This document summarizes a study that used geographic information systems (GIS) to determine suitable areas for developing floating net cage aquaculture in Pelabuhan Ratu Bay, Indonesia. Water quality parameters were measured at locations throughout the bay from 2007-2008. The data was analyzed spatially using GIS to classify suitability. The results showed that 8,500 hectares (98% of the total area) were very suitable, 93 hectares were suitable, and 0.4 hectares were not suitable for floating net cage aquaculture. The water quality was found to be suitable for aquaculture based on comparisons to standards. The study concluded most of the bay is very suitable for developing floating net cage aquaculture and
The Growth of Oreochromis niloticus (2.6g initial average size) was studied in 100m2 earthen ponds for 180 days under tropical field environment. Varying fertilizing regimes consisting of Pennisetum purpureum (PP) and Musa sapientum (MS), two locally available weedy grasses were applied in duplicates in the experimental ponds, at the rate of 0.1-0.2 kg dry matter per m2 per day. Water quality parameters were monitored bimonthly between 8:00am-9:00am . Final average fish weight varied significantly (p<0.05) as follows: 43.85g, 35.5g, 59.5g, 24.9g and 50g, 2 respectively for PP, MS, MS+PP, T0 and T1. Corresponding daily growth were 2.2g/d, 0.1g/d, 0.3g/d, 0.1g/d and 0.2g/d. Survival rate equally varied significantly as follow: 60 %, 67 %, and 98 %, 70 % and 97 % respectively. During the study period, the results indicated the water quality were permissibole limits and can be used for livestock of Oreochromis niloticus .
This study was aimed to know the sedimentation rate and the total suspended solid of the estuary in
relation to the implementation of melombo culture practice area. The sedimentation rate was measured using
sediment traps placed in 3 set stations and data were taken for 8 months of two weeks interval. The sediment
traps weremade of PVC pipe, 11.5 cm long and 5 cm diameter and located at 20 cm above the sea bottom.
Sediment samples were firstly soaked in freshwater for approximately 4 hours to remove salt content.
Sedimentation rate was determined as πr
2
h/time length, while Total Suspensi Solid (TSS) followed the formula
of Eaton, et al (1995). Results showed that the sediment trapped in station 1 ranged from 5.6 cm (109.9 cm3
) –
7.7 cm (151.11 cm3
) with an average of 6.61 cm (129.7 cm3
), station 2 from 5.3 cm (104 cm3
) to 8.5 cm (166.8
cm
3
) with an average of 7.18 cm (140.9 cm3
) and station 3 from 3.8 cm (74.6 cm3
) to 7.6 cm (149.2 cm3
) with an
average of 6.8 cm (133.8 cm3
), respectively. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranged from 18.28 to 50.60 with an
average of29.165 (29.59%) for station 1, 27.84 to 47.48 with an average of38.99 (39.56%) for station 2, and
18.28 to 50.60 with an average of 30.405 (30.85%) for station 3, respectively.Based upon the decree of Living
Environment Minister Numbered 51, 2004, for marine biota, the TSS has been above the standard seawater
quality.
The Growth of Oreochromis niloticus (2.6g initial average size) was studied in 100m2 earthen ponds for 180 days under tropical field environment. Varying fertilizing regimes consisting of Pennisetum purpureum (PP) and Musa sapientum (MS), two locally available weedy grasses were applied in duplicates in the experimental ponds, at the rate of 0.1-0.2 kg dry matter per m2 per day. Water quality parameters were monitored bimonthly between 8:00am-9:00am . Final average fish weight varied significantly (p<0.05) as follows: 43.85g, 35.5g, 59.5g, 24.9g and 50g, 2 respectively for PP, MS, MS+PP, T0 and T1. Corresponding daily growth were 2.2g/d, 0.1g/d, 0.3g/d, 0.1g/d and 0.2g/d. Survival rate equally varied significantly as follow: 60 %, 67 %, and 98 %, 70 % and 97 % respectively. During the study period, the results indicated the water quality were permissibole limits and can be used for livestock of Oreochromis niloticus .
