The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers in Jessore, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted the fish farmers in some selected area at sadar upazila in Jessore under the district of Jessore from September to December 2013. A total of 100 fishermen were selected by stratified random sampling method and interviewed. The average me mbers of single family were 5-6 people per household. Single families were much more (62 %) than joint families. Most of the fish far mers were Muslims 92% and few of them were Hindus 8%Most of them had the secondary educational background and some of them with different levels of higher education. It was found that the number of school going children was 2-3 per house. Full katcha (17 %) houses were few, while the semi-pucca (40%) and pucca (43%) houses were more abundant. Regarding health and sanitation, 31% fishermen reported to suffer fro m gastric and 17% suffered from fever. Most of the interviewees were found to take credit facilities from different sources for the subsistence of their family and their venture. The 98% were found to have their tube-wells, others using Governmental tube-well, or those belonging to schools or neighbors However, they need more institutional, organizational, and technical and credit support for their better socioeconomic and sustainable livelihood.
Socio-economic condition of fish farmers of Jhikargachha upazila in Jessore d...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish farmers and socioeconomic condition in the Jhikargachha upazila, Jessore, Bangladesh. Data were collected from 50 fish farmers for a period of six months from June 2016 to November 2016. The study indicated that 38% of the farmers were in age structure of 50-60 years, 44 farmers (88%) were Muslims and others Hindu (12%). About 82% farmers had a primary occupation of agriculture and others were involved in business (8%), service (4%) and politics (4%). It was found that, 66% farmers had joint family and others lived in separated family (34%). Majority (44 farmers) respondents had concrete house and rest of (6 farmers) had semi-concrete house. Almost (44%) farmers used concrete toilet and rest of farmers used semi-concrete (56%). All the respondents used to drink tube well water for drinking and other household works. Out of 50 fish farmers, 4% had no education (illiterate), 36% had primary education, 42% secondary level (Up to X), 10% S.S.C., 4% H.S.C. and 4% bachelor level of education. In the study area, 32% of the farmers had ponds of 34-66 dec, 28% had pond of 15-33 dec, 14% had ponds of up to 100 dec, 22% had ponds of 101-330 dec and 4% had ponds of 330-above dec. It was found that, 62% farmers had training on fish farming and rest 38% farmers had no training on fish farming. Among 50 farmers 64% farmers were found used to invest their own credit and rest 36% farmers took loan from bank, NGO, money lender and broker agency. Most of the farmers were interested to stock rui, catla and mrigal and other species. In the study area, cow dung was used by 50 (100%) of farmers, 47 farmers used urea, 40 farmers used TSP and 34 farmers used MoP. It was found that, 40% farmers produced fish between 1001 kg – 2000 kg/year and 17 (34%) farmers produced 3001 kg-above/year. The highest income was 3,30,75,000Tk/Year and the lowest income from a pond was 20000 Tk/Year. In the study area, every farmer had at least one mobile phone. Almost 96% farmers were used to go MBBS doctor and only 4% to homeopathic treatment.
Constraints and prospects of fish farming in Lalmonirhat districtAbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to know the constraints and prospects of fish farming in Lalmonirhat district of Bangladesh. The data were collected from 100 fish farmers through questionnaire interview for a period of four months from July 2014 to October 2014. Most of the ponds were perennial (72%) with an average size of 0.41 ha and a depth of 1.69 m. All the fish farmers practiced mostly carp polyculture system using different aquaculture inputs like fertilizer, feed, seed, and chemicals. They were usually found to collect fish seed from neighboring districts, mainly Bogra and Mymensingh. The main constrains were availability of quality seed, lack of scientific and technical knowledge, lack of manpower, outbreak of fish diseases, lack of credit facilities, high price of various inputs, low fish price, theft of fish and poisoning the pond water. Though there were many constraints, the fish production from aquaculture sector was increasing gradually in the study area. The total fish production from aquaculture in 2014 was projected 10,663 MT, while the fish production in 2010 was only 7600.4 MT in Lalmonirhat district. If the constraints could be solved, fish production in the study area would possibly be increased tremendously.
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer's livelihood and socioeconomic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers' × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers in Jessore, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted the fish farmers in some selected area at sadar upazila in Jessore under the district of Jessore from September to December 2013. A total of 100 fishermen were selected by stratified random sampling method and interviewed. The average me mbers of single family were 5-6 people per household. Single families were much more (62 %) than joint families. Most of the fish far mers were Muslims 92% and few of them were Hindus 8%Most of them had the secondary educational background and some of them with different levels of higher education. It was found that the number of school going children was 2-3 per house. Full katcha (17 %) houses were few, while the semi-pucca (40%) and pucca (43%) houses were more abundant. Regarding health and sanitation, 31% fishermen reported to suffer fro m gastric and 17% suffered from fever. Most of the interviewees were found to take credit facilities from different sources for the subsistence of their family and their venture. The 98% were found to have their tube-wells, others using Governmental tube-well, or those belonging to schools or neighbors However, they need more institutional, organizational, and technical and credit support for their better socioeconomic and sustainable livelihood.
Socio-economic condition of fish farmers of Jhikargachha upazila in Jessore d...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish farmers and socioeconomic condition in the Jhikargachha upazila, Jessore, Bangladesh. Data were collected from 50 fish farmers for a period of six months from June 2016 to November 2016. The study indicated that 38% of the farmers were in age structure of 50-60 years, 44 farmers (88%) were Muslims and others Hindu (12%). About 82% farmers had a primary occupation of agriculture and others were involved in business (8%), service (4%) and politics (4%). It was found that, 66% farmers had joint family and others lived in separated family (34%). Majority (44 farmers) respondents had concrete house and rest of (6 farmers) had semi-concrete house. Almost (44%) farmers used concrete toilet and rest of farmers used semi-concrete (56%). All the respondents used to drink tube well water for drinking and other household works. Out of 50 fish farmers, 4% had no education (illiterate), 36% had primary education, 42% secondary level (Up to X), 10% S.S.C., 4% H.S.C. and 4% bachelor level of education. In the study area, 32% of the farmers had ponds of 34-66 dec, 28% had pond of 15-33 dec, 14% had ponds of up to 100 dec, 22% had ponds of 101-330 dec and 4% had ponds of 330-above dec. It was found that, 62% farmers had training on fish farming and rest 38% farmers had no training on fish farming. Among 50 farmers 64% farmers were found used to invest their own credit and rest 36% farmers took loan from bank, NGO, money lender and broker agency. Most of the farmers were interested to stock rui, catla and mrigal and other species. In the study area, cow dung was used by 50 (100%) of farmers, 47 farmers used urea, 40 farmers used TSP and 34 farmers used MoP. It was found that, 40% farmers produced fish between 1001 kg – 2000 kg/year and 17 (34%) farmers produced 3001 kg-above/year. The highest income was 3,30,75,000Tk/Year and the lowest income from a pond was 20000 Tk/Year. In the study area, every farmer had at least one mobile phone. Almost 96% farmers were used to go MBBS doctor and only 4% to homeopathic treatment.
Constraints and prospects of fish farming in Lalmonirhat districtAbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to know the constraints and prospects of fish farming in Lalmonirhat district of Bangladesh. The data were collected from 100 fish farmers through questionnaire interview for a period of four months from July 2014 to October 2014. Most of the ponds were perennial (72%) with an average size of 0.41 ha and a depth of 1.69 m. All the fish farmers practiced mostly carp polyculture system using different aquaculture inputs like fertilizer, feed, seed, and chemicals. They were usually found to collect fish seed from neighboring districts, mainly Bogra and Mymensingh. The main constrains were availability of quality seed, lack of scientific and technical knowledge, lack of manpower, outbreak of fish diseases, lack of credit facilities, high price of various inputs, low fish price, theft of fish and poisoning the pond water. Though there were many constraints, the fish production from aquaculture sector was increasing gradually in the study area. The total fish production from aquaculture in 2014 was projected 10,663 MT, while the fish production in 2010 was only 7600.4 MT in Lalmonirhat district. If the constraints could be solved, fish production in the study area would possibly be increased tremendously.
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer's livelihood and socioeconomic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers' × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study.
Shrimp disease investigation and culture strategies in Bagerhat district, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in three upazilla (Bagerhatsadar, Fakirhat and Rampaul) to investigate the shrimp diseases and culture strategies of Bagerhat district in 2012. Post larvae (PL-13/21) from hatchery and natural were used to stock in the study area. The highest mean stocking density was recorded in the ghers of Rampaul (16796±7729.69 PL/ha), where the maximum survival rate was also found (63.00±11.52 %). The highest dose of lime was recorded as 302.58±50.92 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar; cowdung was recorded as 605.16±118.46 kg/ha at Fakirhat upazilla and urea was recorded as 29.02±5.84 kg/ha (Bagerhat sadar) respectively. The maximum doses of MP and TSP were recorded as 34.58±4.51 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar and Fakirhat and 27.79±3.71 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar respectively. No supplementary feed were fed to shrimp, in where culture dependent on natural foods. The highest shrimp production was found in Fakirhat upazila (667±307.05 kg/ha) and the lowest production was in Rampaul upazilla (497±268.97 kg/ha). Sudden change of pH , low dissolved o2 levels, salinity variations, nutritional deficiency and other environmental changes causes yellow head viral disease (YHD), white spot syndrome viral (WSSV), vibriosis, fusarium and protozoan were recorded during the experimental period.
Attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming for their livelihood improvementAbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in the selected Malotipur village of Muktagachha upazila under Mymensingh district during 13 to 28 April, 2014. The sample size of the study was 90 fish farmers (43 percent of population) and it was drown from a population of 209 using simple random sampling technique. Eight (8) selected characteristics of farmers viz.: age, level of education, family size, farm size, annual income, credit received, training experience and cosmopoliteness were considered as the independent variables, while the attitude of the farmers towards Pangas farming was the dependent variable of the study. The focus variable i.e. attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming was measured with a 5 point likert scale such as " strongly agree " , " agree " , " undecided " , " disagree " and " strongly disagree " in Pangas farming and the corresponding scores were 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The findings indicated that the majority (50 percent) of the Pangas farmers had moderately favorable attitude towards Pangas farming compared to 31.1 percent having highly favorable and only 18.9 percent had slightly favorable attitude. The finding on problem faced by the farmers related to Pangas farming revealed that about two-third (65.6 percent) of the farmers had high problem followed by 20 percent low problems. Among eight selected characteristics of Pangas farmers five characteristics such as age, level of education; annual income, training experience and cosmopoliteness had significant positive relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming. On the other hand, the other two characteristics of pangas farmers such as family size and farm size had positive but no significant relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming.
Status of polyculture Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps in Jhikargacha Upazi...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in Jhikargacha sub-district of Jessore district with the view to evaluating status of polyculture of Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps from July to December 2012. The mean age and experience of the respondents was 41.28±12.19 and 9.48±3.12 years respectively. Culture pond size was 0.41±0.21 ha (0.343 to 0.478 at 95% CL). 67.50% culture ponds were leased ponds and mean yearly lease value was 535364.70±468224.20 BDT/ha. All the ponds were rectangular in shape and perennial in nature. During preparation of pond, all the ponds were dried by draining out the water. Liming was done at 229.30±118.70 kg/ha (pre-stocking) and 250 kg/ha (post-stocking). Application rate of various fertilizers during post stocking management were recorded as- 155.12±79.10 kg/ha (cow dung); 158.27±79.85 kg/ha (urea); and 79.90±42.93 kg/ha (TSP). Five species of fishes were found to be stocked at the rate of 7377 individuals/ha including 93.10% P. hypophthalmus seeds and 6.90% other carps. Supplementary feeding was done daily and the application rates were 444.23±236.41 kg/ha (rice bran), 228.29±116.96 kg/ha (mustard oil cake), and 912.91±468.05 kg/ha (commercial pangus feeds, pellet). Average fish production was found 6672.84 kg/ha. All the fishes grown in the study area were marketed to fish landing centers and markets of three districts- Chuadanga (47.50%), Dhaka (30%) and Jessore (22.50%). The average cost-benefit ratio was 1:1.15. High mortality, low growth of seeds, and high input price were the major problems.
A comparative study on fish biodiversity with conservation measures of the Bh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was concerned to assess the present status of biodiversity in the Bhairab river, Jessore with its conservation measures. The study was based on primary observations, questionnaire interviews with 50 fishers, focus group discussions with river bank community members and cross-check interviews with key informants. The study was conducted for a period four months from May to August, 2016. The objective of the study was to assess the fish biodiversity in the Bhairab river, understand the existing fishing practices of the river and to identify proper management strategies for the conservation of fish biodiversity. Results of the study revealed that three kinds of fishers were engaged in the Bhairab river namely, professional fishers; seasonal fishers and subsistence fishers. Seven types of fishing gears like seine net, gill net, cast net, push net, lift net, trap and hook and line were operated to fish by the fishers during the survey. A total of 39 species of fish were identified in the catches of the Bhairab River. There are degraded ecosystems and declining biodiversity have found during the study. According to survey, fishing pressure and over fishing were responsible for almost 38% loss and pollution and siltation caused about 27% loss of ecosystem. Around 21% and 14% loss of ecosystem were caused by urbanization and human encroachment, and the recreational activities respectively. These have been created a great impact on river ecology. As a result, the water quality is deteriorating day by day and the availability of fish species and other aquatic biodiversity is decreasing gradually. During the survey, 20 species was found at a risk of being endangered. From the survey, it was found that the overexploitation of fish was responsible for the 40% losses of biodiversity in the Bhairab River and water pollution caused 35% loss of biodiversity. Henceforth, river course change and habitat degradation resulted in 15% and 10% loss of biodiversity of the river respectively. This study was identified possible ways to achieve a rich fish biodiversity in the Bhairab River with social, economic and environmental aspects. The specific recommendations are included community based fisheries management, establishment of sanctuary, control of pollution, maintenance of fishing gears and the implementation of fish act for conservation of fish biodiversity of the Bhairab River.
AcomparativestudyonfishbiodiversitywithconservationmeasuresoftheBhairabriverJ...Overall, the PDF
Porém, uma vez que possui certa lógica através de cada número que é passado, esse é um jeito mais seguro de apostar que apenas jogar em qualquer número aleatório e torcer por sorte.
