The document summarizes a study that monitored water quality and benthic ecosystems around fish farms in Igoumenitsa Bay, Greece between 2011-2012. Water samples found increased nutrients like phosphorus near the fish farms, especially in summer, indicating localized eutrophication. A dispersion model showed waste from the farms could spread over 120 meters, mostly towards the coast. The benthic ecosystem was not significantly disturbed, though a biotic index found potential ecological risk in summer. Increased feeding and fish metabolism in summer, combined with seasonal currents, contributed to the localized nutrient increase near the farms.
2009 assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogenearambulm3
This document summarizes a study that investigated nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing periods for a fish cage farm located in a shallow lake in China. The study analyzed total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels in lake water and sediment during two fish rearing cycles from 2000-2001. Key findings include:
1) Nutrient levels increased more during the first rearing cycle than the second.
2) Impacts were greatest near the cages (underneath and at cage sides), with higher sedimentation of nitrogen and phosphorus observed at cage sides.
3) After 3 months of fallowing, water nutrient levels decreased significantly but sediment nutrient levels remained high, indicating recovery occurs during fallowing
The multivariate statistical analysis of the environmental pollutants at lake...Alexander Decker
1. The document analyzes environmental pollutants in Lake Nyamagoma in Tanzania using multivariate statistical analysis of water samples collected from 8 sites during the wet season.
2. The results show variation in pollutant levels controlled by factors like primary productivity, redox conditions, dissolution, nitrification, denitrification, mixing, and reduction processes, as well as human activities in the area.
3. Four factors were extracted from the analysis: 1) high turbidity and primary productivity, 2) cation exchange processes, 3) variation in pollutants by depth and nutrients from the catchment, and 4) reduction processes and increased salinity.
This document summarizes a study comparing the ecology of two ponds in southern India with different management practices. Water quality parameters and plant biodiversity were analyzed seasonally. One pond hosted migratory birds and was protected as a wildlife reserve, while the other was used for irrigation and faced more human impacts. Water quality varied between ponds, with higher sulfate levels in the migratory bird pond. More plant species and individuals were found in the protected pond, indicating it supported a more stable ecosystem. The study highlights the importance of understanding pond ecology in relation to utilization and management for conservation.
Aspects of the Geomorphology and Limnology of some molluscinhabited freshwate...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study of the geomorphology and limnology of 25 freshwater bodies in northern Nigeria that are inhabited by molluscs. A total of 14 mollusc species from 9 families were found across the water bodies. Measurements of the water bodies showed variations in elevation, size, substrate, and vegetation. Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, and hardness also varied significantly between sites. Linear regression analysis revealed relationships between elevation and other factors. Canonical correspondence analysis established relationships between mollusc distributions and environmental characteristics. The study provides information on the habitats and water quality conditions of mollusc-inhabited freshwaters in northern Nigeria.
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
Rainy seasonal analysis of Physico-chemical parameters of Mukungwa River at N...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water availability and quality are important factors that determine not only where people can live, but also the quality of life. The Mukungwa river is affected by rainy season especially at Ngaru point before discharge in Nyabarongo river, where its physico-chemical properties are seasonally changed. This may cause serious problems on all forms of life in the river. Objective of this work was to assess the impacts of rainy season on physico-chemical properties of Mukugwa River before discharging into Nyabarongo River at Ngaru. The parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TSS), phosphates, nitrates, and ammonium were monitored in three rainy seasons: April, 2012; October, 2012 and May, 2017 respectively. In this research, pH, temperature, electric conductivity were analyzed in situ using multifunction pH-meter and others parameters, were analyzed in laboratory using electrometric, volumetric, turbidity tube and colorimetric methods. The measured values for each parameter in three seasons were analyzed using MS Excel, and then compared to their international standards for surface water delivered by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings showed high variation of TSS (134mg/l, 178mg/l, and 582mg/l), turbidity (322NTU, 317NTU and 1560NTU) and ammonium (0.498mg/L, 0.536mg/L and 0.78mg/L) in three rainy seasons assessed. The quality of Mukungwa River needs prevention measures in order to control its pollution by erosion.
Inorganic and methylmercury do they transfer along a tropical coastal food ...racheltrans
This study evaluated methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (Hginorg) concentrations in water, plankton, and fish from Guanabara Bay, a eutrophic coastal area in Brazil. The aims were to compare the trophic transfer and biomagnification of MeHg and Hginorg between different trophic levels in the food web, from plankton to predatory fish. Water, microplankton, mesoplankton, and muscle tissue from 7 fish species with different feeding habits were sampled. Results showed that MeHg concentrations and proportions increased with trophic level, while Hginorg decreased, indicating MeHg was the species that biomagnified. MeHg also reflected the vertical
2009 assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogenearambulm3
This document summarizes a study that investigated nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing periods for a fish cage farm located in a shallow lake in China. The study analyzed total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels in lake water and sediment during two fish rearing cycles from 2000-2001. Key findings include:
1) Nutrient levels increased more during the first rearing cycle than the second.
2) Impacts were greatest near the cages (underneath and at cage sides), with higher sedimentation of nitrogen and phosphorus observed at cage sides.
3) After 3 months of fallowing, water nutrient levels decreased significantly but sediment nutrient levels remained high, indicating recovery occurs during fallowing
The multivariate statistical analysis of the environmental pollutants at lake...Alexander Decker
1. The document analyzes environmental pollutants in Lake Nyamagoma in Tanzania using multivariate statistical analysis of water samples collected from 8 sites during the wet season.
2. The results show variation in pollutant levels controlled by factors like primary productivity, redox conditions, dissolution, nitrification, denitrification, mixing, and reduction processes, as well as human activities in the area.
3. Four factors were extracted from the analysis: 1) high turbidity and primary productivity, 2) cation exchange processes, 3) variation in pollutants by depth and nutrients from the catchment, and 4) reduction processes and increased salinity.