This study was aimed to know the sedimentation rate and the total suspended solid of the estuary in
relation to the implementation of melombo culture practice area. The sedimentation rate was measured using
sediment traps placed in 3 set stations and data were taken for 8 months of two weeks interval. The sediment
traps weremade of PVC pipe, 11.5 cm long and 5 cm diameter and located at 20 cm above the sea bottom.
Sediment samples were firstly soaked in freshwater for approximately 4 hours to remove salt content.
Sedimentation rate was determined as πr
2
h/time length, while Total Suspensi Solid (TSS) followed the formula
of Eaton, et al (1995). Results showed that the sediment trapped in station 1 ranged from 5.6 cm (109.9 cm3
) –
7.7 cm (151.11 cm3
) with an average of 6.61 cm (129.7 cm3
), station 2 from 5.3 cm (104 cm3
) to 8.5 cm (166.8
cm
3
) with an average of 7.18 cm (140.9 cm3
) and station 3 from 3.8 cm (74.6 cm3
) to 7.6 cm (149.2 cm3
) with an
average of 6.8 cm (133.8 cm3
), respectively. Total suspended solids (TSS) ranged from 18.28 to 50.60 with an
average of29.165 (29.59%) for station 1, 27.84 to 47.48 with an average of38.99 (39.56%) for station 2, and
18.28 to 50.60 with an average of 30.405 (30.85%) for station 3, respectively.Based upon the decree of Living
Environment Minister Numbered 51, 2004, for marine biota, the TSS has been above the standard seawater
quality.
Abstract: Different kinds of fishing gears used along the Ulhas River estuary (URE) were studied for their make and methods of operation. Most of the gears were designed indigenously to suit the availability of the amenable fishery species. The overall chronospatial pattern of frequency of gears operation was obtained using PRIMER v6 software. The use of gears was most frequent and diverse towards the lower reaches of the estuary. Late post-monsoon season was the most affluent in gear frequency. The important fishing methods used along the URE was ‘vana’ (barrier net), ‘busa’ (surface gill-net), ‘dol’ (stationary bag net) and ‘malli’ (basin method for capturing mudskippers on mud-flats). The fishing was carried for subsistence or artisanal levels at major while commercial fishing was highly reduced in URE. The reduced mesh sizes of the ambient gears portray the size of the species sought which depicted the threatening status of overall condition of fisheries in URE and requires a special attention for its rejuvenation.
The mouth dynamics of non-permanent open/shut estuaries (TOCEs) assume
a key part in their general functioning. In this examination, the impact of the inlet
state (closed versus open) on spatial fluctuation of water quality was surveyed in a
briefly open/closed Muttukadu Backwater . Samplings were carried out in two periods
during closed (May to August) and open phases (January to December and October to
December). The water samples were collected from 9 stations during open and total
closure conditions and analyzed for the physico-chemical characteristics. After the
closure of mouth, it is found that increase in salinity and dissolved oxygen decreases in
the backwater which in turn lead to fish kill. Nutrients in the estuarine system
demonstrate high values amid closure condition and get diluted when the mouth is
opened. The present outcomes recommend that the high nutrient supply from the
upper ranges to the estuary is because of the Industrial outlet, Crab farming and
tourism prompting Eutrophication when the sand bar is shut . Since the system is
shallow, it is clear that there is a build up of pollutants in stations 4, 5 and 6 . It is
observed that after the closure, the fishing activity is greatly affected due to the
change in water quality.
Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, parameters, water pollution, Ulhas River, estuary, fisheries, diversity, landings, water color, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, organic carbon, silt, principal coordination analysis.
Stakeholders’ Perception of Fish Decline in the Lagos Lagoon and Effects of S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Lagos Lagoon provides a number of important ecosystem services that include fish supply for the indigenous
fishing communities of Ilajes and Ijaws. The Lagoon is also a sink for pollutants from various point sources,
including sawmilling activities at the Okobaba hub of the lagoon. The perception of stakeholders about the
environmental risks of these anthropogenic activities is important considerations for sustainable management
of this important coastal ecosystem. Organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
are priority pollutants that are associated with anthropogenic activities including the burning of wastes. The
early life stages of fish species are useful bioindicators of pollutant effects for environmental risk assessments.
