The document summarizes how various physical factors influence Earth's climate: 1) The sun is the main driver of climate, with latitude affecting the angle of sunlight and creating different climate zones. 2) Wind patterns like prevailing winds and monsoons also impact climate by affecting temperatures and rainfall. Local winds form near land and water boundaries. 3) Oceans and ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cool waters to land areas, while high elevations and mountain ranges can create "rain shadows" with drier climates on one side.

1. The Physical World Chapter 2 Mr. Jeremy Rinkel

2. Planet Earth Our Solar System Gravity is a physical force that keeps the Earth and other objects revolving around the sun The center of the solar system is the sun A star or ball of burning gasses

3. Our Solar System Planets At least eight planets orbit the sun Mercury (closest to the sun) Venus Earth (93 million miles from the sun) Mars Jupiter (the largest)

4. Our Solar System Planets Pluto recently got bumped from the list of planets and became a dwarf planet Terrestrial planets- solid rocky crusts Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars Gas Giant planets- more gaseous and less solid Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

5. Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids Smaller objects that revolve around the sun Asteroids- irregularly planet like objects Usually found between Mars and Jupiter Comets- made of icy dust particles and frozen gases Can approach the earth in any direction Meteoroids- pieces of space junk (rock and iron)

6. Siberia 1908 Possible meteor strike that was flattened in burned A huge life of wildlife was lost A huge fireball was reported Scientists conclude it was either a meteor or a comet Could a meteor or comet cause the dinosaurs to become extinct??

7. Water Hydrosphere- made up of oceans, lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water Lithosphere- land, also includes the ocean floor Atmosphere- layer of gases extending above the surface 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen

8. Water Biosphere- part of the earth that supports life Life outside of the biosphere exists only with the assistance of life support machines

9. Landforms Natural features on the earth’s surface Contain rivers, lakes, and streams Isthmus of Panama Sinai Peninsula Continental shelf- underwater extension of the coastal plain

10. Earth’s Heights and Depths Mount Everest- located in South Asia 29, 035 feet above sea level Dead Sea- Southwest Asia Lowest dry land point at 1,349 ft. Mariana Trench- Pacific Ocean southwest of Guam 35,857 feet deep

11. Section 2 Forces of Change

12. Earth’s Structure Earth is a layered planet Core- the center of earth very hot and solid Inner core made of iron and nickel under extreme pressure Mantle- located next to the outer core, thick layer of hot, dense rock Crust- outer layer; rocky shell forming the earth’s surface

13. Plate Movement The planet is not the same as it was thousands of years ago Pangaea- giant continent (over the years) the continents have broken up creating 7 small continents Continental drift- continents were once joined, but drifted apart

14. Plate Movement Plate tectonics- physical processes that create many of the Earth’s physical features Plate movement can be drastic or gradual Magma- molten rock, is pushed up from the mantle, and ridges are formed Scientists have not determined what causes plate tectonics

15. Internal Forces of Change Colliding and Spreading plates Himalayan mountain range was created when the subcontinent of India collided with Eurasia Mountains are also created when a sea plate collides with a continental plate Subduction- heavier sea plate dives under the lighter continental plate Andes Mountain range in South America

16. Internal Forces of Change Accretion- pieces of the Earth’s crust come together slowly as the sea plate slides under the continental plate New land can form if two sea plates come together Spreading- sea plates pull apart Occurs on the Atlantic Ocean’s floor; pushing Europe further away from North America

17. Internal Forces of Change Folds- bends in layers of rock Faults- plates may grind or slide past each other, creating cracks in the earth’s crust San Andreas Fault- near San Francisco, California Faulting- occurs when the folded land cannot be bent any further

18. Earthquakes Violent movements of tectonic plates Occur where two plates meet Tension builds up along fault lines until they snap Ring of Fire- one of the most earthquake-prone areas in the world

19. Volcanic Eruptions Mountains formed by lava or by magma that breaks through the Earth’s crust The rocky plate melts as it dives toward the hot mantle, if the rock is too thick its flow is blocked and pressure builds

20. External Forces of Change Weathering- breaks down rocks Physical- occurs when large masses of rock are physically broken down into smaller pieces Chemical- changes the chemical makeup of rocks Many of the worlds caves have been or continue to be formed this way

21. External Forces of Change Wind Erosion- the movement of dust, sand, and soil from one place to another Plants help protect against this type of erosion Glacial Erosion glaciers- large bodies of ice that move on the surface of the earth Moraines- large piles of rock and debris.

22. External Forces of Change Two types of glaciers Sheet- flat, broad sheets of ice Greenland and Antarctica Mountain glaciers- high mountain valleys, gouge out round, U-shaped valleys as they move downhill

23. External Forces of Change Water Erosion-begins when spring water and rain water flow downhill in streams Over time, the eroding action forms a gully and then a V-shaped valley Grand Canyon was formed this way Pounding Ocean Ways also create beach erosion

24. Section 3 Earth’s Water

25. The Water Cycle 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water. There is water all around us in the form of water vapor, water in the atmosphere in the form of gas.