This document summarizes a study comparing the ecology of two ponds in southern India with different management practices. Water quality parameters and plant biodiversity were analyzed seasonally. One pond hosted migratory birds and was protected as a wildlife reserve, while the other was used for irrigation and faced more human impacts. Water quality varied between ponds, with higher sulfate levels in the migratory bird pond. More plant species and individuals were found in the protected pond, indicating it supported a more stable ecosystem. The study highlights the importance of understanding pond ecology in relation to utilization and management for conservation.
Aspects of the Geomorphology and Limnology of some molluscinhabited freshwate...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study of the geomorphology and limnology of 25 freshwater bodies in northern Nigeria that are inhabited by molluscs. A total of 14 mollusc species from 9 families were found across the water bodies. Measurements of the water bodies showed variations in elevation, size, substrate, and vegetation. Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, and hardness also varied significantly between sites. Linear regression analysis revealed relationships between elevation and other factors. Canonical correspondence analysis established relationships between mollusc distributions and environmental characteristics. The study provides information on the habitats and water quality conditions of mollusc-inhabited freshwaters in northern Nigeria.
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
Rainy seasonal analysis of Physico-chemical parameters of Mukungwa River at N...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water availability and quality are important factors that determine not only where people can live, but also the quality of life. The Mukungwa river is affected by rainy season especially at Ngaru point before discharge in Nyabarongo river, where its physico-chemical properties are seasonally changed. This may cause serious problems on all forms of life in the river. Objective of this work was to assess the impacts of rainy season on physico-chemical properties of Mukugwa River before discharging into Nyabarongo River at Ngaru. The parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TSS), phosphates, nitrates, and ammonium were monitored in three rainy seasons: April, 2012; October, 2012 and May, 2017 respectively. In this research, pH, temperature, electric conductivity were analyzed in situ using multifunction pH-meter and others parameters, were analyzed in laboratory using electrometric, volumetric, turbidity tube and colorimetric methods. The measured values for each parameter in three seasons were analyzed using MS Excel, and then compared to their international standards for surface water delivered by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings showed high variation of TSS (134mg/l, 178mg/l, and 582mg/l), turbidity (322NTU, 317NTU and 1560NTU) and ammonium (0.498mg/L, 0.536mg/L and 0.78mg/L) in three rainy seasons assessed. The quality of Mukungwa River needs prevention measures in order to control its pollution by erosion.
Inorganic and methylmercury do they transfer along a tropical coastal food ...racheltrans
This study evaluated methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (Hginorg) concentrations in water, plankton, and fish from Guanabara Bay, a eutrophic coastal area in Brazil. The aims were to compare the trophic transfer and biomagnification of MeHg and Hginorg between different trophic levels in the food web, from plankton to predatory fish. Water, microplankton, mesoplankton, and muscle tissue from 7 fish species with different feeding habits were sampled. Results showed that MeHg concentrations and proportions increased with trophic level, while Hginorg decreased, indicating MeHg was the species that biomagnified. MeHg also reflected the vertical
Specific physicochemical parameters influence on the plankton structure in ag...Innspub Net
The continuous discharge of effluents into Warri River, impacts on its water quality parameters as well as plankton species which requires commensurate surveillance. This study focuses on its physicochemical characteristics and their influence on plankton composition and abundance. The surface water samples and plankton collected monthly from June to November 2014 were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters showed variations among the stations. The ANOVA results revealed that water temperature, transparency, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, pH, acidity, Dissolved Oxygen and phosphate were significantly different (P <0.05) among the studied sites. A total of 849 plankton species identified; 814 species were phytoplankton consisting of four groups (Bacillariophyta> Chlorophyta> Euglenophyta> Cyanophyta, arranged in order of dominance. While zooplankton had 35 species grouped into 5 groups; Rotifera> Copepoda> Protozoa> Cladocera> Arachnida, in order of dominance. Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between different Plankton species population and some parameters (p<0.05). The principal component analysis labelled acidity, organic load, mineralization, nutrient, and organic pollution as influential factors governing plankton abundance in the studied area. These factors identify with materials from industries and human activities along the river, which results in the alteration of plankton composition, particularly Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs,1861. Inferred biological indicator of the water body. Diversity indices ranged from 0.28 to 1.39; Station 2 had the highest (1.39) and Station 1 the lowest species richness, a highly polluted river.
IRJET- Eutrophication Assessment of the Kelegeri Lake using GIS TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study assessing the eutrophication level of Kelegeri Lake in India using GIS techniques. Water samples were collected monthly from 7 locations around the lake from February to April 2019. The samples were analyzed to determine physico-chemical parameters like temperature, transparency, pH, COD, BOD, DO, nitrates and phosphates. Carlson's Trophic State Index was calculated based on secchi depth, total phosphorus and total nitrogen to classify the trophic state. Spatial distribution maps of parameters were developed using GIS. The results found the lake to be oligotrophic in February and April, mesotrophic in March, and in the moderately upper mesotrophic range overall during
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
— The study evaluated the effects of land use and occupation in water quality in two sub-basins located in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The first sub-basin has 69.8% of native vegetation (natural) and the other has 54.1% of the land cultivated (anthropic). Samples were collected from April to December 2015, analyzing the following parameters: dissolved oxygen, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, color, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and fecal coliforms. The natural sub-basin presented, significantly, better water quality. Total phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand and fecal coliforms exceeded the legal limits on the anthropic sub-basin. At this sub-basin correlation was found between cumulative rainfall of five days with turbidity and fecal coliforms, two days cumulative rainfall and total nitrogen, as well as between air and water temperature, affecting the dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity and fecal coliforms. In the natural sub-basin correlation was found between cumulative rainfall of two days and turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity.
