneous rocks
Igneous rock forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. It is classified based on several properties including genesis, texture, color, and chemical composition. Based on genesis, igneous rocks are classified as plutonic (cooled at depth), hypabyssal (cooled at shallow depth), or volcanic (cooled on the surface). Texture classifications include phaneritic, aphenitic, porphyritic, and poikilitic. Color classifications are based on the percentage of mafic minerals and include leucocratic, mesocratic, melanocratic, and hypermelanic. Chemical composition classifications include peraluminous, metaaluminous, subaluminous, and several
Structural Geology & Stress
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What is geology and scope of geology
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. The document outlines several key branches of geology, including economic geology, mining geology, petroleum geology, engineering geology, environmental geology, geochemistry, geomorphology, geophysics, historical geology, hydrogeology, mineralogy, paleontology, petrology, structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and volcanology. Each branch deals with different aspects of the Earth and geological processes. Engineering geology specifically applies geological knowledge to civil engineering projects regarding construction materials, site selection, and safe design and construction.
Geosyncline
The document discusses the concept of geosynclines, which refers to thick piles of sediments deposited in deep marine basins that were later compressed, deformed, and uplifted to form mountain ranges. Geosynclines developed in three phases - first sediments accumulated in a subsiding trough (geosynclinal phase), then the deeply buried sediments folded under heat and pressure (tectonic phase), and finally horizontal compression forces uplifted the folded rocks to form mountains tens of thousands of meters high (orogenic phase). Geosynclines are classified as orthgeosynclines like eugeosynclines that formed far from continents with volcanic rocks, or parageosynclines like miogeosyn
Mohr circle mohr circle anaysisand application
Mohr's circle is a graphical representation used to analyze the state of stress at a point. It relates the normal and shear stresses acting on planes of all orientations passing through that point. The document discusses how to construct Mohr's circle through an example and how it can be used to analyze principal stresses, maximum shear stress, and normal and tangential stresses on any given plane. Applications of Mohr's circle include studying brittle deformation features like faults and fractures, pore pressure effects, and stability of structures like bridges, dams and tunnels.
Geology
Geology is the study of the physical structure and substance of the Earth. It provides knowledge about construction materials like stones and clay. It also helps understand natural geological processes like erosion that impact civil engineering projects. Geology is important for determining suitable foundations, exploring ground conditions via drilling, and planning major projects like dams, roads and tunnels. The study of geology includes physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and the weathering of rocks. Physical geology examines how the Earth's surface and interior change over time. Petrology studies the origin, composition and structure of different rock types. Structural geology analyzes the three-dimensional distribution of rocks and their deformation history. Weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes.
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The document summarizes the various processes of formation of ore deposits, which are grouped into three main types: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Magmatic processes include magmatic concentration, hydrothermal processes, and sublimation. Sedimentary processes include sedimentary deposits, oxidation and supergene enrichment, residual and mechanical concentration, volcanogenic deposits, evaporation, and bacteriogenic processes. The key magmatic and sedimentary processes are described in further detail.
Engineering Geology
This document provides an overview of engineering geology and its scope. It discusses how geology relates to civil engineering projects in areas like construction, water resource development, and town planning. Key points covered include:
- Engineering geology deals with applying geology principles to safe and economic design of civil engineering projects.
- Geological maps, hydrological maps, and topographical maps are important for planning projects.
- Geological characteristics like bedrock, mechanical properties, and seismic activity influence project design.
- Geological knowledge aids in quality control of construction materials and sensitive construction areas.
- Geology is relevant for water resource exploration, development, and the water cycle understanding.
- Land utilization and regional planning requires considering natural geological features and
Topic 2 classification of mineral deposits
ORE DEPOSIT TYPES AND MODELS; Syngenetic Ore Deposit; Magmatic deposits ; Epigenetic Ore Deposit; Historical Perspective & Different Classifications; Ore deposits classified by Evans (1997) into broad classes namely: syngenetic and epigenetic
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Presentation focuses on the types of Rock cleavagrs, foliations and lineations. These types are also explained in brief.
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Engineering geology gs 119 pdf
The document provides an overview of geology and its importance in civil engineering projects. It begins with definitions of geology and its main branches like physical geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, and historical geology. It then discusses the importance of engineering geology in construction projects, specifically in planning, designing, and executing projects. Key considerations include understanding rock properties, depth and structure, and identifying weak zones or groundwater levels. The document also summarizes different rock types - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic - and describes their formation processes. Volcanic eruption types like Hawaiian, Strombolian and Vulcanian are also defined based on the viscosity of the erupted lava and explosivity
Introduction of Engineering Geology
UNIT -1
INTRODUCTION, WHY GEOLOGY ???, GEOLOGY, Main and Allied Branch of Geology, Physical Geology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Structural Geology, Historical Geology, Palaeontology
Economic Geology, Engineering Geology, Mining Geology
Geo physics, Geo Hydrology, Geo Chemistry, Scope of Geology
Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering, General Geology
Geological Agents, Exogenous Geological Agents, Endogenous Geological Agents, Weathering of Rocks, Mechanical, Weathering, Chemical weathering, Biological Weathering, Earth Structure, Atmosphere, Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere, Earth Interior Structure, Lithosphere, Crust, Mantle
Core, Tectonic Plates, Types of Plate Boundaries, Plates collide = convergent boundary, Plates separate = divergent boundary
Plates slide past one another = transform boundary.