26. The Water Cycle Sun’s heat turns water into water vapor, or humidity. This is known as evaporation. As water vapor rises and cools, it changes back into liquid in a process called condensation. Tiny droplets of water form clouds and fall back to the earth as precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Collection is when water soaks into the ground or collects in streams and lakes where people use it. Water goes back to the ocean and the cycle begins again.

27. Water Resources The earth’s oceans, seas, etc. contain salt water, which is not fit for human consumption. (more than 97% of all water is salt water) Less than 3% of the water found on the earth is freshwater. Of that 3%, over 3/4 is frozen into giant sheets of ice, or glaciers. Therefore, less than 1% of the earth’s water is USEABLE freshwater.

28. Water Resources Groundwater fills tiny cracks and holes in the rock layers below the earth’s surface. There is 10 times more groundwater than there is water in rivers and lakes. This water flows through deep underground rock layers called aquifers. In regions with little rainfall, farmers and city dwellers sometimes have to depend on aquifers and groundwater for their fresh-water supply.

30. The Water Cycle In the water cycle, the total amount of water on earth does not change , only its form does. Water can be liquid, gas, or solid. Can the earth run out of water?

31. Chapter 3 Climates of Earth

32. Weather and climate Weather and Climate Weather - changes in air that take place over a short period of time. Climate - the usual, predictable pattern of weather in an area over a long period of time. Climate is affected by the sun, wind, water, landforms, and even people. To understand an area’s climate, scientists look at extremes of temperature and precipitation.

33. Climograph

34. Sun and climate The Sun and Climate The MAIN source of climate is the sun. Climate is affected by latitude, which affects the angle of the sun’s rays. Areas near the Equator are called the tropics. They lie between the Tropic of Cancer (23½°N latitude) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S latitude). The sun’s rays are more direct here, so it is hotter.

35. Latitude Zones Latitude Zones

36. Wind and climate 1 The Wind’s Effect on Climate Moving air is called wind. Wind is caused by the rising of warm air. Winds follow typical patterns, which affect climate.

37. Prevailing winds map Prevailing Winds

38. Monsoon winds The Wind’s Effect on Climate Monsoons are seasonal winds that blow over regions for months at a time. They are found mainly in Asia and some areas in Africa.

39. Monsoon map The Wind’s Effect on Climate

40. Local winds Local winds are patterns of wind caused by landforms in a particular area. Some local winds occur because land warms and cools more quickly than water. As a result, cool sea breezes keep coastal areas cool during the day. After the sun sets, land cools down, and land breezes blow out to sea. The Wind’s Effect on Climate

41. Land breeze The Wind’s Effect on Climate

42. Sea breeze The Wind’s Effect on Climate

43. Tornadoes The Wind’s Effect on Climate Thunderstorms sometimes produce tornadoes, or funnel-shaped windstorms. The United States experiences more tornadoes than any other country.

44. Tornado picture The Wind’s Effect on Climate

45. Tornado Alley TORNADO ALLEY

46. Campbelltown, PA Campbelltown, PA – July, 2004

47. Hurricanes The Wind’s Effect on Climate (cont.) Violent tropical storms, hurricanes, form over the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean in summer and early fall. Hurricanes often strike the Caribbean Sea and North America. The same type of storm in Asia is called a typhoon.

48. Katrina satellite photo The Wind’s Effect on Climate (cont.) (pages 56–57)

49. El Niño - La Niña The Wind’s Effect on Climate (cont.) A long period of extended dryness is called a drought. Droughts are caused by unusual weather patterns. A unique combination of temperature, wind, and water effects in the Pacific Ocean is called El Niño. El Niños occur about every three years when cold winds from the east are weak and the Pacific Ocean gets warmer than usual. When those winds are unusually strong, it is known as La Niña.

50. El Niño picture The Wind’s Effect on Climate (cont.)

51. El Niño jet streams

52. Oceans and currents Ocean and Currents Oceans affect temperatures and rainfall. Moving streams of water called currents carry warm or cool water around the world’s oceans. Currents affect the climate of nearby land areas. Winds that blow over currents carry their temperatures to the land.

53. Ocean currents map Ocean and Currents

54. California current San Francisco - 1989

55. Elevation and rain shadows Climate and Landforms The higher the elevation a place has, the cooler it will be. As air moves over mountain peaks, it can create a rain shadow.

56. Snowcapped mountain Climate and Landforms

57. Rain shadow diagram Climate and Landforms

58. People and climate The Impact of People on Climate People’s actions affect climate. Cities are warmer than rural areas. Streets and buildings absorb more heat than plants and trees do. Evaporation from plants has cooling effect.

59. Urban heat island The Impact of People on Climate

60. Greenhouse effect The Impact of People on Climate (cont.) The buildup of greenhouse gases prevents heat from rising and escaping into space. People burn fuels, which causes global warming due to the greenhouse effect .