Carrying Capacity for Pinctada maxima (Jameson 1901) Farming in Sathean Bay, ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Sathean Bay is a small, semi-enclosed waters which have been utilized as an area for pearl oyster farming using floating long line method. The growth of pearl oysters are affected by the availability of food (phytoplankton) in the waters. The phytoplankton own self is highly affected by N and P in the waters. This study aims to assess the carrying capacity of the Sathean Bay for pearl oysters farming for three different size group pearl oyster based on the nutrient balance which was the ratio between N and P are available in the waters and in the pearl oyster tissue. The study was conducted from April to September 2016 in nine sampling sites of Sathean Bay, Southeast Maluku. The result showed the smallest group size of pearl oyster(5 ± 2 cm) had the highest carrying capacity among the other two size group (13 ± 2 cm, 18 ± 2 cm). The carrying capacity of pearl oyster based nitrogen level(DIN) in the waters was always greater than the carrying capacity based on DIP level for all size groups of pearl oyster.
Established the Environmental Monitoring Program Indicators to Prevent Diseas...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Established the Environmental Monitoring Program Indicators to Prevent Disease Infection and Promote Sustainable Development by Yi-Che Shih in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between
stations. However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l
and 14.8 g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as
evaporation and marine influence by aerosol.
This study assessed the water quality of Gahar Lake in Iran using macroinvertebrate-based biotic indexes. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from four stations in the lake over three seasons. A total of 10 families across 6 orders were identified. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index was used to calculate a biotic index of 1.75, indicating the lake water quality was excellent with no apparent organic pollution. Chironomidae and Simulidae families had the highest abundances while Agrionidae and Perlidae had the lowest. Spring season had the highest diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates.
CORRELATION STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETER AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN FRESH ...Journal For Research
The study analyzed the correlation between physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton populations in Guthal Lake in Mandya District, Karnataka, India from June 2014 to May 2015. Chlorophyceae made up the largest portion of phytoplankton at 46.45%, followed by Bacillariophyceae at 30.76% and Cyanophyceae at 16.38%. Significant correlations were found between various parameters - Chlorophyceae were controlled by total acidity, Bacillariophyceae depended on total dissolved solids, phosphate and BOD, and Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae were regulated by total hardness, total solids, phosphate and BOD.
Optimal Salinity, Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations on Germination and Gro...iosrjce
The effects of salinity, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentrations on the germination of Enhalus
acoroides seeds and growth were studied under laboratory condition. The highest percentage of seed
germination was at 20 ppt salinity for all concentrations of Nand P. However, there was not different (P >0.05) in
the percentage of germinated seed compared with other salinity levels of 25 and 30 ppt at all N and P concentrations. In
regard to the growth rate of seedling was found to be effective to the extension of root and lengths. In present
study, root and leaf lengths of E. acoroides seedling were observed to be significantly declined when the level of
salinity and N and P concentrations increased. Hence, alteration in the major nutrient concentration indicates
the vulnerability of E. acoroides seagrass under culturing laboratory condition, which must be avoidably
approached prior to transplantation into the meadow area for conservative management of seagrass resource.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of invasive earthworms on vernal pool water chemistry across a range of earthworm invasion levels. The study mapped and sampled 49 vernal pools across a continuum of earthworm invasion statuses, from minimally to heavily invaded, based on an assessment tool. Preliminary results found that several water chemistry parameters, like pH, chlorophyll-A, and turbidity, differed significantly across invasion levels and indicated higher primary productivity in heavily invaded pools, likely due to the processing of leaf litter and nutrients by invasive earthworm species. These impacts on water chemistry and productivity could greatly alter the aquatic invertebrate communities and quality of habitat for breeding amphibians in vernal pools.
This study investigated nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems under different conditions. The main findings were:
1) Nitrate continuously accumulated in the recirculating water, termed the "Balloon Effect", because nitrate input from fish waste exceeded plant uptake.
2) Denitrification, the conversion of nitrates/nitrites to nitrogen gas, was found to be the major source of nitrogen loss. Higher dissolved oxygen and lower feeding rates decreased denitrification.
3) Isotopic analysis showed denitrification rates were higher under low dissolved oxygen conditions, as evidenced by higher nitrate δ15N values. This supported denitrification as the primary nitrogen loss pathway.
Riverine thermal regimes are an important but overlooked component of environmental flows. Dams and other human activities can strongly modify the natural thermal regime of rivers by altering water temperatures, often decreasing temperatures downstream. Five key challenges to incorporating thermal regimes into environmental flow assessments are: 1) improving understanding of natural thermal variability, 2) quantifying the degree dams alter thermal regimes, 3) relating thermal changes to ecological impacts, 4) developing thermal criteria, and 5) implementing management strategies to restore thermal conditions.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Zooplanktonic Diversity and Trophic Status of Pashupatinath Pond in Relation ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the zooplankton diversity and trophic status of Pashupatinath Pond in relation to its physicochemical characteristics. Water samples were collected seasonally from 2008 to 2010 and analyzed for various parameters. The water quality was moderately alkaline with low conductivity, TDS, chloride, hardness and alkalinity. Dissolved oxygen levels were average. Gross primary productivity, net primary productivity and respiration were measured. Low zooplankton density was observed. Based on the water quality parameters, the pond was found to be oligotrophic with a low nutrient level.