Como podemos ver, o palpite do kaledri para hoje é palpite versátil para aqueles que buscam palpites e interessantes para apostar.
Exchange Rate of Fishermen Business Fishing in Kalinaun Village, East Likupan...AI Publications
Kalinaun Village is one of the villages located in East Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fisherman. The analysis used in this research is a descriptive quantitative analysis and descriptive qualitative. The economic situation in the form of fishing rods owned by fishermen in Kalinaun village is their own. The initial capital of Rp. 10,000,000 – Rp. 15,000,000 with a percentage of 80 %. the largest investment cost spent on the purchase of a rainbow boat was Rp. 7,500,000, - with a percentage of 70.09% of the total investment cost and the smallest cost for the purchase of a catinting machine was Rp. 3,200,000, - with a percentage of 29.91%. Fishermen go to sea also vary between 1 – 6 times a week, but on average 4 times a week go to sea. Their income as fishermen is only Rp. 48,000,000 in a year. The profit rate in a year is Rp. 41.930.000, - is the profit earned and can be used for saving or making/procuring new fishing units. The caught fish are marketed to the Girian Village or some consumers come to the fish landing site/beside the beach.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Implication’s of Shrimp Cultivation in Andhr...Ruby Med Plus
Impromptu and random expansion of shrimp cultivation is happening in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh. The exploration of its adverse effects has not received significant attention from the Indian researcher community yet. The shrimp industry is polluting and degrading soils,
water, mangroves, and forests. The sustainable productivity of ecosystems, biodiversity and public health is endangering year after year. Shrimp aquaculture is changing customary patterns of natural resource use by appropriating these resources for its own purposes while restricting rights of local users as coastal Andhra big and experienced farmers in the aqua field are making huge investments in the sector and purchasing the agriculture fields of small farmers to convert it into aqua ponds. This in turn affects livelihoods more widely by disrupting earlier systems of production, distribution and social relations.
In order to elicit the concomitant socio-economic impacts and propose environmental sustainable solutions of shrimp cultivation based on secondary data, the present study was conducted by applying ‘Systematic Review and Content Analysis’ as a research method. The study findings manifest that the constant and unregulated shrimp farming has immense impacts on human health, ecology, environment and sustainability other than economic benefits to aqua farm
owners. The extensive shrimp farming in coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh has negatively expedited the infringement of mangroves, intrusion of salinity, degradation of land, destabilization of coastal ecosystems. The main socio-economic effects challenge the patterns of
livelihood pattern, displacement of family and social structure, internal migration, reduction in grazing field and livestock, changes in the cropping calendar and its pattern and bio-diversity.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the financial institutions sponsoring shrimp cultivation has overlooked the impact of shrimp farming on Ecological and sustainability of farm fields and
control of salinity and degradation of mangrooves. In conclusion, appropriate adoption and implementation of the resilient strategies can reduce the adverse effects on the coastal environment, and improve the impact of unplanned shrimp cultivation in Andhra Pradesh and
other parts of India.
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
the gendered effects of climate variabilitychange on fisher livelihoods and t...ijtsrd
Global warming influences have brought negative climate change consequences on global livelihoods and household food security of the world’s 36 million fisher folks and nearly 1.5 billion consumers who rely on fish for their dietary animal protein. The study concluded that lack of alternative livelihood opportunities options is the major constraints to adaptation for people living in the Lake Victoria region escalated with limitation of skills outside fishing industry, limitation of other employable professional skills including lack of capital. The study recommends a trans disciplinary consientization of adaptive strategies which can translate into flexible and sustainable CCA gender inclusive livelihood activities. Future research should explore participatory action research on environmental influences affecting CCA by comparing findings across other beaches. Robert David Lubalo Onyango | Dr. Christopher Oludhe | Dr. Doris Amwata "The Gendered Effects of Climate Variability/Change on Fisher Livelihoods and the Coping Strategies/Opportunities in Mbita, Homa Bay County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33051.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33051/the-gendered-effects-of-climate-variabilitychange-on-fisher-livelihoods-and-the-coping-strategiesopportunities-in-mbita-homa-bay-county-kenya/robert-david-lubalo-onyango
The Influence Of Socio-Economic Characteristics on Consumers’ Preference on F...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study examined the influence of socio-economic characteristics on consumer’s preference on fish purchase in Yola North local government area of Adamawa state. Data from the study were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire administered randomly to 100 consumers out of which 99 were retrieved. Multiple Regressions was used as a tool to examine the influence of socio-economic characteristics on consumer preference on fish purchase. The result of the study revealed that majority of the consumers who prefer fish were between the ages of 41-50; 48.48% were males, 51.52%were females. Majority (78.79%) of consumers were married. The results further revealed that the consumers had attended one form of formal education or the other. 21.2%had secondary education, 77.8% had tertiary education, while 1.0% had other form education. Analysis of the consumers’ household size revealed that 44.4% were found to be between 4-6 persons. An analysis of consumers’ preference for fish was found in the study. Results revealed that 16.2% purchased their fish from wholesalers, 76.8% from retailers and 5% from importers. 2% purchase from other source. Most of the fish purchased were both fresh and smoked fish (47.5%). Results also showed that the average monthly income of the consumers were 58.6% (51,000>) and 67.7% of the consumers like at least very much to eat fish. The regression analysis gave an R2 of 88.01% and the independent variable X1 (Age), X3 (educational level), X4 (income) and X5 (household size) were positively significant and affect the amount spent on fish. The study also revealed that income, availability of fish and good storage facility were factors limiting consumers’ preference for fish in the study area. Recommendations on the study was that infrastructural facilities should be made available, and fish farmers should be supported by providing them with some incentives to encourage them to produce more to meet the increasing demand of the teeming population.
Socio economic status of fry collectors at Sundarban regionAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted on the livelihood approach of fry collectors at Shyamnagar upazila under Satkhira district. The objective of the study was to assess the present livelihood status, to identify the socio-economic condition and problem associated with the alternative livelihood approach of fry collectors. The survey was conducted on three unions of Shyamnagar upazila adjacent to Sundarban as study area. In the study area average family size was 5 persons per family. The maximum age level was 20-30 years old. Among the fry collectors 66% was male and 34% was female. Among them 62% was Muslim and 38% was Hindu. About 78% of total fry collectors are landless in the study area. Literacy was 31% of them where female literacy was 28% and male literacy was 72% and most of them can sign only. Most of the collectors about 63% lived in mud walled with golpata shed house. About 73% families have two earner and 68% have single family. Peak season of fry collection was March to May. For collecting fry they use push net, set bag net mainly. They collect fry in the early morning and in early evening for about 6-8 hours. Men collect 150-200 pieces of fry per day in peak season and 40-60 pieces of fry by women. Price varies from 800-3500 Tk. per thousand golda fry. Price is higher in the month on March-May. About 52% collectors engaged in fishing during off season as alternative income source. Their preferable alternative income source are sustainable agriculture, fry nursing, poultry farming, planned fish cultivation, cattle and goat rearing etc. The main problem of converting of fry collection to other profession was lack of other training of other works, lack of capital, poor infrastructure.facilities, absence of industrialization, lack of land, government and NGO level work is very limited.
Marketing channels of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.
A Review on Fish Production Scenario of Cooch Behar District in West BengalBRNSS Publication Hub
Pisciculture is an important livelihood of the farmers of Cooch Behar district. Farmers of Cooch Behar district cultivated different type fish. Majority of the farmers cultivated fish in a small pond. The study was conducted in Cooch Behar district to know the fish production scenario and the role of different organization on livelihood improvement of fish farmer. The study was conducted during January 2017–April 2017. The study was conducted with the help of secondary source of information. It was found from the study that different government organization like State Department, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, and NGO actively work on pisciculture in Cooch Behar. Farmers were used different type indigenous technology. A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was shown for guiding the policymaker, scientist, and different government and non-government organization for implementation any pisciculture project or program.
Availability of fish species in fish markets and fish marketing in Noakhali d...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to know the fish markets and marketing practices in Noakhali district for a period of 5 months; November 2014 to March, 2015. Five types of marketing channels were found in this study and most were similar in nature as marketing places were in same town and not far apart. The average cost by a retailer to trade fish was estimated at Tk. 171.6 /day. This cost included rent of trading spot, ice and local transportation. The average income of retailers in three markets was estimated at Tk. 640/day/retailer. It was found that 21% of fish supplied in the markets were carps (Indian and Exotic), 17.3% marine fish, 15.7% hilsa, 12.7% catfish, 11.3% small fish, 11% Tilapia and pungus, 7% others mix species and 4% prawn. It was reported that availability fish species in three different markets round the year ranged from 55 to 72. However, during the study period, a total of 39 fish species under 24 families were found in three markets. It was found that marine fish comprises average 33% and freshwater fish comprises average 67% in the three markets. The price of fish depends on market structure, species quality, size, weight and season. The price of galda and bagda were varied from 580±10 to 560±8 Tk. /kg, and 370±10 to 350±5 Tk. /kg respectively. The price of catla, tilapia, ilish, Thai pangus and silver carp were varied from 390±10 to 360±8 Tk. /kg, 165±5 to 150±8 Tk. /kg, 900±10 to 860±5 Tk. /kg, 140±10 to 125±5 Tk. /kg, and 160±8 to 155±5 Tk./kg, respectively. In Noakhali, around 50-180 retailers were involved in each market. It was found that the daily supply of fish in Municipal market, Datter hat and Sonapur was about 12-13, 7-8 and 2.5-3ton, respectively. Inadequate infrastructure, transportation, shortage of ice in peak season, hygienic condition and packaging facilities were cited as main constraints. It was found that 80% of the fish retailers have improved their livelihood status through fish trading to a certain degree.
Socio-economic condition of fish fry and fingerling traders in greater Jessor...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish fry and fingerling traders and socioeconomic condition in the greater Jessore, Bangladesh from April 2013 to September 2013. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire from the selected area. 73% of traders have single family but only 27% have joint family. 45% fish fry and fingerling traders family has four members. 20% family has five members, 14% family has six members, 12% family has three members 9%family has seven to eight members respectively. 92% traders has own bank account but only 7% traders uses their bank account when they trade fry and fingerling. 87% traders have secondary business like rickshaw business, fruit business, cloth business, fish trading etc. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders the sanitation facilities are present 100%. It was found that 69% and 31% of fish farmers used semi-pucca and pucca toilet respectively. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders 78% of traders have own house but only 22% of trader live in rental house or place. 46% of traders have institutional education that range from primary to higher education and other 54% of traders have no experience in education. In case of illness 58% of traders and trader's family goes to government hospital, 24% uses private clinic, 15% traders are uses local village doctor and another 3% does not get any treatment or not require no treatment. 93% traders have television, 5% house consist radio and another 2% house no instrument for entertainment. Only 10% trader wants their son and grandson engages with this fish fry and fingerling trading profession. The average monthly income of traders in the peak season is 18000 taka and off-peak season the income is less than 7000 taka per month.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Fish to finance: unraveling the economic threads of Bangladesh’s Blue EconomyAbdullaAlAsif1
Bangladesh, with its extensive river network, vast coastlines, and rich maritime heritage, stands at the crossroads of a transformative Blue Economy. This comprehensive review explores the rich tapestry of Bangladesh's maritime journey. Commencing with a historical lens, it traces the nation's roots in fisheries, showcasing its transformation into a diversified and dynamic Blue Economy. The significance of this transition unfolds across the review, underscoring the sector's contributions to GDP, employment, and food security, while candidly addressing challenges such as overfishing and environmental impact. This work not only chronicles historical milestones but distills valuable lessons from both successes and setbacks, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic resilience embedded in Bangladesh's fisheries sector. Beyond a historical retrospective, the review navigates through the contemporary landscape, emphasizing diversification beyond fisheries. It illuminates economic opportunities in maritime trade, explores non-fish marine resources, and delves into the transformative role of aquaculture. The policy framework governing Bangladesh's Blue Economy comes into focus, dissecting government strategies, legal landscapes, and international collaborations. The review also champions environmental sustainability, highlighting the impact of Blue Economy activities on marine ecosystems and advocating for conservation measures, thus positioning Bangladesh as a steward of its rich maritime heritage. Financial mechanisms and investments emerge as pivotal elements, shaping the trajectory of Blue Economy projects, as evidenced by case studies that weave success stories and lessons learned into the narrative. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, the study identifies emerging trends, growth opportunities, and strategies to tackle challenges, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable development. In weaving together economic vibrancy, environmental stewardship, and future aspirations, this review illuminates Bangladesh's maritime odyssey as a beacon for the global Blue Economy community.
More Related Content
Similar to Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakhali, Bangladesh
Shrimp disease investigation and culture strategies in Bagerhat district, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in three upazilla (Bagerhatsadar, Fakirhat and Rampaul) to investigate the shrimp diseases and culture strategies of Bagerhat district in 2012. Post larvae (PL-13/21) from hatchery and natural were used to stock in the study area. The highest mean stocking density was recorded in the ghers of Rampaul (16796±7729.69 PL/ha), where the maximum survival rate was also found (63.00±11.52 %). The highest dose of lime was recorded as 302.58±50.92 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar; cowdung was recorded as 605.16±118.46 kg/ha at Fakirhat upazilla and urea was recorded as 29.02±5.84 kg/ha (Bagerhat sadar) respectively. The maximum doses of MP and TSP were recorded as 34.58±4.51 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar and Fakirhat and 27.79±3.71 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar respectively. No supplementary feed were fed to shrimp, in where culture dependent on natural foods. The highest shrimp production was found in Fakirhat upazila (667±307.05 kg/ha) and the lowest production was in Rampaul upazilla (497±268.97 kg/ha). Sudden change of pH , low dissolved o2 levels, salinity variations, nutritional deficiency and other environmental changes causes yellow head viral disease (YHD), white spot syndrome viral (WSSV), vibriosis, fusarium and protozoan were recorded during the experimental period.
Attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming for their livelihood improvementAbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in the selected Malotipur village of Muktagachha upazila under Mymensingh district during 13 to 28 April, 2014. The sample size of the study was 90 fish farmers (43 percent of population) and it was drown from a population of 209 using simple random sampling technique. Eight (8) selected characteristics of farmers viz.: age, level of education, family size, farm size, annual income, credit received, training experience and cosmopoliteness were considered as the independent variables, while the attitude of the farmers towards Pangas farming was the dependent variable of the study. The focus variable i.e. attitude of farmers towards Pangas farming was measured with a 5 point likert scale such as " strongly agree " , " agree " , " undecided " , " disagree " and " strongly disagree " in Pangas farming and the corresponding scores were 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The findings indicated that the majority (50 percent) of the Pangas farmers had moderately favorable attitude towards Pangas farming compared to 31.1 percent having highly favorable and only 18.9 percent had slightly favorable attitude. The finding on problem faced by the farmers related to Pangas farming revealed that about two-third (65.6 percent) of the farmers had high problem followed by 20 percent low problems. Among eight selected characteristics of Pangas farmers five characteristics such as age, level of education; annual income, training experience and cosmopoliteness had significant positive relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming. On the other hand, the other two characteristics of pangas farmers such as family size and farm size had positive but no significant relationships with their attitude towards Pangas farming.
Status of polyculture Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps in Jhikargacha Upazi...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in Jhikargacha sub-district of Jessore district with the view to evaluating status of polyculture of Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps from July to December 2012. The mean age and experience of the respondents was 41.28±12.19 and 9.48±3.12 years respectively. Culture pond size was 0.41±0.21 ha (0.343 to 0.478 at 95% CL). 67.50% culture ponds were leased ponds and mean yearly lease value was 535364.70±468224.20 BDT/ha. All the ponds were rectangular in shape and perennial in nature. During preparation of pond, all the ponds were dried by draining out the water. Liming was done at 229.30±118.70 kg/ha (pre-stocking) and 250 kg/ha (post-stocking). Application rate of various fertilizers during post stocking management were recorded as- 155.12±79.10 kg/ha (cow dung); 158.27±79.85 kg/ha (urea); and 79.90±42.93 kg/ha (TSP). Five species of fishes were found to be stocked at the rate of 7377 individuals/ha including 93.10% P. hypophthalmus seeds and 6.90% other carps. Supplementary feeding was done daily and the application rates were 444.23±236.41 kg/ha (rice bran), 228.29±116.96 kg/ha (mustard oil cake), and 912.91±468.05 kg/ha (commercial pangus feeds, pellet). Average fish production was found 6672.84 kg/ha. All the fishes grown in the study area were marketed to fish landing centers and markets of three districts- Chuadanga (47.50%), Dhaka (30%) and Jessore (22.50%). The average cost-benefit ratio was 1:1.15. High mortality, low growth of seeds, and high input price were the major problems.
A comparative study on fish biodiversity with conservation measures of the Bh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was concerned to assess the present status of biodiversity in the Bhairab river, Jessore with its conservation measures. The study was based on primary observations, questionnaire interviews with 50 fishers, focus group discussions with river bank community members and cross-check interviews with key informants. The study was conducted for a period four months from May to August, 2016. The objective of the study was to assess the fish biodiversity in the Bhairab river, understand the existing fishing practices of the river and to identify proper management strategies for the conservation of fish biodiversity. Results of the study revealed that three kinds of fishers were engaged in the Bhairab river namely, professional fishers; seasonal fishers and subsistence fishers. Seven types of fishing gears like seine net, gill net, cast net, push net, lift net, trap and hook and line were operated to fish by the fishers during the survey. A total of 39 species of fish were identified in the catches of the Bhairab River. There are degraded ecosystems and declining biodiversity have found during the study. According to survey, fishing pressure and over fishing were responsible for almost 38% loss and pollution and siltation caused about 27% loss of ecosystem. Around 21% and 14% loss of ecosystem were caused by urbanization and human encroachment, and the recreational activities respectively. These have been created a great impact on river ecology. As a result, the water quality is deteriorating day by day and the availability of fish species and other aquatic biodiversity is decreasing gradually. During the survey, 20 species was found at a risk of being endangered. From the survey, it was found that the overexploitation of fish was responsible for the 40% losses of biodiversity in the Bhairab River and water pollution caused 35% loss of biodiversity. Henceforth, river course change and habitat degradation resulted in 15% and 10% loss of biodiversity of the river respectively. This study was identified possible ways to achieve a rich fish biodiversity in the Bhairab River with social, economic and environmental aspects. The specific recommendations are included community based fisheries management, establishment of sanctuary, control of pollution, maintenance of fishing gears and the implementation of fish act for conservation of fish biodiversity of the Bhairab River.
AcomparativestudyonfishbiodiversitywithconservationmeasuresoftheBhairabriverJ...Overall, the PDF
Porém, uma vez que possui certa lógica através de cada número que é passado, esse é um jeito mais seguro de apostar que apenas jogar em qualquer número aleatório e torcer por sorte.
Como podemos ver, o palpite do kaledri para hoje é palpite versátil para aqueles que buscam palpites e interessantes para apostar.
Exchange Rate of Fishermen Business Fishing in Kalinaun Village, East Likupan...AI Publications
Kalinaun Village is one of the villages located in East Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fisherman. The analysis used in this research is a descriptive quantitative analysis and descriptive qualitative. The economic situation in the form of fishing rods owned by fishermen in Kalinaun village is their own. The initial capital of Rp. 10,000,000 – Rp. 15,000,000 with a percentage of 80 %. the largest investment cost spent on the purchase of a rainbow boat was Rp. 7,500,000, - with a percentage of 70.09% of the total investment cost and the smallest cost for the purchase of a catinting machine was Rp. 3,200,000, - with a percentage of 29.91%. Fishermen go to sea also vary between 1 – 6 times a week, but on average 4 times a week go to sea. Their income as fishermen is only Rp. 48,000,000 in a year. The profit rate in a year is Rp. 41.930.000, - is the profit earned and can be used for saving or making/procuring new fishing units. The caught fish are marketed to the Girian Village or some consumers come to the fish landing site/beside the beach.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Implication’s of Shrimp Cultivation in Andhr...Ruby Med Plus
Impromptu and random expansion of shrimp cultivation is happening in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh. The exploration of its adverse effects has not received significant attention from the Indian researcher community yet. The shrimp industry is polluting and degrading soils,
water, mangroves, and forests. The sustainable productivity of ecosystems, biodiversity and public health is endangering year after year. Shrimp aquaculture is changing customary patterns of natural resource use by appropriating these resources for its own purposes while restricting rights of local users as coastal Andhra big and experienced farmers in the aqua field are making huge investments in the sector and purchasing the agriculture fields of small farmers to convert it into aqua ponds. This in turn affects livelihoods more widely by disrupting earlier systems of production, distribution and social relations.
In order to elicit the concomitant socio-economic impacts and propose environmental sustainable solutions of shrimp cultivation based on secondary data, the present study was conducted by applying ‘Systematic Review and Content Analysis’ as a research method. The study findings manifest that the constant and unregulated shrimp farming has immense impacts on human health, ecology, environment and sustainability other than economic benefits to aqua farm
owners. The extensive shrimp farming in coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh has negatively expedited the infringement of mangroves, intrusion of salinity, degradation of land, destabilization of coastal ecosystems. The main socio-economic effects challenge the patterns of
livelihood pattern, displacement of family and social structure, internal migration, reduction in grazing field and livestock, changes in the cropping calendar and its pattern and bio-diversity.
The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the financial institutions sponsoring shrimp cultivation has overlooked the impact of shrimp farming on Ecological and sustainability of farm fields and
control of salinity and degradation of mangrooves. In conclusion, appropriate adoption and implementation of the resilient strategies can reduce the adverse effects on the coastal environment, and improve the impact of unplanned shrimp cultivation in Andhra Pradesh and
other parts of India.
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
the gendered effects of climate variabilitychange on fisher livelihoods and t...ijtsrd
Global warming influences have brought negative climate change consequences on global livelihoods and household food security of the world’s 36 million fisher folks and nearly 1.5 billion consumers who rely on fish for their dietary animal protein. The study concluded that lack of alternative livelihood opportunities options is the major constraints to adaptation for people living in the Lake Victoria region escalated with limitation of skills outside fishing industry, limitation of other employable professional skills including lack of capital. The study recommends a trans disciplinary consientization of adaptive strategies which can translate into flexible and sustainable CCA gender inclusive livelihood activities. Future research should explore participatory action research on environmental influences affecting CCA by comparing findings across other beaches. Robert David Lubalo Onyango | Dr. Christopher Oludhe | Dr. Doris Amwata "The Gendered Effects of Climate Variability/Change on Fisher Livelihoods and the Coping Strategies/Opportunities in Mbita, Homa Bay County, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33051.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33051/the-gendered-effects-of-climate-variabilitychange-on-fisher-livelihoods-and-the-coping-strategiesopportunities-in-mbita-homa-bay-county-kenya/robert-david-lubalo-onyango
The Influence Of Socio-Economic Characteristics on Consumers’ Preference on F...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study examined the influence of socio-economic characteristics on consumer’s preference on fish purchase in Yola North local government area of Adamawa state. Data from the study were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire administered randomly to 100 consumers out of which 99 were retrieved. Multiple Regressions was used as a tool to examine the influence of socio-economic characteristics on consumer preference on fish purchase. The result of the study revealed that majority of the consumers who prefer fish were between the ages of 41-50; 48.48% were males, 51.52%were females. Majority (78.79%) of consumers were married. The results further revealed that the consumers had attended one form of formal education or the other. 21.2%had secondary education, 77.8% had tertiary education, while 1.0% had other form education. Analysis of the consumers’ household size revealed that 44.4% were found to be between 4-6 persons. An analysis of consumers’ preference for fish was found in the study. Results revealed that 16.2% purchased their fish from wholesalers, 76.8% from retailers and 5% from importers. 2% purchase from other source. Most of the fish purchased were both fresh and smoked fish (47.5%). Results also showed that the average monthly income of the consumers were 58.6% (51,000>) and 67.7% of the consumers like at least very much to eat fish. The regression analysis gave an R2 of 88.01% and the independent variable X1 (Age), X3 (educational level), X4 (income) and X5 (household size) were positively significant and affect the amount spent on fish. The study also revealed that income, availability of fish and good storage facility were factors limiting consumers’ preference for fish in the study area. Recommendations on the study was that infrastructural facilities should be made available, and fish farmers should be supported by providing them with some incentives to encourage them to produce more to meet the increasing demand of the teeming population.
Socio economic status of fry collectors at Sundarban regionAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted on the livelihood approach of fry collectors at Shyamnagar upazila under Satkhira district. The objective of the study was to assess the present livelihood status, to identify the socio-economic condition and problem associated with the alternative livelihood approach of fry collectors. The survey was conducted on three unions of Shyamnagar upazila adjacent to Sundarban as study area. In the study area average family size was 5 persons per family. The maximum age level was 20-30 years old. Among the fry collectors 66% was male and 34% was female. Among them 62% was Muslim and 38% was Hindu. About 78% of total fry collectors are landless in the study area. Literacy was 31% of them where female literacy was 28% and male literacy was 72% and most of them can sign only. Most of the collectors about 63% lived in mud walled with golpata shed house. About 73% families have two earner and 68% have single family. Peak season of fry collection was March to May. For collecting fry they use push net, set bag net mainly. They collect fry in the early morning and in early evening for about 6-8 hours. Men collect 150-200 pieces of fry per day in peak season and 40-60 pieces of fry by women. Price varies from 800-3500 Tk. per thousand golda fry. Price is higher in the month on March-May. About 52% collectors engaged in fishing during off season as alternative income source. Their preferable alternative income source are sustainable agriculture, fry nursing, poultry farming, planned fish cultivation, cattle and goat rearing etc. The main problem of converting of fry collection to other profession was lack of other training of other works, lack of capital, poor infrastructure.facilities, absence of industrialization, lack of land, government and NGO level work is very limited.
Marketing channels of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.
A Review on Fish Production Scenario of Cooch Behar District in West BengalBRNSS Publication Hub
Pisciculture is an important livelihood of the farmers of Cooch Behar district. Farmers of Cooch Behar district cultivated different type fish. Majority of the farmers cultivated fish in a small pond. The study was conducted in Cooch Behar district to know the fish production scenario and the role of different organization on livelihood improvement of fish farmer. The study was conducted during January 2017–April 2017. The study was conducted with the help of secondary source of information. It was found from the study that different government organization like State Department, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, and NGO actively work on pisciculture in Cooch Behar. Farmers were used different type indigenous technology. A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was shown for guiding the policymaker, scientist, and different government and non-government organization for implementation any pisciculture project or program.
Availability of fish species in fish markets and fish marketing in Noakhali d...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to know the fish markets and marketing practices in Noakhali district for a period of 5 months; November 2014 to March, 2015. Five types of marketing channels were found in this study and most were similar in nature as marketing places were in same town and not far apart. The average cost by a retailer to trade fish was estimated at Tk. 171.6 /day. This cost included rent of trading spot, ice and local transportation. The average income of retailers in three markets was estimated at Tk. 640/day/retailer. It was found that 21% of fish supplied in the markets were carps (Indian and Exotic), 17.3% marine fish, 15.7% hilsa, 12.7% catfish, 11.3% small fish, 11% Tilapia and pungus, 7% others mix species and 4% prawn. It was reported that availability fish species in three different markets round the year ranged from 55 to 72. However, during the study period, a total of 39 fish species under 24 families were found in three markets. It was found that marine fish comprises average 33% and freshwater fish comprises average 67% in the three markets. The price of fish depends on market structure, species quality, size, weight and season. The price of galda and bagda were varied from 580±10 to 560±8 Tk. /kg, and 370±10 to 350±5 Tk. /kg respectively. The price of catla, tilapia, ilish, Thai pangus and silver carp were varied from 390±10 to 360±8 Tk. /kg, 165±5 to 150±8 Tk. /kg, 900±10 to 860±5 Tk. /kg, 140±10 to 125±5 Tk. /kg, and 160±8 to 155±5 Tk./kg, respectively. In Noakhali, around 50-180 retailers were involved in each market. It was found that the daily supply of fish in Municipal market, Datter hat and Sonapur was about 12-13, 7-8 and 2.5-3ton, respectively. Inadequate infrastructure, transportation, shortage of ice in peak season, hygienic condition and packaging facilities were cited as main constraints. It was found that 80% of the fish retailers have improved their livelihood status through fish trading to a certain degree.