Earth sciences
Earth science and geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and history. Some key areas of focus include geology, the study of the age and structure of the Earth; geomorphology, the study of surface landforms and their evolution; and historical geology, the use of rocks and fossils to understand the past history of the Earth. The document also outlines various subdisciplines within geology like mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, and allied sciences like geochemistry, geophysics, and oceanography that involve applying other fields to geological problems and phenomena.
Engineeringgeology
Engineering Geology is a 3 credit course that involves lectures, tutorials, and field practice. The scope of engineering geology is the application of geology to solve problems in civil engineering projects related to construction, water resource development, and town planning. A brief history of the formation of the Earth and crust is provided, including how the early Earth cooled and formed igneous rocks, water condensed to form oceans, and sedimentary rocks accumulated over time through weathering and deposition.
Geology - definition, scope and branches
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it. Some key branches of geology include historical geology, which studies the evolution of life and organic development by examining rock sequences and fossils. Paleontology specifically focuses on the preservation and utilization of plant and animal remains for understanding the past history of Earth. Environmental geology applies geological principles to problems caused by human occupation and exploitation of the environment.
Role of Engineering Geology in Civil Constructions.pptx
Role of engineering geology in civil constructions. Engineering Geology is an international interdisciplinary journal bridging the fields of the earth sciences and engineering, particularly geological and geotechnical engineering. The focus of the journal is on geological or engineering studies that are of interest to engineering geologists.
Scope of Geology for Civil Engineer
The document discusses the subject, scope, and subdivisions of geology. It states that geology is the study of the origin, composition, and structure of the Earth. The main subdivisions of geology include physical geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, and historical geology. Engineering geology also has applications in construction projects, planning, and town and regional planning by providing geological data and assessing rock properties.
EG NOTES.docx
This document provides an overview of geology and its importance in civil engineering. It discusses key topics in geology including mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, physical geology, and geomorphology. Geology is important for civil engineering projects as it provides information on construction materials, foundation stability, and terrain. A basic understanding of earth materials like minerals, rocks, and soils is essential for tasks like tunneling, hydroelectric projects, and evaluating slope stability.
Geology ppt.
This document provides an overview of geology presented by Dinesh Sonwane. It defines geology as the study of the solid matter that constitutes the Earth, encompassing rocks, soil, gemstones. It discusses the various branches of geology including physical geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, historical geology, applied geology, and the relationship between geology and other fields. The document also defines a mineral, describes the three main types of rocks and their uses, and provides brief explanations of structural geology and paleontology. It was presented by Dinesh Sonwane to his class on the topic of geology.
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Role of Engineering Geology in Civil Constructions.pptx
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Geophysical investigation
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Geology and branches of geology
- 3. Geology means GEO=Earth, LOGY=Study of science ● It deal with the study of Origin , age, interior structure, and history of earth ● Evolution and modification of various surface features like rivers, mountains and Lakes. ● Material makeups the earth.
- 4. Geology plays a very important role in the field of civil engineering. ❖ Its knowledge is required for foundation faults. ❖ For design of highways and roads. ❖ In construction of tunnels. ❖ Its knowledgeis helpful for river control and shipping work. ❖ Nature of soil materials can be find out. ❖ It provides knowledge about materials used for construction. ❖ Its knowledge is helpful for constructing dams. ❖ Geotechnical engineers needs knowledgeabout this subject for excavation work (digging work).
- 5. Main and Allied Branch of Geology Main Branch Allied Branch Physical Geology Engineering Geology Mineralogy Mining Geology Petrology Geophysics geomorphology Geohydrology Historical Geology Geochemistry Economic Geology rock mechanics Oceanography
- 6. 1. Physical Geology deals with the different Physical feature of the earth both at the exterior and interior of earth structure such as Mountain, rivers, lakes, glaciers and volcanoes, earthquakes. 2. Geomorphology deals with the study of things which are present only on the surface of the earth, such as mountains, rivers, lakes etc., 3. Mineralogy deals with the study of minerals, which includes detailed mode of formation, composition, occurrence, types, association properties uses etc . 4. Petrology: Petro- rock, Logy- study It deals with the study, formation,occurrence, composition of different types of rocks which are present on earth crust. Cont..,
- 7. Cont.., 5. Historical Geology - study of past history of the earth and its structure based on the fossil material obtained. Based on that fairly accurate estimates can be made. 6. Geochemistry- study of different chemical compositions of earth along its distribution and availability in different zones. 7. Geophysics- Study of earth’s magnetic forces, electrostatic forces,knowledge about cosmology and seismic waves is studied. 8. Geohydrology- Interaction between hydrology with earth structure 9. Oceanography - study of physical, structural, genetic and chemical compositions and behaviour of water bodies especially ocean.
- 10. Pure geophysics
- 11. Geo hydrology
- 12. Scope of Geology ❖ Geology provides necessary information about the construction materials at the site used in the construction of buildings, dams, tunnels, tanks, reservoirs, highways and bridges. ❖ Geological information is most important in planning stage, design phase and construction phase of an engineering project. ❖ Geology is useful to know the method of mining of rock and mineral deposits on earth’s surface and subsurface. ❖ Geology is useful for supply, storage and filling up of reservoirs with water. ❖ This is the only subject which gives the information about the earth surface.
- 13. Thank you