Does fertilization practices increase residual nitrate nitrogen in soil irrig...IJEAB
Treated wastewater has significantly improved DM yield compared to ground water. The form of nitrogen provided by the water was determinant in drawing yields. Irrigation with ground water (where nitrogen is as nitrate) induces a faster migration of nitrogen at depth. In contrast, using treated wastewater (where nitrogen is as ammonium), resulting in a relative distribution of the remaining nitric smaller in the lower profile and therefore higher in the surface, especially after the second year (2010). In addition, the relative distribution of nitrates in the soil surface is even more important in the presence of organic manure. All happens as if a certain amount of ammonium provided by treated wastewater is retained in the organic compounds of manure. Yields were significantly lower in irrigation with treated wastewater in the second year and especially when fertilization was given in additional. If the soil can be used for storage of the nitrogen supplied by the treated wastewater during the first year of irrigation (24 kg N-NO3/ha before irrigation to 115 kg N-NO3/ha after irrigation), to the second year the capacity drops (to 64 N-NO3/ha) and a significant increase in nitrate leaching occurs. Therefore, unlike the contribution of manure that seems enrich the topsoil nitrate nitrogen, at least during the first campaign, mineral fertilization unreasoning causes faster migration of nitrogen at depth.
The document summarizes a study on the density, biomass, and community structure of megabenthos in Ise Bay, Japan from 1993 to 1994. Five species dominated the megabenthos communities: Oratosquilla oratoria, Carcinoplax vestita, Charybdis bimaculata, Luidia quinaria, and Repomucenus valenciennei. The community structure changed seasonally, closely related to the development and disappearance of low-oxygen water in the bay each summer. A total of 132 megabenthos species were identified, with crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, and fishes being the most common
Abundance Plankton and Analysis Stomach Content and Trophic Level in Makassar...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research aims to know the condition of environmental parameters both from biological factors and physical factors of the Makassar Strait during the East season. The usability of the research ie can be to build and simulate dynamic models of fisheries systems. Data Collection has been carried since May 2019 to November 2019. Data collection on environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, flow velocity) and nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance, , and gastric contents analysis were carried out, Method for analysing was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare environmental parameters, nutrients and abundance of plankton between the three districts observed. The relationship between the abundance of plankton with environmental parameters was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Determination of trophic level is based on analysis of gastric contents using the TrophLab 2K program. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) between observation stations grouped in 6 months of observation showed that salinity was significantly different between locations and months of observation, temperature and pH were significantly different between months but did not differ according to location of observation, whereas DO levels did not show differences either between locations. The results of identification of phytoplankton types obtained during this research were dominated by diatoms. The type of zooplankton obtained is generally dominated by copepods. The result of gastric surgery is 10 dominant and economically valuable fish's species belonging to planktivor, omnivor and carnivor fish, and based on ecosystems including pelagic and demersal fish.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Specific physicochemical parameters influence on the plankton structure in ag...Innspub Net
The continuous discharge of effluents into Warri River, impacts on its water quality parameters as well as plankton species which requires commensurate surveillance. This study focuses on its physicochemical characteristics and their influence on plankton composition and abundance. The surface water samples and plankton collected monthly from June to November 2014 were analyzed using standard methods. The physicochemical parameters showed variations among the stations. The ANOVA results revealed that water temperature, transparency, turbidity, TDS, conductivity, pH, acidity, Dissolved Oxygen and phosphate were significantly different (P <0.05) among the studied sites. A total of 849 plankton species identified; 814 species were phytoplankton consisting of four groups (Bacillariophyta> Chlorophyta> Euglenophyta> Cyanophyta, arranged in order of dominance. While zooplankton had 35 species grouped into 5 groups; Rotifera> Copepoda> Protozoa> Cladocera> Arachnida, in order of dominance. Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between different Plankton species population and some parameters (p<0.05). The principal component analysis labelled acidity, organic load, mineralization, nutrient, and organic pollution as influential factors governing plankton abundance in the studied area. These factors identify with materials from industries and human activities along the river, which results in the alteration of plankton composition, particularly Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs,1861. Inferred biological indicator of the water body. Diversity indices ranged from 0.28 to 1.39; Station 2 had the highest (1.39) and Station 1 the lowest species richness, a highly polluted river.
IRJET- Eutrophication Assessment of the Kelegeri Lake using GIS TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study assessing the eutrophication level of Kelegeri Lake in India using GIS techniques. Water samples were collected monthly from 7 locations around the lake from February to April 2019. The samples were analyzed to determine physico-chemical parameters like temperature, transparency, pH, COD, BOD, DO, nitrates and phosphates. Carlson's Trophic State Index was calculated based on secchi depth, total phosphorus and total nitrogen to classify the trophic state. Spatial distribution maps of parameters were developed using GIS. The results found the lake to be oligotrophic in February and April, mesotrophic in March, and in the moderately upper mesotrophic range overall during
Environmental conditions and zooplankton community structure in five ponds in...Innspub Net
The degradation of surface water quality in Cameroon is linked to the absence of a functional waste management strategy. For such a strategy to be efficient, a general understanding of aquatic ecosystems will be of importance, these management strategies are particularly lacking in the eastern part of the country. To better understand and appreciate the ecosystems in the town of Bertoua, five ponds where chosen for the physicochemical and zooplankton communities analysis. Sampling on these ponds was conducted from March 2016 to April 2017 on a monthly basis. Samples for physicochemical analysis were collected at 20cm below water surface at the middle of each pond and measured were done following the recommendations of Rodier and Alpha. Biological samples were collected by filtering 50 liters of water through a 64µm mesh opening sieve. Identification was done using standard methods and identification keys. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the potential differences between the different ponds base monthly observations. Although they are all hypereutrophic, with regard to the values of the physicochemical parameters, the five ponds showed no significant difference between them but, the structure of the zooplankton community remains very diverse. 118 zooplankton species have been identified in the five ponds. The distribution of zooplankton in these hydrosystems was mainly governed by the presence of organic matter. This study sheds light on the status and biological diversity of ponds in eastern Cameroon, data on which to rely to develop management strategies.