Socio-economic condition of fish fry and fingerling traders in greater Jessor...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish fry and fingerling traders and socioeconomic condition in the greater Jessore, Bangladesh from April 2013 to September 2013. Data were collected through the use of well-structured questionnaire from the selected area. 73% of traders have single family but only 27% have joint family. 45% fish fry and fingerling traders family has four members. 20% family has five members, 14% family has six members, 12% family has three members 9%family has seven to eight members respectively. 92% traders has own bank account but only 7% traders uses their bank account when they trade fry and fingerling. 87% traders have secondary business like rickshaw business, fruit business, cloth business, fish trading etc. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders the sanitation facilities are present 100%. It was found that 69% and 31% of fish farmers used semi-pucca and pucca toilet respectively. Among 300 fish fry and fingerling traders 78% of traders have own house but only 22% of trader live in rental house or place. 46% of traders have institutional education that range from primary to higher education and other 54% of traders have no experience in education. In case of illness 58% of traders and trader's family goes to government hospital, 24% uses private clinic, 15% traders are uses local village doctor and another 3% does not get any treatment or not require no treatment. 93% traders have television, 5% house consist radio and another 2% house no instrument for entertainment. Only 10% trader wants their son and grandson engages with this fish fry and fingerling trading profession. The average monthly income of traders in the peak season is 18000 taka and off-peak season the income is less than 7000 taka per month.
Similar to Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakhali, Bangladesh (20)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Fish to finance: unraveling the economic threads of Bangladesh’s Blue EconomyAbdullaAlAsif1
Bangladesh, with its extensive river network, vast coastlines, and rich maritime heritage, stands at the crossroads of a transformative Blue Economy. This comprehensive review explores the rich tapestry of Bangladesh's maritime journey. Commencing with a historical lens, it traces the nation's roots in fisheries, showcasing its transformation into a diversified and dynamic Blue Economy. The significance of this transition unfolds across the review, underscoring the sector's contributions to GDP, employment, and food security, while candidly addressing challenges such as overfishing and environmental impact. This work not only chronicles historical milestones but distills valuable lessons from both successes and setbacks, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic resilience embedded in Bangladesh's fisheries sector. Beyond a historical retrospective, the review navigates through the contemporary landscape, emphasizing diversification beyond fisheries. It illuminates economic opportunities in maritime trade, explores non-fish marine resources, and delves into the transformative role of aquaculture. The policy framework governing Bangladesh's Blue Economy comes into focus, dissecting government strategies, legal landscapes, and international collaborations. The review also champions environmental sustainability, highlighting the impact of Blue Economy activities on marine ecosystems and advocating for conservation measures, thus positioning Bangladesh as a steward of its rich maritime heritage. Financial mechanisms and investments emerge as pivotal elements, shaping the trajectory of Blue Economy projects, as evidenced by case studies that weave success stories and lessons learned into the narrative. Concluding with a forward-looking perspective, the study identifies emerging trends, growth opportunities, and strategies to tackle challenges, offering a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable development. In weaving together economic vibrancy, environmental stewardship, and future aspirations, this review illuminates Bangladesh's maritime odyssey as a beacon for the global Blue Economy community.
Successful hybridization between Clarias microstomus♂ and Clarias gariepinus♀AbdullaAlAsif1
Hybridization is a significant approach to breeding that enables the creation of new varieties that enhance genetic diversity. Through fish inter-species hybridization, it is possible to produce hybrids that can be utilized in aquaculture and stocking programs to enhance growth rate, transfer desirable traits between species, and combine the favourable attributes of two parents into a single progeny. The present study revealed the successful hybridization between Clarias microstomus (Ng, 2001) ♂ and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) ♀ for the first time in the aquaculture industry. C. microstomus is a species of Clariid catfish endemic to the island of Borneo and C. gariepinus is an introduced species widely aquacultured throughout the southeast Asian region. The embryonic development of the hybrid offspring is described with the hatching percentage of 58.63% and the early survival rate for the first 72 hours for the larvae of 85.76%. The hybrids showed no signs of deformities and developed normally. The findings of the study provide a new high yield variety of catfish for farmers and aquaculture industry for increasing production and profit margin.
Freshwater gastropod diversity in the selected lotic environment, Betong, Sar...AbdullaAlAsif1
Freshwater Gastropoda can be considered as the biological indicator in ecosystems such as rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. The objectives of this study are to identify freshwater gastropod species, diversity, and distribution along Sungai Penebak, Sungai Nanga Tiga, and Sungai Kabo in the Betong division. The study was conducted on 10 November 2020. A 50 m transect was laid on the riverbank of all three stations. The existing specimens were counted and collected from each sampling point and stored were taken to the laboratory for species identification. The diversity index and morphological study of freshwater gastropods were performed. Five species of freshwater gastropods belonging to four families were discovered. The five species of freshwater gastropods consisted of Sulcospira pageli, which shows great abundance, followed by Clea nigricans, Brotia costula, Pila ampullacea, and Vittina pennata. The diversity indices of collected Gastropoda species from the different stations, for instance, Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), and Margalef’s richness index were assessed; where station 3 showed higher diversity of Gastropoda compared to other two stations. The information presented in this paper might be helpful for ecological wealth studies and considered as the baseline data for the stream ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Macrofaunal diversity on the surface sediment of mangrove habitat adjacent to...AbdullaAlAsif1
Macrofaunal diversity and composition are essential to understanding the ecosystem structures and functions of mangroves in any dynamic estuarine coast. To understand the temporal distribution of macrofaunal community structures and diversity on the surface sediment in the intertidal mangrove forest next to the seagrass beds, this study was conducted at Punang-Sari-River estuary, Lawas, Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo), South China Sea. Sampling was done during post-monsoon, intermediate-September, premonsoon, and monsoon from July 2019 to February 2020. The mean macrofauna abundance was higher pre-monsoon, while Gastropoda Optediceros breviculum (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) was the most abundant (RA = 0.704). Important species index (ISI = 70.36) and percentage of contribution (64.97%) were also higher of this species than any other records from the site. The ANOSIM (Analysis of Similarity), Jaccard index and SIMPER (Similarity Percentage Analysis) analysis suggested that the highest species abundance similarity was observed between pre-monsoon and monsoon, while the highest dissimilarity was observed between intermediate-September and pre-monsoon (74.67%). Seasonal PCA, nMDS, and cluster analysis revealed that pre-monsoon and monsoon were comparable in species and individual abundance. The dominance (0.85) was found significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in intermediate-September, while Simpson (0.734), Shannon (1.56) and Evenness indices (0.528) were found higher in monsoon, followed by the higher Margalef richness indices (3.21) in post-monsoon. It was observed that the seasonal ecological parameters were found to be significantly (P<0.05) different, including the temperature, salinity, rainfall, pore water nitrogenous compounds (NO2, NO3 and NH3-N), phosphorus compound (PO4) and micro minerals. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) results suggested that ecological factors influenced several species. Considering the few studies on mangrove macrofauna in Malaysian Borneo, further research on their trophic structures and food web interactions is very important to disclose their overall characteristics and ecosystem functions.
Population characteristics of the Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonic...AbdullaAlAsif1
Nemipterus japonicus (Japanese threadfin bream) is one of the most significant fish species throughout the Indo-Pacific regions. No previous studies on the population dynamics of N. japonicus have been carried out in the Eastern Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo). The present study focused on the population dynamics of N. japonicus from April 2013 to March 2014 in the coastal area of Bintulu, South China Sea. Local fishermen provided samples, which were then analysed. The FiSAT II software was used to evaluate the collected length frequency data. The asymptotic length (L ∞) and growth coefficient (K) were 26.78 cm and 0.85 yr-1, respectively. The growth performance index (ϕ'), total mortality coefficient (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) were 2.785, 2.97, 1.63 and 1.34 per year, respectively. According to the estimates, the exploitation rate (E) for N. japonicus was 0.45, while the E 0.1 , E 0.5 and E max were determined as 0.72, 0.4 and 0.806, respectively. The obtained value of exploitation was less than E max, although slightly higher than E 0.5. The recruitment characteristics of N. japonicus have been stable throughout the year, with one peak pulse. The results contribute to the knowledge of the dynamics of N. japonicus populations and are important for the sustainable management of the Sarawak fishing resources.
Proximate and mineral composition of the long-spined Sea Urchin (Diadema seto...AbdullaAlAsif1
Gonad of sea urchin is considered as food delicacy in many parts of the world due to high nutrition and mineral contents. Several species of sea urchins are available in Malaysia and reported from different habitat, including seagrass beds, coastal breakwater, coral reefs and other ecologically important habitats. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the proximate and mineral composition of long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe collected from breakwater of Terengganu, Malaysia in October 2019, November 2019 and January 2020. The samples were analysed for proximate including protein, lipid, moisture, and ash content of sea urchin roe. The macro, micro minerals and heavy metals were also evaluated including Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Se, Mg, Ni, Pb, Al, and Cd. The result suggested that, long spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum) roe can be considered as good sources of food due to high percentage of protein (ranged between 36.21±0.44 and 50.14±4.63). The presence of heavy metal such as Ni, Pb, and Cd suggesting the breakwater environments were not good enough and the possible sources of heavy metals contamination in sea water environment must be stopped and eradicated. This study provides important information with regard to the proximate and mineral values of D. setosum, as well as the need for a better management of its habitat before D. setosum can be widely promoted as delicacy in this region.
Trends in seagrass research and conservation in Malaysian watersAbdullaAlAsif1
The seagrass ecosystems found in the marine and coastal areas, with substantial economic and ecological services and span all over the globe excluding the Antarctic region. The Coral Triangle and Southeast Asia are recognized as a worldwide hotspot of seagrass species and habitats, encompassing 10-21 species of seagrass in every nation , although the study, understanding, and quantity of publications on seagrass ecosystems are rather limited in the region, including Malaysia. Malaysia contains 18 seagrass species from three families, which occupy 16.8 km 2 of coastal area, where the study and discovery of seagrass species and meadows began in 1904 with the report of Beccari. All of the published papers reviewed reported on Malaysian seagrass-related research, which was divided into nine topic groups: biology and distribution, carbon sequestration, fauna, remote sensing, impact and pollution genetic study, restoration , microbiological investigation, and others. The extensive study of the seagrass ecosystem began in 1993, and we have identified 183 published papers from Scopus, 141 publications from Web of Science, and 42 from Google Scholar. However, the average trend of the number of publications from 1993 to 1999 was 0.71 ± 0.36, while from 2000 to 2022 was 7.70 ± 1.16 followed by the average trend of the yearly number of publications was 6.78 ± 1.08. The highest number of publications was found on faunal categories (43.17%), followed by biology and distribution (21.85%). The number of articles that were published on Malaysian seagrass meadows each year has been discovered to be rising, which indicates that the trends in seagrass study and publishing were progressively garnering the attention of researchers, academics, and the government. However, to better understand the sustainable ecology and ecosystem services provided by seagrass habitats, an emphasis on certain research niches, such as the genetic study of flora and fauna in seagrass meadows, microbial ecology, and restoration as well as conservation of seagrass species might be helpful.
First record of saucer scallop Ylistrum balloti (Bernardi, 1861) from equator...AbdullaAlAsif1
Ylistrum balloti is one of the Pectinidae species distributed within the Indo-Pacific region. Recently, 15 live specimens of Y. balloti were recorded from the continental shelf of Sarawak, Malaysia. The main morphological characteristics were displayed on the outer valve, these being a brown-red colour and a clear concentric pattern of thin brown lines. The prominent internal ribbing numbers on both valves also helped species identification. The preliminary report of Y. balloti revealed that the species is present in Sarawak waters and can be further explored in the future.
Culture and production of Lucilia sericata Meigen (1826) larvae for rearing s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The fly larvae (Lucilia sericata) are being used as an alternative protein source in any kind of animal feed as it reduces the cost of preparation of feed. This current study focused on the physico-chemical and proximate properties of raw poultry waste, while this study also revealed the production process of fly larvae and the proximate composition of it. The poultry waste was collected from Suvro poultry farm, Sutiakhali, Mymensingh, then the physic-chemical properties of the raw poultry waste were determined using different procedures. Three treatments were considered for production of fly larvae, T 1 (3 kg), T 2 (6 kg) and T 3 (9 kg) in a 15 kg capacity tray with three replications. After production, the proximate composition were also measured of fly larvae. Physico-chemical properties such as, color, odor, texture, temperature, pH, total solids (TSS+TDS), chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, available N, available P, and fiber in raw poultry waste were determined and presented. Proximate composition such as, moisture, total N, total P, available N, total Ca, ash and crude fiber were found in significant amount in the poultry waste. It was found that T 3 (1350±68g) produced highest volume of live maggot compared to the other treatments, but T 2 (17.50±1.10%) produced highest percentage volume. The proximate compositions of fly larvae were assessed and found 56.60±0.25% protein value in it, suggesting that fly larvae could be the protein replacer in fish feed. The result of this study revealed cheap protein source in aquaculture production, such as production and rearing of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, and the findings might be helpful for cost reduction in aquaculture operation.
Replacement of fish meal by Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) live larvae and p...AbdullaAlAsif1
Reduction of aquaculture operations and production cost is key to the success and profitability of this enterprise, while protein needs, especially the cost of fish meal, are cery expensive. The current study was conducted to investigate the post-larval production performance of Heteropneustes fossilis using Lucilia sericata maggot as a fish meal replacer in two ways, namely, live larvae and powder form. A 28 days growth trial was performed where five isonitrogenous diets for Heteropneustes fossilis post-larvae were experimented using live maggots and maggot meal, respectively. The proximate composition of each formulated diet, growth parameters of fish post-larvae, such as, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, apparent protein utilization, survival rate and the food conversion ratio were examined. After the experiment, the carcass composition of the experimental fishes were evaluated. The best final weight (1.61 g), weight gain (1.418 g), percentage of weight gain (739±1.18%), specific growth rate (2.63), protein efficiency ratio (2.29), apparent protein utilization (85%), survival rate (90%) and lower food conversion ratio (2.06) were observed in fish fed with 75% maggot meal as a substitute of fish meal. This study will help the aquaculture industry, especially the catfish culture in identifying an alternate source of protein and lowering the cost of aquaculture operation.