This study investigated stakeholders’ environmental risks perception of the sawmilling activities on the
Lagos Lagoon. Furthermore, physicochemical parameters and 16 priority PAHs were assessed in surface
water, porewater, and sediment from the study area on the Lagos Lagoon. Further, the embryotoxic effects
of crude and cleaned up sediment organics and porewater extracts on the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) embryos were evaluated. Most (70–93%) respondents observed fish declines, burn wastes on
the bank of the lagoon and are aware of the environmental and human health risks of their activities. High
molecular weight PAHs dominated the PAHs profile, especially in the sediment. Developmental abnormalities
and decreased hatching success were observed in C. gariepinus embryos exposed to extracts from the test
site compared to the controls though non-significant (P > 0.05). The results show the environmental risks
of sawmill activities on the Lagos Lagoon. There is a need for targeted environmental management and
stakeholders’ engagement to forestall further coastal degradation and promote sustainable fisheries in the
lagoon in support of the UN sustainable development goal three (life below water).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Abstract: Different kinds of fishing gears used along the Ulhas River estuary (URE) were studied for their make and methods of operation. Most of the gears were designed indigenously to suit the availability of the amenable fishery species. The overall chronospatial pattern of frequency of gears operation was obtained using PRIMER v6 software. The use of gears was most frequent and diverse towards the lower reaches of the estuary. Late post-monsoon season was the most affluent in gear frequency. The important fishing methods used along the URE was ‘vana’ (barrier net), ‘busa’ (surface gill-net), ‘dol’ (stationary bag net) and ‘malli’ (basin method for capturing mudskippers on mud-flats). The fishing was carried for subsistence or artisanal levels at major while commercial fishing was highly reduced in URE. The reduced mesh sizes of the ambient gears portray the size of the species sought which depicted the threatening status of overall condition of fisheries in URE and requires a special attention for its rejuvenation.
The mouth dynamics of non-permanent open/shut estuaries (TOCEs) assume
a key part in their general functioning. In this examination, the impact of the inlet
state (closed versus open) on spatial fluctuation of water quality was surveyed in a
briefly open/closed Muttukadu Backwater . Samplings were carried out in two periods
during closed (May to August) and open phases (January to December and October to
December). The water samples were collected from 9 stations during open and total
closure conditions and analyzed for the physico-chemical characteristics. After the
closure of mouth, it is found that increase in salinity and dissolved oxygen decreases in
the backwater which in turn lead to fish kill. Nutrients in the estuarine system
demonstrate high values amid closure condition and get diluted when the mouth is
opened. The present outcomes recommend that the high nutrient supply from the
upper ranges to the estuary is because of the Industrial outlet, Crab farming and
tourism prompting Eutrophication when the sand bar is shut . Since the system is
shallow, it is clear that there is a build up of pollutants in stations 4, 5 and 6 . It is
observed that after the closure, the fishing activity is greatly affected due to the
change in water quality.
Relationship of qualitative and quantitative fisheries diversity with the environmental variables was studied for the period of two years along the three zones, viz. upper, middle and lower, of the Ulhas River estuary. Total ten hydro-sedimentological parameters were analyzed on monthly basis from each zone to depict ambient pollution level. Zones with comparatively higher pollution level deterred fisheries landings. The principal coordination analysis (PCO) ordination and zonewise K-dominance curves revealed the direct correlation of fish diversity with the existent spatial environmental conditions of the Ulhas River estuary.
Keywords: hydrological conditions, parameters, water pollution, Ulhas River, estuary, fisheries, diversity, landings, water color, phosphates, nitrates, DO, BOD, organic carbon, silt, principal coordination analysis.
Stakeholders’ Perception of Fish Decline in the Lagos Lagoon and Effects of S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Lagos Lagoon provides a number of important ecosystem services that include fish supply for the indigenous
fishing communities of Ilajes and Ijaws. The Lagoon is also a sink for pollutants from various point sources,
including sawmilling activities at the Okobaba hub of the lagoon. The perception of stakeholders about the
environmental risks of these anthropogenic activities is important considerations for sustainable management
of this important coastal ecosystem. Organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
are priority pollutants that are associated with anthropogenic activities including the burning of wastes. The
early life stages of fish species are useful bioindicators of pollutant effects for environmental risk assessments.