— The study evaluated the effects of land use and occupation in water quality in two sub-basins located in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The first sub-basin has 69.8% of native vegetation (natural) and the other has 54.1% of the land cultivated (anthropic). Samples were collected from April to December 2015, analyzing the following parameters: dissolved oxygen, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, color, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and fecal coliforms. The natural sub-basin presented, significantly, better water quality. Total phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand and fecal coliforms exceeded the legal limits on the anthropic sub-basin. At this sub-basin correlation was found between cumulative rainfall of five days with turbidity and fecal coliforms, two days cumulative rainfall and total nitrogen, as well as between air and water temperature, affecting the dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity and fecal coliforms. In the natural sub-basin correlation was found between cumulative rainfall of two days and turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity.
Carrying Capacity for Pinctada maxima (Jameson 1901) Farming in Sathean Bay, ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Sathean Bay is a small, semi-enclosed waters which have been utilized as an area for pearl oyster farming using floating long line method. The growth of pearl oysters are affected by the availability of food (phytoplankton) in the waters. The phytoplankton own self is highly affected by N and P in the waters. This study aims to assess the carrying capacity of the Sathean Bay for pearl oysters farming for three different size group pearl oyster based on the nutrient balance which was the ratio between N and P are available in the waters and in the pearl oyster tissue. The study was conducted from April to September 2016 in nine sampling sites of Sathean Bay, Southeast Maluku. The result showed the smallest group size of pearl oyster(5 ± 2 cm) had the highest carrying capacity among the other two size group (13 ± 2 cm, 18 ± 2 cm). The carrying capacity of pearl oyster based nitrogen level(DIN) in the waters was always greater than the carrying capacity based on DIP level for all size groups of pearl oyster.
Established the Environmental Monitoring Program Indicators to Prevent Diseas...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Established the Environmental Monitoring Program Indicators to Prevent Disease Infection and Promote Sustainable Development by Yi-Che Shih in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between
stations. However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l
and 14.8 g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as
evaporation and marine influence by aerosol.
This study assessed the water quality of Gahar Lake in Iran using macroinvertebrate-based biotic indexes. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from four stations in the lake over three seasons. A total of 10 families across 6 orders were identified. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index was used to calculate a biotic index of 1.75, indicating the lake water quality was excellent with no apparent organic pollution. Chironomidae and Simulidae families had the highest abundances while Agrionidae and Perlidae had the lowest. Spring season had the highest diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates.
CORRELATION STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETER AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN FRESH ...Journal For Research
The study analyzed the correlation between physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton populations in Guthal Lake in Mandya District, Karnataka, India from June 2014 to May 2015. Chlorophyceae made up the largest portion of phytoplankton at 46.45%, followed by Bacillariophyceae at 30.76% and Cyanophyceae at 16.38%. Significant correlations were found between various parameters - Chlorophyceae were controlled by total acidity, Bacillariophyceae depended on total dissolved solids, phosphate and BOD, and Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae were regulated by total hardness, total solids, phosphate and BOD.
Optimal Salinity, Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations on Germination and Gro...iosrjce
The effects of salinity, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentrations on the germination of Enhalus
acoroides seeds and growth were studied under laboratory condition. The highest percentage of seed
germination was at 20 ppt salinity for all concentrations of Nand P. However, there was not different (P >0.05) in
the percentage of germinated seed compared with other salinity levels of 25 and 30 ppt at all N and P concentrations. In
regard to the growth rate of seedling was found to be effective to the extension of root and lengths. In present
study, root and leaf lengths of E. acoroides seedling were observed to be significantly declined when the level of
salinity and N and P concentrations increased. Hence, alteration in the major nutrient concentration indicates
the vulnerability of E. acoroides seagrass under culturing laboratory condition, which must be avoidably
approached prior to transplantation into the meadow area for conservative management of seagrass resource.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of invasive earthworms on vernal pool water chemistry across a range of earthworm invasion levels. The study mapped and sampled 49 vernal pools across a continuum of earthworm invasion statuses, from minimally to heavily invaded, based on an assessment tool. Preliminary results found that several water chemistry parameters, like pH, chlorophyll-A, and turbidity, differed significantly across invasion levels and indicated higher primary productivity in heavily invaded pools, likely due to the processing of leaf litter and nutrients by invasive earthworm species. These impacts on water chemistry and productivity could greatly alter the aquatic invertebrate communities and quality of habitat for breeding amphibians in vernal pools.
This study investigated nitrogen transformations in aquaponic systems under different conditions. The main findings were:
1) Nitrate continuously accumulated in the recirculating water, termed the "Balloon Effect", because nitrate input from fish waste exceeded plant uptake.
2) Denitrification, the conversion of nitrates/nitrites to nitrogen gas, was found to be the major source of nitrogen loss. Higher dissolved oxygen and lower feeding rates decreased denitrification.
3) Isotopic analysis showed denitrification rates were higher under low dissolved oxygen conditions, as evidenced by higher nitrate δ15N values. This supported denitrification as the primary nitrogen loss pathway.
Riverine thermal regimes are an important but overlooked component of environmental flows. Dams and other human activities can strongly modify the natural thermal regime of rivers by altering water temperatures, often decreasing temperatures downstream. Five key challenges to incorporating thermal regimes into environmental flow assessments are: 1) improving understanding of natural thermal variability, 2) quantifying the degree dams alter thermal regimes, 3) relating thermal changes to ecological impacts, 4) developing thermal criteria, and 5) implementing management strategies to restore thermal conditions.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Zooplanktonic Diversity and Trophic Status of Pashupatinath Pond in Relation ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the zooplankton diversity and trophic status of Pashupatinath Pond in relation to its physicochemical characteristics. Water samples were collected seasonally from 2008 to 2010 and analyzed for various parameters. The water quality was moderately alkaline with low conductivity, TDS, chloride, hardness and alkalinity. Dissolved oxygen levels were average. Gross primary productivity, net primary productivity and respiration were measured. Low zooplankton density was observed. Based on the water quality parameters, the pond was found to be oligotrophic with a low nutrient level.