The molecular approach reveals the relationship among Venus clams (Meretrix s...AbdullaAlAsif1
Molecular study is important to detect variations and similarities among species from the same genus, in case if they do not encompass any morphological or physiological differences. The study was conducted to differentiate among species of Meretrix spp. (Meretrix lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria) obtained from two locations in Malaysia through the phylogenetic tree. The adductor muscle tissues were used to extract DNA and to perform other procedures; the samples were subjected to analyses using PCR and gel electrophoresis. The multiple sequence comparison was conducted by MUSCLE and the phylogenetic relationships were established using Maximum Likelihood (ML) statistical methods with MEGA 6.0 statistical software. M. lyrata samples showed 99% similarity to the three accessions sequence, where M. lyrata indicated 87% similarities, and M. meretrix showed not more than 89% similarities from the deposited sequence. The nucleotide base composition sequences consisted of the mean of Thiamine (T) 37.9%, Cytosine (C) 15.4%, Adenine (A) 27.4%, and Guanine (G) 19.4%. Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was conducted using the Tamura 3-parameter model to establish five major clades on Meretrix spp. and two out-groups clades significantly different from the Meretrix spp. These major clades were closely related to each other at the 50% evidence of bootstrap, which grouped as genus Meretrix. The present study on Meretrix spp. from the Sarawak locality was able to differentiate COI sequences between M. lyrata, M. meretrix, and M. lusoria. M. lusoria was close related to M. meretrix with strong bootstrap supporting evidence at 96% scoring. Moreover, M. lyrata was inferred as the ancestor to M. meretrix, and M. lusoria from Sarawak, Malaysia.
Disappearance or overlooked or untouched? - A brief history of aquatic gastro...AbdullaAlAsif1
The aquatic gastropods (marine and freshwater) in Malaysian Borneo (MYB) have an ancient history of 255 years, while the first record was observed in 1767 by the pioneer Carl Linnaeus. Over time, many European, native taxonomists and conservationists have worked on the diverse group of gastropods in the Malaysian part of Borneo (states of Sabah and Sarawak). No previous work has been conducted to assess the historical status of this particular class of Mollusca. The study objective was to reveal the types of aquatic gastropods and the number of published research and expeditions conducted in MYB. The bibliometric analysis found 145 research publications mentioning the names of the region and reporting at least one gastropod species from this geographic region. Over the history of 255 years, a total of 559 gastropod species were reported by different research groups. Between 1767 and 1900, a total of 150 gastropod species were reported, followed by 79 species from 1900 to 2000 and 330 species from 2001 to 2022. The Grubbs test (p<0.05) identified outlier years for the reporting of gastropod species from MYB with 54 new species each in 2011 and 2020 and 39 species in 2001. Over the history of aquatic gastropod research in MYB, the taxonomists making the greatest contribution were Han Raven and his colleagues from Naturalis who reported 111 new species from the region, followed by Nur Leena Wong from Universiti Putra Malaysia (54 new species). The results suggested that reporting of new species from MYB is increasing, which may reflect the many unexplored sites and suggests the existence of as yet unrecorded species in this ecoregion. In this regard further expeditions and research should improve estimates of the true number of aquatic gastropod species in this area. These results can help the regional governments in making a regional biodiversity database as well as in taking decisions regarding aquatic gastropod research and management.
A ray of hope in the darkness: What we have learned from Yangtze giant soft-s...AbdullaAlAsif1
The Swinhoe's softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873),) is one of the world's largest freshwater turtles, and possibly the most endangered turtle species on the planet (Stanford et al., 2018). It has an overall length of over 100 cm and a width of up to 70 cm, and it can easily weigh up to 70–100 kg, maximum weight was recorded at 169 kg (Solimine, 2013; Trong, 2018). Despite its enormous size and unusual look, this species is incredibly secretive and only comes to the surface to breathe, preferring to remain submerged deep down. For this species, there is very little ecological information, and the remaining distribution is unclear. This could explain why it's so difficult to positively identify and confirm occurrences of this species in the wild (Trong, 2018). If we look back to the history and biogeography of this species, it can be found that the existential records were documented in the historical literature of the Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. This species was once thought to only live along the Red River in China and Vietnam, as well as the lower Yangtze River floodplain in China, but its current population size is estimated to be just one wild individual of undetermined sex and a solitary captivity male in Suzhou Zoo, China. Although recent thorough searches in Yunnan, China, and Vietnam failed to confirm the presence of more wild specimens, some sightings were reported until around a decade ago (Stanford et al., 2018), giving hope that more individuals may yet exist in Vietnam.
Snapper shrimp is a symbiotic organism usually hidden under the rocks, sponges and pen shells in the seagrass and coral habitats. The relationship study within snapper shrimp and pen shell was conducted from Merambong shoal, one of the biggest seagrass beds in peninsular Malaysia. A total of 40 individual pen shells were collected randomly and four species of pen shells were identified. 40 Anchistus custoides were found inhabiting symbiotically in the mantle cavity of the pen shell as solitary males and females and heterosexual pairs. Pen shell, Pinna bicolour and Atrina vexillum recorded the highest average SH 217.79±53.15 mm, SV 2.62±1.36 dm3 and SH 164.10-224.78 mm with the SV 1.18±0.43 dm3, respectively compared to the other species. The size of Anchistus custoides ranged from 15.00 to 20.00 mm in length and it was determined to be female due to the presence of eggs in the pleopods. The length of the cephalothorax and its length were highly related (rs=0.563, p≤0.01, N=40) and found wider in females. A little difference in size between the left and right chela in males of identical length was noticed, although the left chela is much bigger than the right. The significant relationship (rs=0.450, p≤0.01, N=40) between the pen shell length and shrimp (male-female) length revealed that the size of the shell is important to be hosted the snapper shrimp in the shell cavity.
Diversity of fisheries in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo: Present status and conse...AbdullaAlAsif1
Information on fisheries resources in East Malaysia is scarce and poorly known. The current review aims to compile a checklist of fisheries resources in the Northwest Borneo (Sarawak, Malaysia) from available published literature, address the resources' present status, and suggest future monitoring needs for selected critical species. The study also aims to determine several Sarawak land-use issues that are in flux and responsible for habitat degradation. Five hundred sixty-four species belonging to 123 families and 32 orders were recorded from Sarawak waters. Freshwater fish species comprised 48.0% of the total, followed by a marine (36.6%), marine-euryhaline (12.9%), and brackish water (2.5%) species. Of this, Cyprinidae was the most dominant group accounting for the greatest number of species (82 species), followed by Balitoridae (34 species), Bagridae (21 species) and Penaeidae (21 species). Therefore, available fisheries resources should be managed carefully as 48 species (9.0%) are currently vulnerable to extinction. Furthermore, the presence of 20 alien species in Sarawak water bodies also requires attention from the authorities due to the potential disruption of aquatic ecological balance. Changing land use issues in Sarawak such as forest degradation, agricultural expansion, peatland deforestation and conversion, logging, destruction of mangrove forests, and construction of hydroelectric power dams and flood mitigation channels pose significant challenges to fishery management in Sarawak. Our study documents the priority of fishery monitoring and conservation in Sarawak water bodies to ensure sustainable management of fisheries resources.
Availability and potentiality of small indigenous species of fish throughout ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted with aiming to know the present status of small indigenous fish species (SIS) in Oxbow Lakes/baors and rivers as well as the availability of SIS of fish and their potentiality in the study area. Regular data were collected from some important fish landing center cum markets, Oxbow Lakes and rivers of the study area. The availability of small indigenous species (SIS) of fish declined to a great extent over the years and many of them are rare or endangered due to death of rivers and baors were brought under aquaculture. Besides these, Many of SIS of fish were being increasingly used as trash fish for fish feed purpose. As an over populated country, demand of SIS of fish is increasing day by day. After 1990s almost all Oxbow Lakes have been gradually trying to bring under aquaculture through local community or Department of Fisheries. The most significant message of this study is that, some vulnerable and endangered SIS of fish are locally abundant both in fish landing center, baors and rivers. So they must be conserved for their bioavailability and nutrition throughout the country that would be most intelligent efforts in favor of global ichthyo-biodiversity conservation.
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fis...AbdullaAlAsif1
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fish retailers were studied during the period from January to May, 2013. A total of 60 fish retailers were interviewed for obtaining pertinent data. A survey questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and finally used for collection of data. The collected data were tabulated using conventional statistical tools. The result showed that the livelihoods of a large number of people are associated with fish and fishery products distribution and marketing in six different markets. Three types of marketing channel were found to be operated in the selected markets. The shorter marketing chain which included the fish farmers, retailers and consumers was found to be more beneficial to the fish producers. Fish traders in village markets generally operate a capital of around TK. 8,000-10,000 and traders in town markets a capital of around TK. 10,000-20,000 per day. It was found that most of the fish traders used their own money. Price of fish depends on market structure, species, and freshness, supply demand of fish and size of fishes. There are seasonal variation in prices with the highest in summer (March to May), and lowest in pre-winter: (September to November) during the fish harvesting season. Different types of dried and salted fish were sold in the markets. Traders have broadly improved their food consumption facilities, standard of living, and purchasing power as an economic sector. However, the unhygienic conditions of the marketplace, lack of ice facilities, poor infrastructure, inadequate storage and poor transportation facilities were reported to be the major constraints hindering the marketing system in the surveyed areas. It is therefore necessary to provision of governmental, institutional and banking assistance for improvement of the marketing system.
Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) marketing system in greater Jessore region,...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was carried out to access on the present status of Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) marketing in Jessore sadar in Jessore district. Study period was carried out during June 2013 to December 2013. For the market survey, two important fish markets in Jessore town, namely Boro Bazaar and Rail-station Bazaar Similarly, two important local fish markets in the Jessore Sadar namely Churamonkati Bazaar and Ambot-tola Bazaar were selected to carry out comparative studies of tilapia marketing between town and local markets. A total of 80 traders were interviewed in Local and Town markets, 40 in each area. In the study area 55% of harvested tilapias are sold to the local agents, while the rest (45%) are sold to the suppliers and about 60% of tilapias are transported to the boro bazaar. The rest (40%) of the tilapia, which are under-sized, are transported to nearby local markets. The average farm-gate prices of tilapia varied between Tk 55 and Tk 85 per kg. According to the survey, a wholesaler typically operates with capital of around Tk 11,968 per day, ranging from Tk 8,350 to Tk 27,125 per day. According to the survey, 70% of wholesalers used their own money for fish marketing including tilapia, while the rest (30%) received loans. In the study area tilapia comes from Jhenidah, Satkhira, Jessore then it is supplied to Boro Bazar to wholesaler then it is distributed towards local market. Around 20 to 25 individuals are associated with fish trading including tilapia, except for Boro Bazaar which is larger. The total average marketing costs from producers to consumers was calculated to be Tk 13.02 per kg of tilapia which is sub-divided into: primary market – Tk 3.25 (25%), secondary market – Tk 4.75 (36%), and retail market – Tk 5.02 (39%). In the study area, tilapia prices are generally lower between September and December, rising during the following four to five months. The highest average marketing margin and profit per kilogram of tilapia was found in secondary market, followed by retail and primary market. The proportion of respondents identifying poor road and transport facilities was 24%. Only 20% and 12% of traders identified lack of money for this business. In case of socio economic condition traders 25% has earthen house and 65% has Pucca house and 10% has Semi pucca house. In the study area about 35% traders goes to the MBBS and rest of 65% is goes to the quack or non trained doctor. Traders has earthen toilet of 27%, Pucca toilet is 50% and Semi pucca is 23%. All traders have education at some level, which implies that the reported literacy rate is 83%. Most traders were quite young, with an average age estimated at 36 with a range from 23 to 57. The average family size of tilapia traders was estimated at 5.5 in a single family.
Attitude of the farmers towards climate change effect on agricultureAbdullaAlAsif1
Global climate change has triggered the increased incidence of extreme disasters like cyclone, flood, soil salinity, etc. in the coastal region of Bangladesh. In the recent past, an amplified number of fatalities happened and the greater impact also acted upon the attitude of coastal people. Badarpur Union under Patuakhali Sadar upazila of Patuakhali District was the selected locale of the concerned study. Data for this research work were personally collected from a randomly sampled 121 farmers from different villages of Badarpur union by using an interview schedule. Attitude of the farmers was ascertained through a five-point-Likert type scale. Coefficient of correlation (r) was computed to explore the relationships between farmers " attitude and their selected characteristics. The findings revealed that 51.2 percent of the farmers had moderately favourable attitude towards climate change effect while 42.1 percent had slightly favourable and 6.6 percent had highly favourable attitude. The correlation test showed that the education, farming experience, farm size, annual income, training received and agricultural knowledge had positive significant relationships with farmers " attitude towards climate change effect on agriculture while the rest of the characteristics had no relationship in the present study. The focus findings of the present study were that, the attitude of the farmers is changing due to changes in the climatic conditions and there was a positive effect of it on agriculture.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Lateral Ventricles.pdf very easy good diagrams comprehensive
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakhali, Bangladesh
1. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2), 106-121
Asian-Australasian Journal of
Bioscience and Biotechnology
ISSN 2414-1283 (Print) 2414-6293 (Online)
www.ebupress.com/journal/aajbb
Article
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakhali,
Bangladesh
Ripon Kumar Adhikary1
, Saurabha Kar2
, Al Faruk2*
, Amir Hossain2,3
, Md. Nurul Mahmud Bhuiyan3
and
Abdulla-Al-Asif1,4
1
Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jessore
University of Science and Technology, Jessore-7408, Bangladesh
2
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814,
Bangladesh
3
Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
4
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202,
Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: Al Faruk, Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and
Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh. Phone: +8801717484322; E-mail: faruk158@gmail.com
Received: 29 June 2018/Accepted: 22 July 2018/ Published: 30 August 2018
Abstract: The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish
farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July
2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that
average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of
multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture
of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked
from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost
was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes
were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socio-economic conditions through fish
farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average
monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and
medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption,
family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The
constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers,
disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), in-sufficient
supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is
therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports,
credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Keywords: livelihood development; aquaculture practice; socio economic study; Noakhali
1. Introduction
In Bangladesh, aquaculture practice is very precious and its future prospects are also very lucrative as our
country is blessed with lots of fisheries resources. Bangladesh has a total of 260 freshwater fish species and 475
marine species (DoF, 2017). The climatic condition of the country (moderate temperature, heavy rainfall during
monsoon seasons) is also suitable to support the culture of fish. Fisheries, the high growing sector, contributed
about 3.61% of the total export earning, 4.39% to GDP and 24.41 % to agricultural sector (DoF, 2017).
2. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 107
Aquaculture sector contributes to food security, poverty alleviation and social well-being in many countries of
the world (Jia et al., 2001). Noakhali is situated in the central coastal zone of Bangladesh along the northeastern
coast of the Bay of Bengal. Huge quantities of sediments in the water make an essential feature of this region.
Most of the land accretion and erosion occur in this coastal zone. The coastline is highly fragile and there is a
series of islands and accreted lands (known in Bengali as ‘char’) formed by sediment deposits, connected to the
mainland of Noakhali (Ahmed and Wilde, 2011). There are also newly accreted lands emerged from the sea
recently in the last 10-15 years and have not yet consolidated (Demaine, 2011). The Noakhali river and the
small Feni river have joined together with many canals, tributaries, creeks and stream corridors to flow in to the
Bay. There are many canals and their tributaries which have crisscrossed. These rivers and canals are tide-fed
and the tidal water can reach up to 20 km interior. The coastal zone of Noakhali consists of extensive flat,
coastal and deltaic land of the Meghna river delta. The main sources of water in the area are rain, rivers, canals,
swamps and ponds. Water stagnation is a common phenomenon during heavy rainfall. As the monsoon is very
active, heavy rainfall cause flood/water logging. Early rainfall causes filling of water retention areas, ponds and
ditches, tributaries, lakes and low lying areas and thus additional rainfall during the ongoing rainy season just
over flow or cause water logging for about 6 months (May to October) in some parts of Noakhali. The mean
annual rainfall is 2000 mm, of which approximately 70% occurs during the monsoon season. Temperature
varies from 12 to 34°C. The relative humidity is high varying from 70% to 89% in July. Rainfall is abundant but
seasonal. About two thirds of the annual rainfall evaporates and 15% percolates into the ground, raising the
water table close to ground level. These changes may affect natural and human systems independently or in
combination with other determinants to alter the productivity, diversity and functions of ecosystems and
livelihoods as anthropogenic climate change is already affecting aquatic ecosystems and the human societies
that depend on them (Perry et al., 2009).In Noakhali there are about 0.21 million ponds are present in the
district, of which most of the ponds are suitable for culture (BBS, 2016). In recent years farmers are getting
some support from the government and non-government organizations. The present study was planned with the
objectives, to understand the existing systems of pond fish farming in some selected areas of Noakhali Sadar
Upazilla; to know the socio-economic conditions and livelihoods status of pond fish farmers in the area; to
observe the contribution of aquaculture practice on changing the livelihood status of fish farmer in the selected
area; and to identify the constraints of pond fish production.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study area and periods
The study was carried out throughout the fish farming area of the Noakhali sadar upazila under the district of
Noakhali (Figure 1), Bangladesh from February 2013 to July 2013.
Figure 1. Map of study area Noakhali district.
Study area
3. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 108
2.2. Target group: fish farmers
A large number of fish farmers were known to be engaged in fish farming in Noakhali sadar upazila, Noakhali.
Fish farming is the main occupation of most of these people.
2.3. Sample
The sample size of Fish farmers depends on several factors such as financial constraints, the importance of the
study, its method of data collection etc. For this study, the data were collected from 50 randomly selected fish
farmers.
2.4. Data collection method
2.4.1. Design and formulation of questionnaire
For data collection from fish farmers, a questionnaire was prepared in accordance with the objectives set for the
study. Questions releted to culture system, stocking management, health management system, socio economic
condition and other relevant aspects of Good Aquaculture Practices (GAP) were included in the questionaire.
Questionnaire was constructed into english and translated to Bengali during face to face interview.
2.4.2. Questionnaire interviews
For questionnaire interviews, simple random sampling method was followed for fish farmers at Noakhali sadar
in Noakhali. Farmer’s were interviewed both at their farm sites and in their houses. Interview of each farmer
required about 30-40 minutes.
2.4.3. Focus group discussion
For the present study, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tool such as, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was
conducted with the farmers. FGD was used to get an overview of particular issues such as, pond size and depth,
stocking density, proper farming management etc. FGD sessions were held on the dike where there was
spontaneous gathering.
2.4.4. Cross-check interviews
After collecting of data through questionnaire interviews and FGD, it was necessary to check the information
for justification of collected data, if there were such items which had been contradictory, then information’s
were collected from key informant. Cross-check interviews were conducted with key persons such as, upazilla
fisheires Officer and relevant NGO workers for confirmation of the information. The interviews of key
respondents were conducted in their offices.
2.5. Data processing and analysis
All the collected data were summarized and scrutinized carefully and recorded. After collection of data, these
were edited and scored. Finally, relevant tables were prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study.
Data presented mostly in the tabular form because it is simple in calculation, widely used and easy to
understand. Data were analyzed using the Microsoft excel 2007.
3. Results
3.1. Background of fish farming
Among the 50 respondents 10% fish farmers started fish farming in 1995 or before, 14% farmers started
between 1995 and 2000, 35% between 2001 and 2006 and 41% after 2006.
3.2. Current status of fish farmer
3.2.1. Age structure
Age of the respondents ranged from 20 to above 50 years. They were classified into four categories as young
(20-30 years), middle aged (31-40 years), old (41-50 years) and old above 50 years. The highest proportions
(36%) of fish farmer were middle aged and above 50 years was the lowest (14%) (Figure 2).
4. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 109
Figure 2. Age structure of the fish farmer.
3.2.2. Educational status
Most of the fish farmer had education up to primary level 44%, 24% fish farmer had secondary education, 18%
had S.S.C passed, 14% had no education (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Educational status of the fish farmer.
3.2.3. Family types and sizes
Seventy seven percent fish farmer family was jointed and nuclear family was twenty three percent. Family was
categorized as small family (members up to 5), medium family (members 6 to 10) and large family (members
above 10). Small family was 24%, medium family was 54% and large family was 18% (Table 1).
Table 1. Family size of the fish farmer in the study area.
Family size No. of fish farmer Total fish farmer (%)
Small family (members up to 5) 14 24
Medium family (members 6 to 10) 27 54
Large family (members above 10) 9 18
3.2.4. Housing status
This present study indicates that 70% houses were owned, while 8% were free use and only 22% were rented. In
the study area houses of fishermen were of three main types as I) Katcha ii) tin shed and iii) half building.
Housing condition were dominated by katcha (23%), followed by tin shed (69%) and half building (8%) (Figure
4).
32%
36%
18%
14%
20-30 years
31-40years
41 -50 years
>50 years
14%
44%
24%
18%
Noeducation
primary education
secondary education
others
5. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 110
Figure 4. House dwelling unit ownership of the fish farmer.
3.2.5. Drinking water facilities
The study showed that 100% of the fish farmer households used tube-well water for drinking purposed and
among them 64% fish farmer used their own tube-well, and 36% used neighbors tube-well (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Drinking water facilities enjoyed by fish farmer.
3.2.6. Sanitary facilities
Three types of toilets were found to be used by fish farmer: i) Katcha–made of bamboo with leaf shelter and
inadequate drainage disposal ii) Semi-puccha, made of brick with leaf or in tin shelter and inadequate drainage
disposal and iii) Pucca-made of brick with good drainage disposal. In the study 20% of toilets were katcha
while 56% were semi-pucca and only 24% were pacca (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Sanitation facilities enjoyed by the fish farmer.
3.2.7. Health facilities
Health facilities enjoyed by the fish farmer were not at all satisfactory. Generally fish farmer took health
suggestions from unskilled, nonprofessional kabiraj/village doctor. Health service status was categorized into four
groups: kabiraj, village doctor, upazila health complex and MBBS doctor. A significant proportion (28%and52%) of
fish farmer depends upon village kabiraj and village doctors who actually possess no knowledge on medical
70%
22%
8%
Own
Rented
free use
64%
36%
Own
Neighbours
20%
56%
24%
Katcha
Semi-puccha
puccha
6. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 111
science and 14% fish farmer go to upazilla health complex and only 6% got services from MBBS doctors
(Figure 7).
Figure 7. Source of health facilities for the fish farmer.
3.2.8. Electricity facility
There was no electricity in the study area. Maximum number (80%) fish farmer used solar panel. Others were
used candle lights, hurricanes or other lighting instrument.
3.2.9. Source of credit
It was found that 76% of the farmers used their own money for fish farming, 16% of the farmers received loan
from bank for farming activities and 8% of the fish farmers received loan from other sources like different
NGOs (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Source of credit of fish farmer.
3.2.10. Occupational status
The present study revealed that 24% of fish farmer were engaged in fish farming as their main occupation while
10% was in business, 50% agriculture and 16% in others (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Occupational status of the fish farmer.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Kabiraj Village doctor Upizalla health
complex
MBBS doctor
No
of
respondent
Physician status
76%
16%
8%
Own
Bank
NGO
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Fishfarming Business Agriculture others
No
of
respondent
Occupational status
7. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 112
3.2.11. Fish farming status
In this study area, most of the fish farmer engaged in poly culture. Integrated fish farming was less. Average
pond size was 3 meter. Most of the fish pond was small. Different types of fish like Rohu, (Labeo rohita), Catla
(Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) etc. were cultured. Stocking density was varied from 80 to 105 per
decimal. Fry was released in the month of April to June. The cultured fish was harvested in the month of
December.
3.2.11.1. Pond size and depth
In the present study, it was found that the average pond size was 0.48 ha (120 decimals). Maximum pond size
was 2.18 ha (540 decimal) and minimum pond size was 0.24 ha (6o decimal). The average depth of pond, in the
study area was found 3 meter. Maximum pond depth was 6 meter and minimum pond depth was 2 meter.
3.2.11.2. Ownership of the pond
In present study, it was observed that the highest number of ponds (40%) was occupied by the single owner,
20% was multiple owners, 30% was single lease and 10% was multiple leases (Figure 10).
Figure 10. Ownership of the pond.
3.2.11.3. Cultured fish species and stocking density
In the study area, the season of fish farming was from April to December. Fish fries were stocked when they
became available in April to June and were harvested primarily from December to January (Table 2). Most of
the farmers (99%) carried out poly culture and among them 1% ponds were under integrated culture system. In
this system farmer cultured mainly Indian major carps like Rohu, (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal
(Cirrhinus cirrhosus) and Exotic fish silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon
idella), Common carp (Cyprinus carpio var communis), Bighead carp (Hypopthalmithys nobilis), Sarpunti
(Puntius sarana) and Monosex Tilapia in the study area. Hatchery produced fingerlings were predominant in the
fish culture of the study area. The average stocking density was found to be 12370 fry/ha.
Table 2. Time schedule of fish farming in pond system.
Farming
Activities
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Pond preparation
Stocking
Rearing
Harvesting
3.2.11.4. Fish production cost and profit
The average total cost of fish production in the study area was observed as Tk.69870/ha/yr. The production cost
of fish was higher due to the increase of the price of fingerlings, feed, fertilizers, drugs, chemicals and labor.
Highest amount of production cost was spend for fish feed (18%) followed by fingerlings (24%), water pumping
(11%), labor (5%), lime (10%), fish marketing (7%), fertilizers (12%), miscellaneous (5%), cow-dung/organic
manure (4%) and drugs/chemicals (4%). The average profit/ha from fish culture was found to be Tk. 106400/yr
(Figure 11).
0
5
10
15
20
25
Single owner Multipleowner Single lease multple lease
No
of
respondennt
Ownership status
8. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 113
Figure 11. Fish production cost and profit of fish farmer.
3.3. Socio-economic condition
The survey suggested that farmers had improved their socio-economic conditions through fish farming, as
confirmed by 88% fish-farmers. Only 12% of the farmers had not improved their socio-economic conditions due
to poor knowledge on fish farming, high price of fish feed, poor marketing facilities and lack of money for fish
farming (Figure 12).
Figure 12. Improved socio-economic conditions through fish farming.
3.3.1. Income
Annual income of fish farmers were varied from 20,000 to 110,000 BDT. The selected fish farmers were
grouped into five categories based on the level of their annual income. The highest percentage (34%) fish
farmers earned BDT 75,000 to 100000 per year (Table 3).
Table 3. Annual incomes of the fish farmers in the study are.
Annual household income (BDT) No. of Fish farmer Total Fish farmer (%)
Up to 24,0000 3 6
24,000-50,000 8 16
50,001-75,000 12 24
75,001-100000 17 34
>100001 10 20
Among 50 farmers, it was found that before fish farming 48% fish farmer earned between Tk. 10,000-20,000
per month. Thirty four percent earned between TK. 20,000-30,000 per month and only 48% earned above TK.
30,000 per month. After fish farming their monthly income was increased. The survey suggested that 28% fish
farmer earned TK. 10,000-20,000 per month, 41% earned TK. 20,000-30,000 per month and 30% above TK.
30,000 after fish faring. Average fish income was TK. 15,000-25,000 per month (Table 4).
0
5
10
15
20
25
No
of
respondent
Production cost
88%
12%
Improved
Not improved
9. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 114
Table 4. Variation in monthly income.
Before fish farming After fish farming
Monthly
income
No. of fish
farmer
Total fish farmer
(%)
Monthly
income
No. of fish
farmer
Total fish farmer
(%)
10,000-20,000 24 48 10,000-
20,000
14 28
20,000-
30,000
17 34 20,000-
30,000
21 41
>30,000 9 18 >30,000 15 30
(Note: Time interval between before fish farming and after fish farming was 10 years)
3.3.2. Food
Food is a basic need of human being. In the study area the farmer ate rice, fish, meat, milk, egg etc. More than
50% fish farmer taken 3 times meal in a day. Most of them took fish as a meal in a day. In the study area it was
found that, before fish farming 64% fish farmer taken 2 times meal per day, 24% fish farmer taken 1 time meal
per day and only 12% farmer taken 3 times meal per day. It also found that, they had taken fish for meal only 0-
1 day in a week and meat or milk rarely. After fish farming 57% fish farmer had taken 3 times meal per day,
27% fish farmer had taken 2times meal per day and only 16% fish farmer had taken 1 time meal per day. They
also took fish for meal 5-6 days in a week and meat or milk once or twice in a week (Table 5 and 6).
Table 5. Variation in meal frequency.
Meal frequency/day
Before fish farming After fish farming
Time/day No. of fish
farmer
Total fish farmer
(%)
Time/day No. of fish
farmer
Total fish farmer
(%)
1 time/day 12 24 1 time/day 8 16
2 times/day times/day 32 64 2 times/day 14 27
3 times/day 6 12 3 times/day 28 57
(Note: Time interval between before fish farming and after fish farming was 10 years)
Table 6. Variation of food taken facility.