This study investigated stakeholders’ environmental risks perception of the sawmilling activities on the
Lagos Lagoon. Furthermore, physicochemical parameters and 16 priority PAHs were assessed in surface
water, porewater, and sediment from the study area on the Lagos Lagoon. Further, the embryotoxic effects
of crude and cleaned up sediment organics and porewater extracts on the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) embryos were evaluated. Most (70–93%) respondents observed fish declines, burn wastes on
the bank of the lagoon and are aware of the environmental and human health risks of their activities. High
molecular weight PAHs dominated the PAHs profile, especially in the sediment. Developmental abnormalities
and decreased hatching success were observed in C. gariepinus embryos exposed to extracts from the test
site compared to the controls though non-significant (P > 0.05). The results show the environmental risks
of sawmill activities on the Lagos Lagoon. There is a need for targeted environmental management and
stakeholders’ engagement to forestall further coastal degradation and promote sustainable fisheries in the
lagoon in support of the UN sustainable development goal three (life below water).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Wearables have the potential to save patient’s lives. However while consumer wearables are becoming mainstream, the use of them in healthcare is still in its infancy. Why? What can be done?
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
Proximate and mineral composition of the long-spined Sea Urchin (Diadema seto...AbdullaAlAsif1
Gonad of sea urchin is considered as food delicacy in many parts of the world due to high nutrition and mineral contents. Several species of sea urchins are available in Malaysia and reported from different habitat, including seagrass beds, coastal breakwater, coral reefs and other ecologically important habitats. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the proximate and mineral composition of long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe collected from breakwater of Terengganu, Malaysia in October 2019, November 2019 and January 2020. The samples were analysed for proximate including protein, lipid, moisture, and ash content of sea urchin roe. The macro, micro minerals and heavy metals were also evaluated including Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Se, Mg, Ni, Pb, Al, and Cd. The result suggested that, long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe can be considered as good sources of food due to high percentage of protein (ranged between 36.21±0.44 and 50.14±4.63). The presence of heavy metal such as Ni, Pb, and Cd suggesting the breakwater environments were not good enough and the possible sources of heavy metals contamination in sea water environment must be stopped and eradicated. This study provides important information with regard to the proximate and mineral values of D. setosum, as well as the need for a better management of its habitat before D. setosum can be widely promoted as delicacy in this region.
Abundance Plankton and Analysis Stomach Content and Trophic Level in Makassar...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research aims to know the condition of environmental parameters both from biological factors and physical factors of the Makassar Strait during the East season. The usability of the research ie can be to build and simulate dynamic models of fisheries systems. Data Collection has been carried since May 2019 to November 2019. Data collection on environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, flow velocity) and nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance, , and gastric contents analysis were carried out, Method for analysing was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare environmental parameters, nutrients and abundance of plankton between the three districts observed. The relationship between the abundance of plankton with environmental parameters was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Determination of trophic level is based on analysis of gastric contents using the TrophLab 2K program. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) between observation stations grouped in 6 months of observation showed that salinity was significantly different between locations and months of observation, temperature and pH were significantly different between months but did not differ according to location of observation, whereas DO levels did not show differences either between locations. The results of identification of phytoplankton types obtained during this research were dominated by diatoms. The type of zooplankton obtained is generally dominated by copepods. The result of gastric surgery is 10 dominant and economically valuable fish's species belonging to planktivor, omnivor and carnivor fish, and based on ecosystems including pelagic and demersal fish.
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
Information about the variability of chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature is a reference to determine the potential fishing area (fishing ground). This study aims to determine the variation of chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature effects on Cakalang (Katsuwonus Pelamis) fish catches in the waters of Sawu sea, East Nusa Tenggara. Predictions of potential areas of skipjack capture are determined based on statistical analysis and multitemporal analysis. The results showed that variations in chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature were very influential with the catches of Cakalang in the waters of Sawu. Chlorophyll-a increases in the East season (June-August) and at the beginning of Transition II (September), so this season has the potential to catch Cakalang fish.