Does fertilization practices increase residual nitrate nitrogen in soil irrig...IJEAB
Treated wastewater has significantly improved DM yield compared to ground water. The form of nitrogen provided by the water was determinant in drawing yields. Irrigation with ground water (where nitrogen is as nitrate) induces a faster migration of nitrogen at depth. In contrast, using treated wastewater (where nitrogen is as ammonium), resulting in a relative distribution of the remaining nitric smaller in the lower profile and therefore higher in the surface, especially after the second year (2010). In addition, the relative distribution of nitrates in the soil surface is even more important in the presence of organic manure. All happens as if a certain amount of ammonium provided by treated wastewater is retained in the organic compounds of manure. Yields were significantly lower in irrigation with treated wastewater in the second year and especially when fertilization was given in additional. If the soil can be used for storage of the nitrogen supplied by the treated wastewater during the first year of irrigation (24 kg N-NO3/ha before irrigation to 115 kg N-NO3/ha after irrigation), to the second year the capacity drops (to 64 N-NO3/ha) and a significant increase in nitrate leaching occurs. Therefore, unlike the contribution of manure that seems enrich the topsoil nitrate nitrogen, at least during the first campaign, mineral fertilization unreasoning causes faster migration of nitrogen at depth.
The document summarizes a study on the density, biomass, and community structure of megabenthos in Ise Bay, Japan from 1993 to 1994. Five species dominated the megabenthos communities: Oratosquilla oratoria, Carcinoplax vestita, Charybdis bimaculata, Luidia quinaria, and Repomucenus valenciennei. The community structure changed seasonally, closely related to the development and disappearance of low-oxygen water in the bay each summer. A total of 132 megabenthos species were identified, with crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, and fishes being the most common
Abundance Plankton and Analysis Stomach Content and Trophic Level in Makassar...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research aims to know the condition of environmental parameters both from biological factors and physical factors of the Makassar Strait during the East season. The usability of the research ie can be to build and simulate dynamic models of fisheries systems. Data Collection has been carried since May 2019 to November 2019. Data collection on environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, flow velocity) and nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance, , and gastric contents analysis were carried out, Method for analysing was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare environmental parameters, nutrients and abundance of plankton between the three districts observed. The relationship between the abundance of plankton with environmental parameters was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Determination of trophic level is based on analysis of gastric contents using the TrophLab 2K program. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) between observation stations grouped in 6 months of observation showed that salinity was significantly different between locations and months of observation, temperature and pH were significantly different between months but did not differ according to location of observation, whereas DO levels did not show differences either between locations. The results of identification of phytoplankton types obtained during this research were dominated by diatoms. The type of zooplankton obtained is generally dominated by copepods. The result of gastric surgery is 10 dominant and economically valuable fish's species belonging to planktivor, omnivor and carnivor fish, and based on ecosystems including pelagic and demersal fish.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bioaccumulation and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in the food web of Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Samples of water, sediment, plankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish were collected from four locations in the lagoon and analyzed for 18 organochlorine pesticides using gas chromatography. The highest concentrations of pesticides were found in sediment samples, with total concentrations up to 2,953.84 μg/kg. Pesticide concentrations increased higher up the food web, with the highest levels found in predatory fish species. The results indicate bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pesticides in the Lagos Lago
The MERAMED project surveyed 7 marine fish cage farms in Greece to test environmental monitoring techniques from Norway and Scotland. A range of survey methods were used, including current meters, sediment profiling, and video from remotely operated vehicles. Data was collected on water conditions, sediments, and fish production and linked to develop models predicting farm impact. The project aims to establish a tiered monitoring strategy to be conducted by farmers, independent surveyors, and regulators.
3 ijfaf jul-2017-1-evaluation of the ichthyofaunalAI Publications
Fish constitute more than half of the total number of all the aquatic vertebrates in the world; thus, a study was carried out for six months from January-June, 2016 to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, composition, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna present in some sections of Omambala, Ezu and Ahommiri Rivers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis and fish samples were also collected with the assistance of artisanal fishermen using different types of traditional fishing gears namely - gill nets, cast nets, hook and line, local traps (baited) and bag nets to evaluate fish species composition and abundance. The result of the physico-chemical analysis showed uniform values for temperature (25±0.16oC-30±0.48oC), dissolved oxygen (3.65±0.78-5.65±0.11mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (13±0.03-16±0.08mg/l) which favoured the distribution of fishes present in different sections of the three Rivers. A total catch of 11,031 fishes were recorded from the three Rivers which comprised 11 orders, 29 families, 43 genera and 69 species. Umuoba-Anam section had 9691 catches, Ebenebe section (702) and Awa section (638). Monthly composition showed highest in March (1,909) and June (2,294) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Seasonal composition showed highest during the rainy season with a total number of 5922 fishes while 5109 fishes was recorded for the dry season. The diversity indices of the three Rivers indicated diverse communities with ten common species variety and Shannon Weiner (H’) diversity index of 2.755-3.682. Tilapia zilli (22.2%) was the most common and abundant species followed by Clarias anguillaris (21.4%), Malapterus electricus (18.9%), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (15.4%), Xenomystis nigri (14.6%), Heterotis niloticus (13.0%), Auchenoglanis monkei (11.0%), Tilapia dageti (10.2%), Hepsetus odoe (8.1%) and Bagrus filamentosus (7.2%). The study revealed that taxa richness and species diversity increase with increased water level and uniform physico-chemical changes. Further survey of fish species diversity and abundance should be carried out continuously for a longer period on a larger scale for a thorough assessment of the water bodies and their fishery potentials.