Food items Before fish farming After fish farming
Rice Daily Daily
Fish 0-1 day/week 5-6 days/week
Vegetables 4-5days/week 4-5 days/week
Meat/milk Rarely Once or twice in a week every week
(Note: Time interval between before fish farming and after fish farming was 10 years)
3.3.3. Cloth
In the study area, before fish farming 68% bought cloth for their family 1time in a year, 24% bought cloth 2
times in a year and 8% bought cloth 3 times in a year. After fish farming 46% bought cloth 2 times in a year,
36% bought cloth 2 times in a year and 18% bought cloth 1 time in a year (Table 7).
Table 7. Variation in cloth buying facility.
Before fish farming After fish farming
Time/year No. of fish
farmer
Total fish farmer
(%)
Time/year No. of fish
farmer
Total fish
farmer (%)
1 time/year 34 68 1 time/year 18 36
2times/year 12 24 2times/year 23 46
3times/year 4 8 3times/year 9 18
(Note: Time interval between before fish farming and after fish farming was 10 years)
10. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 115
3.3.5. Home
In the study area, before fish farming 52% farmer’s house were katcha, 34% had tin shed and 14% had puccha.
After fish farming 62% farmer’s house had tin shed, 24% had katcha and 14% had puccha (Table 8).
Table 8. Variation in home condition facility.
Before fish farming After fish farming
House
condition
No. of fish
farmer
Total fish farmer
(%)
House
condition
No. of fish
farmer
Total fish
farmer (%)
Katcha 26 52 Katcha 12 24
Tinshed 17 34 Tinshed 31 62
Puccha 7 14 Puccha 7 14
(Note: Time interval between before fish farming and after fish farming was 10 years)
3.3.4. Children education
In the study area, before fish farming only 46% fish farmers’ children got primary education, 28% were
illiterate, 18% got secondary education and only 8% got above secondary education. After fish farming 54%
farmers’ children got primary education, 24% got secondary education, 18% got above secondary education and
only 4% were illiterate (Table 9).
Table 9. Variation in education facility.
Before fish farming After fish farming
Education
level
No. of fish
farmer
children
Total fish farmer
children (%)
Education
level
No. of fish
farmer
children
Total fish farmer
children (%)
Illiterate 14 28 Illiterate 2 4
Primary
education
23 46 Primary education 27 54
Secondary 9 18 Secondary 12 24
>secondary 4 8 >secondary 9 18
(Note: Time interval between before fish farming and after fish farming was 10 years)
3.3.6. Medical
In the study area, before fish farming 72% fish farmer took medical facility from kabiraj, 22% got from village
doctor, 4% took from upazilla health complex and only 2% got from MBBS doctors. After fish farming, 42%
had taken medical facilities from village doctor, 28% from kabiraj, 18% from upazilla health complex and 12%
from MBBS doctors (Table 10).
Table 10. Variation in taking medical facility by the fish farmer.
Before fish farming After fish farming
Physician
status
No. of fish
farmer
Total fish farmer
(%)
Physician
status
No. of fish
farmer
Total fish farmer
(%)
Kabiraj 36 72 Kabiraj 14 28
Village
doctor
11 22 Village
doctor
21 42
Upizilla
health
complex
2 4 Upizilla
health
complex
9 18
MBBS 1 2 MBBS 6 12
(Note: Time interval between before fish farming and after fish farming was 10 years)
3.4. Constraints of fish farming
Present survey revealed that 40% of the fish farmers identified fish disease as the single most important problem
in fish farming in the study area. Here respondents identified that non availability of fish fry 20%, pouching
11. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 116
16%, poor technical knowledge 14%, lack of quality feed 4% and lack of money 6% to be the most important
problems respectively (Figure 13).
Figure 13. Constrains of fish farming in the study area.
4. Discussion
Among 50 farmers, it was found that the highest proportions (36%) of fish farmer were middle aged (31 years-
40 years) and above 50 years was the lowest (14%). Kaiya et al, (1987) found that fish culture efficiency varied
with the age and number of owners of pond in Tangail district. Vaumik et al. (2017) stated that, 30% farmers
were 31-35 years old, 31% were between 36-40 in Lalmonirhat district. Sharif et al. (2015) concluded 85%
farmer has the age of 40 and above in Jessore district. Islam et al. (2015) founded in sundarban the maximum
age level was 20-30 years old. Islam et al. (2014) revealed 44% farmer had a age level 31-40 years as well as
Asif and Habib (2017) research found the 38% people has an age group of 51-60 years which is similar with the
present study. Present study revealed that fish farmer had 44% education up to primary level, 24% fish farmer
had secondary education, 18% had S.S.C passed and 14% had no education. Zaman et.al, (2006) found that
23.3% farmers were illiterate whereas 14.4%, 8.9% and 6.7% were educated up to primary, secondary and
higher secondary or above level respectively in Rajshahi district. Asif et al. (2015) 46% of traders have
institutional education; Asif and Habib (2017) stated 36% had primary level, 42% had secondary level (up to
X), 10% had S.S.C. level, 4% had H.S.C. level and 4% had bachelor level of education. Hossain et al. (2016b)
found most of the respondents (40%) are illiterate. In Meherpur another study found 16% farmer had primary
level, 36% had secondary level, 20% had S.S.C. level, 14% had H.S.C. level, and 6% had bachelor level of
education. Hossain et al. (2015) mentioned only 18.33% are secondary educated in Dinajpur district. Rahman et
al. (2017) mentioned that, 33% of the contact farmers had up to secondary level of education (S.S.C) and only
7% of the contact farmers had masters’ degree and Sultana et al. (2015) revealed 44% of farmers had age of 36
to 50 years which is more or less similar with present study. In the study area 77% of fish farmer family was
jointed and 23% percentage fish farmer family was nuclear. Joint family was predominant in the study area
which also correspondents well with the findings of Ali et.al, (2009) in Mymensingh district; Ali et al. (2016);
Asif et al. (2015); Asif and Habib (2017); Hossain et al. (2015); Hossain et al. (2015); Sharif et al. (2015);
Vaumik et al. (2017) and Zaman et al. (2017) also found the similar family in their research. Moreover, it was
found that Small family was 24%, medium family was 54% and large family was 18%. Farid et al. (2013) found
that, 58% fishermen were lived in joint families which are similar with the present study. Masud (2000)
observed in his study that average family size of farmers related to fish culture in inundated water bodies was
6.36 (members) in Kishorgonj district. The study indicated that 70% houses were owned, while 8% were free
use and only 22% were rented. About 69% households of the fish farmer were tinshed, 23% katcha and only 8%
half building. Rahman (2003) reported that 70% of were katcha, while 21% were semi-pucca and only 9% were
pucca in Gazipur district. Ahmed (2001) also found that 62% of katcha housing structure of prawn farmers in
Mymensingh area. Asif and Habib (2017) stated around 88% had concrete house in Jhikargachha upazila,
Jessore which is not similar with the study. Sharif et al. (2015) found 54% farmers used semi pucca, 19% of fish
farmers used to live pucca houses and rest of 27% farmers used to live earthen houses in Chaugachha, Jessore.
Islam et al. (2014) revealed full katcha (17 %) houses were few, while the semipucca (40%) and pucca (43%)
houses were more abundant. Hundred percentage of the studied fishermen used tube-wells’ water for drinking
purposes and among them 64% fishermen had own tube-well and 36% used neighbors tube-well. Kabir et.al,
0
5
10
15
20
25
Fish disease Non
availability of
fish fry
pouching Poor technical
knowladge
Lack of
quality feed
Lack of
money
No
of
respondent
Constrains
12. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 117
(2012) found that the highest (100%) fishermen of the Old Brahmaputra River used tube-well water for
drinking purposes, among them 40% had their own tube-well, 50% used shared tube-well and remaining 10%
used neighbors tube-well. Same study conducted by Ali et al. (2016); Asif et al. (2015); Asif and Habib(2017);
Hossain et al. (2015); Sharif et al. (2015); Rahman et al. (2014); Vaumik et al. (2017); Zaman et al. (2017);
Shabuj et al. (2016a) and Razeim et al. (2017) also they have found the similar results. In the study 20% of
toilets were katcha while 56% were semi-pucca and only 24% were pacca. The present study revealed that the
sanitary conditions of the fish farmers were relatively satisfactory than fish farmers in Mymensingh district
where Ali et.al, (2009) in his study found that 62.5% of the farmers had semi-pucca, 25% had kancha (made of
bamboo with leaf shelter and inadequate drainage disposal) and 12.5% had pucca toilet. Asif et al. (2015); Asif
and Habib (2017); Hossain et al. (2015) and Islam et al. (2014) also found the similar results. Among 50 fish
farmers, it was found that respectively 52% and 28% fish farmer took medical facility from unskilled,
nonprofessional village doctor and kabiraj. Fourteen percentage took medical facility from upazilla health
complex and only 6% took medical facility from MBBS doctor. Ali et.al, (2008) found that 46% of the farmers
received health service from village doctors, 18% from upazila healthcomplex, 14% from district hospitaland
20% from MBBS doctors in Rajshahi district. Asif et al. (2015); Asif and Habib(2017); Hossain et al. (2015);
Sharif et al. (2015); Vaumik et al. (2017) and Islam et al. (2014) have had the similar results with present
study. Maximum number (76%) fish farmer invested their own money, 16% took loan from bank and 8% took
loan from NGO in the study area. Quddus et al., (2000) found that, in Demra, Dhaka only 34% farmers got bank
loan for fish culture while majority (53%) of farmers expend from their own sources. Sharif and Asif (2015)
stated, 40% farmers got loan from bank whereas 35% farmers took loan from local moneylenders with high
interest of credit. Asif et al. (2014) also stated that, 24% farmers got loan from bank whereas 31% farmers took
loan from local moneylenders which is similar with the present study. In the study area it was found that 24%
took fish farming as their main occupation, 10% in business, 50% in agriculture and 16% in others which was
more or less similar to the findings of Alam and Bashar (1995). Asif and Habib (2017); Asif et al. (2015); Asif
and Habib (2017); Islam et al. (2014); Razeim et al. (2017); Ali et al. (2016); Zaman et al. (2017) and Sharif et
al. (2015) conducted survey on major occupation of fish farmer and their results is more or less similar with the
present study. Present study revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha (120 decimals). Khan (1986) stated that
fish culture efficiency varied with the size of ponds in Bangladesh. The average depth of pond depth is 3 meter.
Razeim et al. (2017) found farm size of the Pangas farmers varied from 0.20 to 6.06 hectares. The average farm
size was 1.35 hectare with a standard deviation of 1.01. According to DoF (2010) the average depth of ponds in
Bangladesh is between 2 and 5 meter which correspond well with the study. Highest number of pond (40%)
occupied by single owner, 20% was multiple owner, 30% was single lease and 10% was multiple lease. Hossain
et al. (2002) reported that multiple pond ownership was a major constrains for pond aquaculture in Naogoan.
The average stocking density was found to be 12,370 fry/ha. Alam (2006) found the average stocking density
was 17,262 fry/ha at Mithapuqur upazila in Rangpur district which was higher than the present study. Haq et al.
(2017); Zafar et al. (2017) and Shajib et al. (2017) found the similar stocking densities with the present studies.
The average total cost of fish production in the study area was observed as Tk.69870/ha/yr. Ahmed (2003)
found average fish production cost of Tk. 23,210 to Tk. 24,790/ha in Bangladesh. The average profit/ha from
fish culture was found to be Tk. 106400/yr. Quddus et al. (2000) observed that in case of extensive, improve
extensive and semi-intensive categories of culture net profit from fish culture were Tk. 46,600, Tk. 63,000 and
Tk.92,000 respectively in Demra, Dhaka. Similar findings are also found by the study of Hossain et al. (2016a);
Islam et al. (2017c); Rahaman et al. (2015); Rahman et al. (2017) and Rahman et al. (2015). The income profile
is the main economic indicator of natural development. Majority of farmers (48%) had income around BDT
10000-20,000 per month before fish farming and after fish farming 41% had above BDT 20,000-30,000 per
month and income level of fish farmers increased and no one had income below BDT 10,000 per month.
Average income of fish farmer was 15,000-25,000 per month. Okorie (2000) reported that average monthly
income from cage culture was BDT 2250 (USD$30). The highest percentage (34%) fish farmers earned BDT
75,000 to 1,00,000 per year. It was higher than the national average BDT 28,430 (BBS, 2004). The present
findings of annual income of fish farmers correspond well with the findings of Rahman et al. (2012) in Noakhali
district. Khan et al. (1998) stated that levels of family income are important economic factor affecting
utilization of pond fish farming in Mymensingh district. Before fish farming highest number (64%) of fish
farmer ate 2 times in a day. One time of the day they starved. Little number (12%) could take 3 times meal per
day. Siddika et al. (2016) reveals their study in Jessore district and found that maximum labor took nutrias food.
After fish farming the highest number (57%) of fish farmer could eat 3 times meal per day. Lowest number
(16%) could take 1 time meal per day due to their lack of technical knowledge, multiple ownership, pouching,
non availability of fry and fertilizer etc. Cloth is another basic need. In the study area their cloth variation
13. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 118
unchanged. Usually they put on Lungi, Punjabi, Shirt, Gangi etc. However, their buying capability of cloth
increased due to fish farming. It observed that maximum number (68%) of fish farmer had ability to bought
cloth 1 time per year and 24% could 2 times before fish farming. This percentage changed respectively 36% and
46% after fish farming. Home is an area where people feel secured. Home condition indicates the socio
economic condition of an area. This study revealed that maximum number (52%) fish farmers,
home was katcha
and 34% home was tin shed before fish farming. After fish farming, this condition was changed 24% and 62%
respectively. In present study area it was found that before fish farming the percentage of illiterate child was
28%, 46% was primary going children, secondary education was taken by 18% children and 8% took above
secondary education. After fish farming this condition was changed 4%, 54%, 24% and18% respectively. Asif
et al. (2015) and Asif and Habib (2017) studied about farmer’s children education and the result is similar with
present study. The study showed that 18% fish farmer went to upazilla health complex and 12% went to the
MBBS doctor after fish farming which is similar with the study of Asif et al. (2015) and Asif and Habib (2017).