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
Diversity of Fisheries Resources and Fishing Gear Ownerships on Fishing Captu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Fishery sustainability study with sustainability window (SuWi) analysis in th...robert peranginangin
Sustainable development can be defined in several different ways, but usually, the term refers to the definition given by the Brundtland Commission in the publication of Our Common Future. Sustainable development is often understood by relying on three pillars, namely environmental/ecology, economic and social. The demersal fishery in the South China Sea (Indonesia Fisheries Management Area / IFMA 711) became one of the supporting sectors of the economy of the fishermen communities around of these waters. This study aims to analyze the sustainability of demersal fisheries with the Sustainability Window (SuWi) approach. Demersal fishery sustainability condition in the South China Sea (IFMA 711) waters tend to be better from year to year. However, the width of demersal sustainability window tends to be low and indicate the status of sustainability of demersal fish is not maximal in the South China Sea (IFMA 711). Therefore, care should be taken to manage demersal fishery in the South China Sea (IFMA 711).
Assessment of size structures, length-weight models and condition factors of ...AI Publications
The Eleotridae is one of the fish family widely distributed in the Benin coastal waters where the species constitute an important component of artisanal fisheries. The current study evaluates length frequency distributions, length-weight models and condition factors of Eleotrid fishes in order to assess their wellbeing in the degrading coastal waters of Benin. Fish samplings were made during eighteen (18) consecutive months and morphometric data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS computer software. Larger Eleotrids were Eleotris vittata, E. senegalensis, E. daganensis and Bostrychus africanus while Dormitator lebretonis, the most abundant species displayed small sizes (standard length) ranging between 1.2 - 11.30 cm. Overall, all the species showed unimodal size distributions except Eleotris daganensis that exhibited a bimodal size distribution in Lake Nokoué. Length-weight models showed allometric growth with slopes b ranging between 2.4725 and 3.7296 along with significant correlation coefficients (r) varying between 0.7695 and 0.9965. Condition factors (K) varied significantly across the four (4) coastal waters and ranged between 0.79 (Dormitator lebretonis) and 3.60 (Eleotris daganensis). The sustainable exploitation of Eleotrid fishes in the Benin coastal waters requires a holistic approach of ecosystem management including ecological follow-up, habitat restauration and species valorization.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Diversity of fish and macrobenthos at the coastal area of Tanjung Kidurong Po...AbdullaAlAsif1
The regular assessment of faunal diversity near the energy power plant has gained the interest of many researchers. The activity and the effluent discharged from the power plant have remarkably stressed the adjacent assemblage of the alpha biotic community surrounding the power plant. Hence, this study aimed to assess the alpha faunal diversity of fishes and benthos in the bordering areas of Tanjung Kidurong Combined Cycle Power Plant (TKCCP), Bintulu Sarawak. The investigation was conducted in the coastal area from 2019 to 2020. Different ecological indices such as the evenness index, Margalef richness, and Shannon-Weiner diversity index were implemented, along with the cluster analysis of other stations. A number of 141 fish individuals were recorded, containing 40 species of 19 families. In addition, 13182 individuals of benthos communities from six classes and 37 species were identified. A percentage of 78 comprised fishes, while 22% were identified as crustaceans. Among the benthos addressed, Foraminifera was the major group (74%), followed by bivalve (10%) and Scaphopoda (7%). Compared to SEB2, 3 & 4, SEB1, the nearest to the power plant, recorded the highest richness, number of species, and diversity indexes. Cluster analysis, PCA, and nMDS analysis suggested that SEB2, SEB3, SEB4 had similar biodiversity compositions. The study of benthos indicates that SEB1 possesses a distinguished value of diversity and evenness indexes. This study would provide future researchers with vital documentation to evaluate the impact of thermal discharge from the power plant on alpha biodiversity in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness...Hanieh Farzaneh
Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
Determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness...Hanieh Farzaneh
Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.