Assessment of size structures, length-weight models and condition factors of ...AI Publications
The Eleotridae is one of the fish family widely distributed in the Benin coastal waters where the species constitute an important component of artisanal fisheries. The current study evaluates length frequency distributions, length-weight models and condition factors of Eleotrid fishes in order to assess their wellbeing in the degrading coastal waters of Benin. Fish samplings were made during eighteen (18) consecutive months and morphometric data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS computer software. Larger Eleotrids were Eleotris vittata, E. senegalensis, E. daganensis and Bostrychus africanus while Dormitator lebretonis, the most abundant species displayed small sizes (standard length) ranging between 1.2 - 11.30 cm. Overall, all the species showed unimodal size distributions except Eleotris daganensis that exhibited a bimodal size distribution in Lake Nokoué. Length-weight models showed allometric growth with slopes b ranging between 2.4725 and 3.7296 along with significant correlation coefficients (r) varying between 0.7695 and 0.9965. Condition factors (K) varied significantly across the four (4) coastal waters and ranged between 0.79 (Dormitator lebretonis) and 3.60 (Eleotris daganensis). The sustainable exploitation of Eleotrid fishes in the Benin coastal waters requires a holistic approach of ecosystem management including ecological follow-up, habitat restauration and species valorization.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in culture pond of Noa...AbdullaAlAsif1
A study was conducted on qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in cultured ponds of two fish farms of Noakhali district, Bangladesh from 15 September to 15 November 2012 to identify and estimate the abundance of phytoplankton in various culture ponds of two fish farms. Analyses of phytoplankton samples recorded a total of 4 classes phytoplankton viz.; Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae. Out of 21 phytoplankton genera identified, 5 belong to Cyanophyceae, 7 to Chlorophyceae, 5 to Bacillariophyceae and 4 to Euglenophyceae. Among the identified genera, Euglena, Microcystis, Eurolena were found to be dominant genera. Total phytoplankton abundance was varied from 36×105 cells/L to 94.92×105 cells/L in the experimental ponds. Among all experimental ponds, Chlorophyceae was found dominant (44.4×105 cells/L). Second dominant group was Euglenophyceae (39.6×105 cells/L) observed in pond-1 of Bismillah Agro Production (BAP). Total phytoplankton densities were recorded 47.82×105cells/L and 51×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 of Subarna Agro Based Initiative (SABI) respectively. In BAP, total phytoplankton densities were recorded 94.92×105cells/L and 36×105 cells/L in pond-1 and pond-2 respectively. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period namely water temperature, conductivity, salinity, transparency, dissolve oxygen and pH. The present study reveals that phytoplankton species are variable among the culture ponds and their density is also variable. The information provides for more research to compare water quality and pond phytoplankton characteristics in earthen aquaculture systems with and without fish stocking. Further studies on the seasonal changes of water quality parameters and its effects on phytoplankton production in the fish ponds and all year extended monitoring is recommended in future studies.
Comparative Study of Zootechnical Performances and Survival Rates in Rainbow ...IJEAB
Considering its economic and halieutic interest, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, on 1792) is one of the species the most appreciated in the world, in particular for the sports fishing. To compare the effects of two food of different formulation, (the one premises(place) used by the center of salmon farming and the other one imported) on some biological parameters of the trout rainbow, an experimental study was realized between 1st Mars and June 15th, 2016 in the National Center of Hydrobiology and Fish farming of Azrou on 2000 fish fry stemming from the same prize of eggs and restarted randomly in 4 rectangular ponds fed with fresh water and fed four times by days during 107 days. The obtained results show good that the best performances of growth in length and in weight, the survival rate and feed efficiency are attributed to the imported food.
This study aims to analyze the influence of physical and chemical factors on the
existence of Kurau Fish (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) in the Maro River Estuary of
Merauke Regency. Data collection was carried out by measuring the environmental
parameters directly, namely temperature, salinity and pH, while the fish catch data of
Kurau was obtained by calculating directly the number of catches per trip with the data
amount of 34 data. Environmental factor data and catch results were tested statistically
using regression models. The results showed that environmental factors that influence
the presence of Kurau Fish in the Maro River Estuary are water temperature and
salinity.
Productivity of phytoplankton using different organic fertilizers in the glas...AbdullaAlAsif1
The experiment intended to estimate the productivity using different organic fertilizer and to identify the species of phytoplankton in the aquarium tanks. The study was conducted in the laboratory Phytoplankton samples for culture were collected from fisheries experimental pond by using conical-shaped monofilament nylon net (phytoplankton net). Three treatment such as cow dung (T₁), chicken manure (T₂) and control (T₃) were designed. Each treatment had two replications. In case of T₁ and T₂, 10 g of fertilizer was used in each aquarium tank. Sampling of phytoplankton for counting and identification was done every week and 1 litre of water sample was taken from each tank. Phytoplankton sample for identification were preserved by Lugol's solution. Three physicochemical parameters namely water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were measured in every sampling week during the study period. Water quality parameters of the aquarium tank varied with the variation of sampling week. There was no significant difference between water temperature, pH and DO in case of three treatment. The mean water temperature, pH and DO were 21.85±1.95 °C, 8.38±0.23 and 5.55±0.58 mg/l, respectively. The abundance of phytoplankton in T₁, T₂ and T₃ were 25-65, 25-105 and 6-20 individual/l, respectively. The phytoplankton abundance were influenced by different organic fertilizer and noticed higher in number by using chicken manure. Irregular relationship between phytoplankton abundance and water temperature was found. Phytoplankton showed positive relationship with DO. In this study 15 species of phytoplankton were identified under four groups namely Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta. Chlorophyta (52%) was the dominant group in the aquarium. The findings of the present study will help to improve the management strategies of water quality, for estimating the productivity of phytoplankton and for the best use of organic fertilizer especially chicken manure.
Coastal marine ecosystem scientific paper swissmitchick
The document summarizes a study assessing the macrobenthic flora and fauna in the intertidal area of Dalipuga Beach in Iligan City, Philippines. Two 1-square-meter quadrats were placed in the transect line to analyze species composition. Only one algae species (Phaeophyta) was found in the first quadrat, while the second quadrat contained both algae and seagrass. Water temperature was 26-27°C, soil temperature was 25-26°C, humidity was 26%, sediment was sand and gravel, and pH and salinity were normal. No macrobenthic fauna was found.