Dey et al. (2010); found the tendency of going to village doctor and kabiraj increases from 38% to 50% and
12% to 32% respectively in Monpura, Noakhali, Bangladesh. Khatun et al. (2013) stated ,74% the of fish
farmers received health service from village doctors and remaining 22% and 4% got health service from upazila
health complex and MBBS doctors respectively which is relevant with the present study . From the survey, it
was found that, multiple ownership, lack of scientific knowledge, lack of carp seed, lack of feed, disease and
proper treatment and pouching were most constraints for fish production. Similar study were conducted by
Vaumik et al. (2017); Yeasmin et al. (2016); Zaman et al. (2017); Sharif et al. (2015); Chowdhury et al. (2015);
Hossain et al. (2017); Neowajh et al. (2017); Islam et al. (2017b) and Shabuj et al. (2017b), their findings were
lack of credit, technical knowledge and diseases emphasize the main constrain in aquaculture in respective study
area.
5. Conclusions
This study was conducted to know the pond fish farming systems, livelihoods and socio-economic condition of
rural fish farmers. The fish farming sector plays important economic role in Noakhali district through
production of valuable cash crop, increasing food production, and increasing employment opportunities.
However, concerns have arisen about the long-term sustainability of fish farming due to lack of technical
knowledge, poor supply of fish seed and marketing problems. The lack of technical knowledge in fish farm
management may have an effect on productivity.
Conflict of interest
None to declare.
References
Ahmed NU, 2001. Socio-economic aspects of freshwater prawn culture development in Mymensingh,
Bangladesh. A report prepared for ICLARM.
Ahmed NU, 2003. Fisheries sector in Bangladesh. Economy and Development of livelihood. Fish Fortnight
Compendium, Department of Fisheries, Bangladesh, 86p.
Ahmed S and K Wilde, 2011. Setting the Stage (Chapter 1, co-author), Moving Coastlines: Emergence and Use
of Land in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Estuary, Dhaka, University Press Limited. pp. 1-19.
Alam G, 2006. Status of fish farming and livelihoods of fish farmers in some selected areas of Mithapuqur
Upazila in Rangpur district. M.S. Thesis, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural
University, Mymensingh, 59 p.
Alam MF and MA Bashar, 1995. Structure of cost and profitability of small scale riverine fishing in
Bangladesh. J. Res. Prog., 9: 235-241.
Ali MH, MAK Azad, M Anisuzzaman, MMR Chowdhury, M Hoque and MI Sharful, 2009. Livelihood status of
the fish farmers in some selected areas of TarakandaUpazila of Mymensingh district. J. Agrofor. Environ., 3:
85-89.
Ali MH, MD Hossain, ANGM Hasan and MA Bashar, 2008. Assessment of the livelihood status of the fish
farmers in some selected areas of Bagmara upazilla under Rajshahi district. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ., 6:
367–374.
Ali MM, AA Asif, MAI Shabuj, S Vaumik, MA Zafar and BMN Sharif, 2016. Status of polyculture Pangasius
hypophthalmus with carps in Jhikargacha Upazila of Jessore District, Bangladesh. International Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4: 423-430.
14. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 119
Asif AA and MAB Habib, 2017. Socio-economic condition of fish farmers of Jhikargachha upazila in Jessore
district, Bangladesh. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res., 3: 462-475.
Asif AA, MA Samad, BMS Rahman, MA Rahman, MH Rahman, SM Yeasmin, and A Nima, 2014. Study on
Management of Fish Fry and Fingerling Marketing of Jessore in Bangladesh. International Journal of
Business, Social and Scientific Research, 2: 127-135.
Asif AA, MA Samad, MH Rahman, MA Farid, SM Yeasmin and BMS Rahman, 2015. Socio-economic
condition of fish fry and fingerling traders in greater Jessore region, Bangladesh. International Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 2: 290-293.
BBS, 1980 to 2016 (various issues). Statistical yearbook of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,
Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
Chowdhury AA, MS Uddin, S Vaumik and AA Asif, 2015. Aqua drugs and chemicals used in aquaculture of
Zakigonj upazilla, Sylhet. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res., 1: 336-349.
Demaine H, 2011. Wild Fisheries and Aquaculture. In de Wilde Koen (Ed.), Moving Coastlines. The University
Press Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dey SC, BS Sarker, DSaha and RK Adhikary, 2010. Impacts of banning period on the socio-economic condition
of hilsa fishermen of Monpura island, Bangladesh. Int. J. BioRes., 2: 31-36.
DoF, 2017. Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics of Bangladesh 2016-17. Fisheries Resources Survey System
(FRSS), Department of Fisheries. Bangladesh : Director General, 34: 129.
Farid ABBMS, S Mondal, KA Satu, RK Adhikary and D Saha, 2013. Management and socio-economic
conditions of fishermen of the Baluhar Baor, Jhenaidah, Bangladesh. Journal of Fisheries 1: 30-36.
Haq ME, M Rahman, A Hossain, AA Asif, H Rahman, P Chwakravorty, A Satter and MS Islam, 2017.
Comparative growth performance between monosex and natural XY male tilapia in Noakhali region,
Bangladesh. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res., 3: 391-397.
Hossain A, MAR Hossain, AA Asif, S Ahmed and A Satter, 2017. Fish fermentation in Lalpur, Brahmanbaria
district: ecological implication and value chain analysis. Asian-Australasian J. Biosci. Biotechnol., 2: 159-
172.
Hossain MA, AA Asif, MA Zafar, MT Hossain, MS Alam and MA Islam, 2015. Marketing of fish and fishery
products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fish retailers. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Studies, 3: 86-92.
Hossain MA, MAR Khan and MA Mannan, 2002. Present status of pond fishery in Dhamaihat Upazila,
Naogoan. Univ. J. Zool. Rajshahi. Univ., 21: 79-80.
Hossain MT, MS Alam, MH Rahman, AA Asif and SM Rahmatullah, 2016a. Present status of Indian major carp
broodstock management at the hatcheries in Jessore region of Bangladesh. Asian-Australasian J. Biosci.
Biotechnol., 1: 362-370.
Hossain MZ, A Pal, MA Hasan, MS Parvej, N Nahar and AA Asif, 2016b. Nutritional status and socio-
demographic characteristics of the people of south-west coastal region in Bangladesh. Asian-Australasian J.
Biosci. Biotechnol., 1: 323-332.
Islam FMK, AA Asif, M Ahmed, MS Islam, B Sarker, MA Zafar and M Rahman, 2017a. Performances of
resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar upazila, Meherpur, Bangladesh. International
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5: 281-288.
Islam MA, AA Asif, MA Samad, BMS Rahman, MH Rahman, A Nima and SM Yeasmin, 2014. Socio-
economic conditions of the fish farmers in Jessore, Bangladesh. International Journal of Business, Social and
Scientific Research. 2: 153-160.
Islam MD, SM Rahmatullah, M Ahmed, AA Asif, A Satter, B Sarker, A Hossain and S Mojumder, 2017b.
Aquatic weeds diversity of Bangladesh Agricultural University Campus, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Asian-
Australasian J. Biosci. Biotechnol., 2: 181-192.
Islam MM, AA Asif, S Vaumik, MA Zafar, BMN Sharif, MH Rahman and S Shahriyar, 2015. Socio economic
status of fry collectors at Sundarban region. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 3: 89-94.
Islam MS, AA Asif, B Sarker, A Satter, M Ahmed, M Rahman, MA Zafar and SM Rahmatullah, 2017c. Fry
production and its marketing system of North-West fisheries extension project at Parbatipur, Dinajpur,
Bangladesh. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res., 3: 368-378.
Jia J, U Wijkstrom, RP Subasinghe and U Barg, 2001. Aquaculture development beyond 2000: global prospects,
Keynote Address II. In Subasinghe RP, P Bueno, MJ Phillips, C Hough, SE McGladdery and JR Arthur, eds.
Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third
Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000. pp. 9-12. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome.
15. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 120
Kabir KMR, RK Adhikary, MB Hossain and MH Minar. 2012. Livelihood Status of Fishermen of the Old
Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh. World Appl. Sci. J., 16: 869-873.
Kaiya MKU, MFA Mollah and MS Islam, 1987. Survey of pond resources of Mirzapur Upazila under Tangail
district. Bangladesh J. Fish., 10: 37-43.
Khan MS, 1986. Socio-economic factors in the development of fisheries. Bangladesh J. Agril. Econ., 10: 43-47.
Khatun S, RK Adhikary, M Rahman, MNA Sikder and MB Hossain, 2013. Socioeconomic status of pond fish
farmers of Charbata, Noakhali, Bangladesh. Int. J. Life Sc. Bt. Pharm. Res., 2: 356-365.
Masud SM, 2000. An economic analysis of fish culture in inundated water bodies under the supervision of
SAPAP in some selected areas of Kishorgonj district. M.S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics,
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 83 pp.
Neowajh MS, MM Rashid, AA Asif, MA Zafar and A Hossain, 2017. Effects of chemotherapeutics against
experimentally injured stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res., 3: 476-487.
Okorie PU, 2000. Socio-economic appraisal of cage culture Nogutake, Nigera. Department of Animal and
Environmental Biology, ltrw State University. IMB., Owerri, Nigeria.
Perry RI, RE Omner, E Allison, MC Badjeck, M Barange and L Hamilton, 2009. The human dimensions of
marine ecosystem change: interactions between changes in marine ecosystems and human communities. In:
Barange M, C Field, R Harris, E Hoffmann, I Perry, C Werner, eds. Global change and marine ecosystems.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Quddus MA, MS Rahman and Moni, 2000. Socioeconomic conditions of pond owners of Demra, Dhaka.
Bangladesh J. Fish. Res., 4: 203-207.
Rahaman MM, MA Zafar, BMN Sharif, P Paul, AA Asif, MM Islam and MI Hossain, 2015. Tilapia
(Oreochromis mossambicus) marketing system in greater Jessore region, Bangladesh. International Journal
of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 3: 95-103.
Rahman H, JA Mirza, A Hossain, AA Asif, E Haq, P Chwakravorty and M Rahman, 2017. Economics of fish
production in paddy fields in Bangladesh. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res., 3: 379-390.
Rahman KMM, M Nahar, RK Adhikary, NS Khan, MM Rahman, M Asadujjaman and MA Rahman, 2014.
Socio-economic condition and occupation migration of fisherman of the Jamuna river under Shirajgonj
district in Bangladesh. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 22: 633-638.
Rahman M, MF Tazim, SC Dey, AKMS Azamand and MR Islam, 2012. Alternative livelihood options of
fishermen of Nijhum Dwip under Hatiya upazila of Noakhali district, Bangladesh Asian J. Rural Dev., 2:
24-31.
Rahman MH, MA Rahman, MMM Hossain, SM Yeasmin and AA Asif, 2015. Effect of feeding management of
broodstock on breeding performance of bata (Labeo bata). Asian J. Med. Biol. Res., 1: 553-568.
Rahman MM, 2003. Socio-economic aspects of carp culture development in Gazipur, Bangladesh. M.S. thesis,
Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. 72 pp.
Razeim MA, MG Farouque, MA Sarker, AA Asif and M Ahmed, 2017. Attitude of farmers towards Pangas
farming for their livelihood improvement. Asian-Australasian J. Biosci. Biotechnol., 2: 106-119.
Shabuj MAI, AA Asif, O Faruq, MR Bari and MA Rahman, 2016a. Brood stock management and induced
breeding of Thai Pangus (Pangasius hypophthalmus) practiced in the hatcheries of Jessore region,
Bangladesh. International Journal of Business, Social and Scientific Research, 4: 235-246.
Shabuj MAI, T Bairagi, AA Asif, O Faruq, MR Bari and MS Neowajh, 2016b. Shrimp disease investigation and
culture strategies in Bagerhat district, Bangladesh. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res., 1: 545-552.
Shajib MSH, B Sarker, AA Asif, MM Rahman, MA Zafar and A Hossain, 2017. Effects of stocking density on
the growth rate of gold fish fry reared in hapa. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res., 3: 504-515.
Sharif BMN and AA Asif, 2015. Present status of fish hatchlings and fry production management in greater
Jessore, Bangladesh. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 2: 123-127.
Sharif BMN, AA Asif, S Vaumik, MA Zafar, MM Islam and MA Samad, 2015. Socio-economic condition of
fish farmer and trader at the village of Pitamborpur in Chaugachha upazilla in Jessore, Bangladesh.
International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 3: 212-217.
Siddika T, RK Adhikary, MHU Jaman, S Khondoker, N Tabassum and MFU Zaman, 2016. Socio economic
conditions of the hatchery labors in Chanchra area of Jessore district in Bangladesh. Agric. For. Fish., 5: 30-
36.
Sultana N, AA Asif, MMI Dihider, SM Ahsan and FS Maraj, 2015. Usefulness of Farm Women Training
Programmes in Livelihood Security. International Journal of Business, Social and Scientific Research, 4: 13-
24.
16. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2018, 3 (2) 121
Vaumik S, SK Sarker, MS Uddin, MT Alam, A Satter and AA Asif, 2017. Constraints and Prospects of Fish
Farming in Lalmonirhat District. International Journal of Business, Social and Scientific Research, 5: 201-
210.
Yeasmin SM, MA Rahman, MMM Hossain, MH Rahman and AA Asif, 2016. Identification of causative agent
for fungal infection and effect of disinfectants on hatching and survival rate of common carp (C. carpio)
larvae. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res., 1:578-588.
Zafar MA, MZ Hasan, MM Ali and AA Asif, 2017. Growth and production performance of Vietnamese koi
(Anabas testudineus) with Magur (Clarias batrachus) at different stocking densities. Asian-Australasian J.
Biosci. Biotechnol., 2: 226-237.
Zaman MFU, MA Samad, MA Islam, MHU Jaman, S Khondoker and AA Asif, 2017. Assessment of
sustainability of Pangasius (Pangasius hypophthalmus) farming at Jhikargachha upazila in Jessore district,
Bangladesh. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 4: 109-119.
Zaman T, MAS Jeweland and AS Bhuiyan, 2006. Present status of pond fishery resources and livelihood of the
fish farmers of MohanpurUpazila in Rajshahi District. Univ. J. Zool. Rajshahi Univ., 25: 31-35.