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1. ISBN: 978-602-96671-0-3
Proceedings International Seminar
Airlangga University Surabaya, 18 November 2009
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM APPLICATION FOR DETERMINING
AREA SUITABILITY FOR REGIONAL AQUACULTURE USING
FLOATING NET CAGE SYSTEM AT PELABUHAN RATU BAY
1)
2)
1)
Yulius , Prama Hartami , and Aida Heriati
1)
Research Centre of Maritime and Non Living Resource, Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research,
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Pasir Putih I Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430
2)
Study Program of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Malikussaleh, NAD
Correspondence: chani_ok@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This research was done in Pelabuhan Ratu Bay, about 60 km South Sukabumi Regency. The aim of this
study is to determine the suitable area for floating net cage culture that can be developed. The method used in
this study is spatial analysis using GIS technique. The data used include secondary and primary data from 2007
until 2008. Spatial analysis result shows, about 8,500 ha of location is suitable for the development of floating net
cage culture or about 98% of the total research region worked.
Keywords: Geographic Information System (GIS), floating net cage culture, Pelabuhan Ratu Bay
INTRODUCTION
During the past ten years, the number of fish
demand in the world market has increased
significantly. Consumption needs increased to
119.6 million tons/year. That amount is only about
40% of the total needs and the remaining of
approximately 299 million tons/year (60%) is needed
as raw materials for pharmaceutical, food and other
industries. One of the triggers for the increasing
demand is high public interest in consuming fish. In
Indonesia, each person consumed an average of
25 kg/year of fish in the year 2007 or increase 2.53 kg
compared to the year 2001 which is only
22.47 kg/year per person. In the Philippines,
Singapore and Malaysia, each person consumes a
minimum number of 30 kg/year of fish, in South Korea
the fish consumption is as much as 60 kg per person
per year and in Japan it reaches 140 kg per person
per year. In general, the world’s fish consumption’s
volume reaches an average of 18.4 kg/year with a
population of 6.5 billion people. In contrast, the
number of fish produced ± 155.87 million tons/year,
even in some countries like Japan, China, the United
States and the European region, the volume of
production tends to fall following the implementation
of temporary suspension policy (moratorium) of fish
catching (Wawa, 2005 in DKP, 2005).
To meet the needs of the increasing fishery
production and keep sea fishing in Indonesia remain
sustainable, it is time to shift the escalating fish
production from catching to cultivation, whether its
done in fresh, brackish or sea water. Marine
cultivation in 2005 has reached an area of
8,363,501 ha spread in various small and large
islands. In the West Java region, the potential area for
marine cultivation is 23,995 ha (DKP, 2006; Idris
et al., 2007).
Marine cultivation plays an important economic
role through the creation of new economic
opportunities (creating jobs in an area where there are
several business alternatives) and providing a source
of high quality food locally and the opportunity to
attract local entrepreneurs to invest in the local
economy, thereby increasing the control of economic
development. Cultivation is the input of food diversity,
processing, transportation and other industries and it
yields valuable products, uncontaminated waste
waters and fisheries waste management which all play
an important role in an ecological systems that can be
planned and monitored in order to create a societybased marine food production, rehabilitation of natural
ecosystems, reclamation and improvement of
empowerment instead of impairment (DFO, 2002;
Costa-Pierce, 2008; Soto, 2008).
Pelabuhan Ratu Bay which lies 60 km South of
Sukabumi City, is an area located on the South Coast
of West Java which directly conjoined to the Indian
Ocean. The coastal line stretch at a length of
± 200 km. Its coastal potential includes bio and nonbiological resources and also environmental services.
The biological resources potential consists of coastal
ecosystems, fisheries and other marine biota. In
general, the developing activity of this southern
coastal area is not optimum. That does not mean that
it has only few potential to develop, such as the
marine tourism and cultivation by taking into account
the environment carrying capacity nonetheless. By
looking at the opportunities and challenges provided,
the study of area suitability for cultivation in floating
net cage system as an alternative venture for local
fishermen in an attempt to take advantage of the
coastal region needs to be done.
The purpose of this research is to obtain the
most suitable location for the development of a
sustainable fish culture in floating net cage system.
Location determination will be based on the
parameters of water quality and spatial analysis of
area suitability. In specific, this research is expected to
give the following benefits: a. Reducing the escalating
fish catching activity through management / utilization
of coastal areas for sea fish cultivation and b.