61. Sun’s heat The Impact of People on Climate (cont.)

62. Greenhouse diagram The Impact of People on Climate (cont.)

63. Global warming graph The Impact of People on Climate (cont.)

64. Rain forest destruction The Impact of People on Climate (cont.) Dense forests that receive high amounts of rain each year are known as rain forests. People burn trees to clear rain forests, which releases greenhouse gases. Also, less water evaporates if there are fewer trees, decreasing rainfall and preventing growth.

65. Burning rain forest (pages 56–57) The Impact of People on Climate (cont.)

66. Climate zones Climate Zones Geographers divide the world into 12 different climate zones. They are divided into 5 major categories. Tropical Mid-Latitude High Latitude Dry Highland

67. Tropical rain forest Tropical Climates There are two tropical climates – tropical rain forest and tropical savanna. Tropical rain forest - year-round rains that produce thick rain forests. Tall hardwood trees such as mahogany, teak, and ebony form a canopy, or top layer of the forest.

68. Rain forest canopy Canopy (page 64)

69. Rain forest climograph Tropical Climates Tropical Rain forest Hot and Wet all year

70. Tropical savanna Tropical Climates Tropical savanna - hot, wet season and hot, dry season. Broad grasslands with few trees, called savannas, are found here.

71. Savanna picture Tropical savanna (page 64)

72. Tropical savanna climograph Tropical Climates Tropical savanna Hot all year – wet and dry seasons

73. Climate map Tropical Climates (cont.)

74. Marine west coast Mid-Latitude Climates Created by a mix of air masses: warm air from the tropics and cool air from the polar regions. Marine west coast climate - along coastal areas that receive winds from the ocean. Winters - mild and rainy Summers - wet and warm Deciduous trees and temperate rain forests grow here.

75. Temperate rain forest Temperate rain forest

76. Marine west coast climograph Mid-Latitude Climates Marine west coast wet with moderate temperatures

77. Climate map Tropical Climates (cont.)

78. Mediterranean and humid continental Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.) Mediterranean climate also has rainy, mild winters but hot, dry summers. Shrubs and short trees grow in this climate. Humid continental climate - inland areas of North America, Europe, and Asia. Winters - long, cold, and snowy Summers - short and very hot. Deciduous trees and grasslands grow here.

79. Mediterranean climograph Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.) Mediterranean Hot dry summer, mild wet winter

80. Climate map Tropical Climates (cont.)

81. Humid continental climograph Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.) Humid continental wet – hot summer, cold winter

82. Climate map Tropical Climates (cont.)

83. Humid subtropical Mid-latitude regions close to the tropics experience a humid subtropical climate - hot, wet summers and mild winters. Oak, magnolia, and palm trees grow here. Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.)

84. Humid subtropical climograph Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.) Humid subtropical Moist – hot summer, mild winter

85. Climate map Tropical Climates (cont.)

86. Subarctic climate High Latitude Climates In the high latitudes nearest the mid-latitude zones, you will find the subarctic climate. Winters are severely cold and bitter. Huge evergreen forests called taiga grow here.

87. Taiga picture Taiga

88. Taiga map High Latitude Climates

89. Subarctic climograph High Latitude Climates Subarctic Long winter, short mild summer

90. Tundra High Latitude Climates Closer to the Poles lie areas of vast rolling plains without trees. This region is known as the tundra and is harsh and dry. In tundras, much of the lower layers of soil stay permanently frozen and are known as permafrost. Only sturdy grasses and low bushes grow here.

91. Tundra vegetation Tundra Vegetation

92. Tundra picture Tundra

93. Tundra mosquitoes

94. Tundra climograph High Latitude Climates Tundra – cold, dry, permafrost

95. Ice cap High Latitude Climates (cont.) Ice cap climate is found at the Poles and on the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland. No vegetation grows here; only lichens can live on the rocks.

96. Ice cap climograph High Latitude Climates (cont.) Ice cap – always frozen

97. Climate map Tropical Climates (cont.)

98. Desert Dry Climates Desert climates - the driest climates - get less than 10 inches of rainfall a year. Only scattered plants like cacti can live here.

99. Tropical desert Tropical Desert

100. Tropical desert climograph Tropical Desert Desert – less than 10 inches a year

101. Mid-latitude desert Mid-latitude Desert

102. Mid-latitude desert climograph Mid-latitude Desert Desert Less than 10 inches rain a year

103. Steppe Dry Climates Many deserts are surrounded by partly dry grasslands known as steppes. The Great Plains of the United States has a steppe climate, which averages 10 to 20 inches of rain a year.

104. Steppe vegetation Steppe Vegetation

105. Steppe climograph Dry Climates Steppe 10-20 inches per year

106. Climate map Tropical Climates (cont.)

107. Highland climates Highland Climates Mountains tend to have cool climates - even near the Equator. A highland, or mountain, climate has cool or cold temperatures throughout the year. No trees grow above the timberline.

108. Snowcapped mountain Highland Climates

109. Alpine tundra and timberline Alpine Tundra - Timberline

110. Climate map Tropical Climates (cont.)