Providing
contribution
and
recommendations
regarding the location of fish culture in the Pelabuhan
Ratu Bay in order to improve the welfare of coastal
communities as well as an effort to employ a
sustainable coastal area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research was conducted for four months in
the Pelabuhan Ratu Bay (Figure 1), Sukabumi
2. ISBN: 978-602-96671-0-3
Proceedings International Seminar
Airlangga University Surabaya, 18 November 2009
Regency of West Java Province, in August 2007 until
November 2008 (to represent the east and transition
season).
Materials and Equipment of Research
Materials used are chemicals which help
analyzing the chemical quality of water. Equipments
required are a thermometer, bathymetry map,
compass,
wave
pole,
Secchi
disks,
handrefractometer, DO-meter, sample bottles, Images of
Landsat 7 ETM+ in 2006, GPS, rope, buoy.
Research Methods
Survey method is used to determine the
biophysical condition of the waters. Determination of
land eligibility for the development of cultivation using
floating net cage system was done by weighting
method. The main eligibility factors needed to
determine the location for cultivation using floating net
cage system is presented in Table 1.
Data Collection
Data used include secondary and primary data.
The primary data obtained by conducting surveys and
direct field observation. Secondary data obtained from
BLH
Sukabumi Regency,
Sukabumi Regency
Agricultural Office, Sukabumi Regency District Office,
Bakosurtanal and Dishidros AL.
Figure 1. Map of research location
Table 1. Location’s eligibility criteria for cultivation using floating net cage system
Category
Category
No
Parameters
Weight
Score
Score
S1
S2
1
3
4
3
Temperatures (ºC)
29-30
25-30
2
3
4
3
Currents (cm/s)
25-30
20-30
3
3
4
3
Salinity (PSU)
30-33
29-35
4
3
4
3
Oxygen (mg/L)
7-8
5-10
5
3
4
3
Ammonia (mg/L)
0-0.2
< 0,5
6
2
4
3
Depth (m)
15-25
6-40
7
2
4
3
Wave (cm)
10-30
30-50
8
2
4
3
pH
7.5-8.0
7.0-8.5
9
1
4
3
Turbidity (NTU)
<5
< 30
10
1
4
3
Brightness (m)
≥5
3-5
11
1
4
3
BOD5 (mg/L)
< 25
< 45
12
1
4
3
COD (mg/L)
< 40
< 80
Category
S3
< 25 or > 30
< 20 or > 30
<29 or > 35
< 5 or > 10
>5
< 6 or > 40
> 50
< 7 or > 8.5
> 30
<3
> 45
> 80
Score
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Source: Tiensongrusmee et al. (1986); KLH (2004); Bambang dan Tjahjo (1997); Ali (2003); Kurniaty (2003); Rachmansyah
(2004); Wardjan (2005). A score of 4 was given to all the parameters within S1 category (Very Suitable); score of 3 is
given in the S2 category (Suitable); score 2 for S3 category (Not Suitable)
3. ISBN: 978-602-96671-0-3
Proceedings International Seminar
Airlangga University Surabaya, 18 November 2009
Data Analysis
Environmental biophysical variables existing at
each location point will tend to vary, therefore, to
make use of these variations in research objectives, it
is necessary to group the data analysis based on
research objectives.
Area Suitability Analysis
Area suitability analysis in Pelabuhan Ratu Bay
for the determination / designation of cultivation with
floating net cage system refers to Kurniaty (2003),
Rachmansyah (2004), Alauddin (2004), Wardjan
(2005), Sitorus (2005) and Amarullah (2007), which
consists of: 1) determination of requirements
(parameters and criteria), weighting and scoring,
2)
calculating the value of the designated area for
cultivation using floating net cage system, 3) class and
value division of area, 4) comparison of area value with
each class, and 5) mapping of area suitability class.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
General Coastal Condition of Pelabuhan Ratu
Bay
Physically, the coastal region of Pelabuhan Ratu
Bay has a variety of morphology from plane terrain to
hills and mountains. Administratively, the coastal
region of Pelabuhan Ratu Bay consists of three
districts, which are Cisolok, Pelabuhan Ratu and
Ciemas District with a total population of
102,672 people, 50% of whom inhabit the coastal
area of Pelabuhan Ratu Bay.
Spatial Analysis of Location Determination and
Area Suitability
Cultivation of fish in net cages, as well as other
culture systems, requires good water quality.
Therefore, the net cages must be placed in areas that
are not contaminated by industrial, household and
agricultural wastes. Results of water quality
measurements such as brightness of 3.5 to 6.5 m,
temperatures 27 to 30oC, turbidity of 1.5 to 3.75 NTU,
currents 9.21 to 29.83 cm/s, salinity 33 to 34 PSU, pH
of 7 to 8.5, oxygen 7.31 to 8.03 mg/L, BOD5
1.11 to 2.50 mg/L, COD 11.41 to 16.38 mg/L, and
ammonia 0.05 to 0.288 mg/L.
Area Suitability Analysis
Spatial analysis result for area suitability
obtained an area within the bay waters which suitable
for fish cultivation using floating net cage system.
Class (1) is very suitable with an area of 8500 ha or
98%, Class (2) is suitable with a vicinity of 93 ha or
1.08%, and Class (3) is not suitable measuring an
area of 0.4 ha or 0.005% of the total area of
8593.4 ha (Figure 2).
Biophysical Conditions of Pelabuhan Ratu Bay
Based on each parameter range of water quality
obtained, which then compared to test results done by
researchers and the existing standard quality, it is
obvious that the Pelabuhan Ratu Bay waters is
potential for the development of aquaculture using
floating net cage system.
4. ISBN: 978-602-96671-0-3
Proceedings International Seminar
Airlangga University Surabaya, 18 November 2009
Figure 2. Suitability map for cultivation using floating net cage system
Table 2. Parameter range comparison between Scientists’ Opinions and Standard Quality
Parameters
Range
Physics
Water Temperature (0C)
Depth (m)
Brightness (m)
Turbidity (NTU)
Wave (cm)
Currents (cm/s)
Chemistry
Salinity (psu)
pH
Oxygen (mg/L)
BOD5 (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
Ammonia Total (mg/L)
Source: 1)Velvin (1999);
2)
Comparison
Heinig,
2001
Boyd and Gsutier,
2000
kep-51/MENKLH/2004
Start
Target
Wanted
Allowed
27-30
10-70
3.50-6.30
1.50-3.75
15,00-65.00
9.21-29.83
252
10-251
-
-
-
28-30
>5
<5
-
26-32
>3
< 10%
-
33.00-34.00
-
< 40
-
-
33-34
7.00-8,50
7.31-8.03
1.11-2.50
11.41-16.38
0.05-0.288
5.73
-
>7 & <9
7.00
-
6.0-9.5
≥4
≤ 50
≤5
6.0-9.0
≥5
≤ 30
≤3
7-8.5
>5
< 20
< 40
< 0.3
Changes
< 5%
6.80-8.70
20
< 80
0.3
Peres and Oliva-Teles (1999); 3)Harada (1978)
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the research results obtained, it can be concluded that: 1) water quality throughout the
Pelabuhan Ratu Bay observation station showed an optimum range for the operation of fish cultivation using
floating net cage system, 2) GIS analysis illustrates three classes of area suitability for fish cultivation activities
using floating net cage system. Very suitable ± 8,500 ha or 98%, suitable ± 93 ha or 1.08%, and not suitable ±
0.4, or 0.005%.
SUGGESTIONS
5. ISBN: 978-602-96671-0-3
Proceedings International Seminar
Airlangga University Surabaya, 18 November 2009
The suggestions that the author raises in this paper are: 1) using the existing parameters combined with
other supporting parameters to analyze area suitability for the development of other fishery commodities activity,
2)
conducting a water quality analysis study at Pelabuhan Ratu Bay by taking into account every sample points
exist at the estuary, and carrying it out in every season, so that the obtained results will fully reflect the bay’s
3)
water quality, and
based on research results acquired, zoning for cultivation area should consisted of four
1)
stages:
preparation of marine cultivation development plan in the bay region; 2) development of
environmental impact determination; 3) determination of the supervising management and the implementation
mechanism for regulating the marine cultivation activities, and 4) determination of marine cultivation lease area.
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