1) The document analyzes the effects of oyster aquaculture on benthic infauna populations in coastal lagoons as indicators of environmental impact.
2) Sample results showed that benthic populations, biomass, and diversity generally increased with the age of aquaculture use, peaking between 5-7 years.
3) There was then a decline, suggesting nutrient inputs exceed the tolerance of benthic organisms after a threshold is reached around 5-7 years of aquaculture use.
Cluster Analysis of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria from Clarias gariepinus an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fish is a major source of protein for humans, and it is patronized by many in the tropics – where fishes can either be cultivated in the farms domestically or caught from open water bodies such as rivers, ponds and streams. These various sources of fishes and their attendant diversity of microorganisms particularly the bacteria make fishes as potential sources of pathogens. The maintenance of the microbiological quality of food and water is important to prevent waterborne/foodborne diseases in any community, thus the need for this study. A total of 14 samples of water at different points (upstream, midstream and downstream) and 50 samples of live fishes were used for this study. Each of the fish sample was bacteriologically analyzed using the pour-plate and spread plate techniques on culture media plates. And the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the physical and chemical properties of the water. The relatedness of the isolated bacteria was established using cluster analysis/dendogram. The highest bacterial count was obtained from downstream water sample (5.6x10 cfu/ml), indicating a possible pollution of water at this point. Both aerobic heterotrophic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated. The Gram positive bacteria isolated include Staphylococcus lugdunensis, S. hominis, S. cohnii, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Kocuria varians while the Gram negative bacteria include Raoutella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia fonticola, and Enterobacter gergoriae. Cluster analysis using dendrogram showed some degree of similarity among the different clusters of isolated bacteria. The result of this study presumptively shows that the water sample is polluted; and this in turn affects fresh water fishes in the river. Therefore the microbiological examination of the water at this study site is necessary for monitoring and controlling the quality and safety of the water for usage by the locals.
Length-weight models and condition factors of fishes from Okpara Stream, Ouem...AI Publications
Length frequency distributions, length-weight models and condition factors of 21 dominant fish species of the Okpara stream (Oueme River) were examined in Northern-Benin in order to evaluate the well-being of these fish taxa. Samplings were made monthly from December 2015 to May 2017 with seines, gill nets hawks and a total of 9,302 individuals were collected. Fish abundance ranged from 53 individuals for Mormyrus rume to 2,818 for Hemichromis fasciatus. Standard length (SL) varied from 1.2 cm (Coptodon guineensis) to 51.8 cm (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus). Length-weight regressions equations showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation coefficients (r) ranging between 0.4664 and 0.9949 with slopes (b) between 2.2262 and 3.7703 corresponding to isometric, positive allometric and negative allometric growths displayed by 4, 8 and 9 species, respectively. Condition factors K varied between 0.17 - 29.38 and species with higher well-being were Oreochromis niloticus with K=29.38, Hyperopisius bebe (K=20.14), Coptodon zillii (K=19.25), Mormyrus rume (K=17.13) and Sarotherodon galilaeus multifasciatus (K=16.16). A sustainable exploitation of these fishes requires an ecosystem restoration scheme including habitat protection, species conservation and an ecological follow-up of the Okpara stream.
3.Environmental variability at a marine cage culture.pdfearambulm3
This document summarizes an environmental study of a marine cage fish farm in Matanchén Bay, Mexico. Water and sediment samples were collected monthly from stations near the fish cages, upstream as controls, and downstream as potential impact areas. Physicochemical parameters of the water and sediment were analyzed, including nutrients, organic matter, and granulometry. Results showed temporal variations in nutrients in the water column and sediment composition. Nitrates generally had the highest concentrations in potential impact stations. Overall, parameters tended to increase in concentration in potential impact and control stations, indicating effects from the fish farm and seasonal runoff.
Ecological survey of macrobenthic invertebrates of selected ponds in agbede f...Alexander Decker
1) The study surveyed the macrobenthic invertebrate composition, abundance, and distribution in three ponds in Agbede Flood Plain in southern Nigeria between January and June 2007.
2) A total of 10 taxa comprising 1,031 individuals were recorded. The most dominant groups were Coleopterans (35.79%), Hemiptera (20.19%), and Dipterans (18.47%).
3) Pond 2, which experienced no human activities, contained the highest number of macroinvertebrates (416), suggesting human activities can rapidly alter aquatic communities.
Diversity and abundance of Macrobenthos in a subtropical estuary, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
Soft bottom macrobenthos are important component of the marine and coastal trophic chain. There has been sparse information regarding the distribution of soft bottom macrobenthos form the coastal water of Bangladesh. Consequently, the present study was an effort to reveal the diversity and abundance of macrobenthos in the Feni Estuary in a seasonal pattern together with the hydrological factors. A total of 17 taxa families of soft-bottom invertebrates were found over the two sampling seasons. The current study yielded a total number of 34,726 ind./m 2 (mean 2480ind./m 2) including 18,909ind./m 2 in wet season (mean 2682ind./m 2) and 15,817 ind./m 2 in dry season (2259ind./m 2). The highest density of soft-bottom invertebrates was in the wet season while the lowest number in the dry season. A total of 5 groups of macrobenthos were found over the two sampling seasons. The dominant group was Polychaeta that contributed 43.60% of the total soft-bottom invertebrates. The values of biodiversity indices were higher in dry season compare to the wet season in most of the sampling station during the study period.
Biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton of nguru lake, northeastern, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton in Nguru Lake, Nigeria. Twenty-five species of phytoplankton from four divisions were found in the lake. Sixteen species of zooplankton from four groups were present. Twenty-four fish species belonging to thirteen families were identified. The family Cichlidae dominated the fish population. Shannon-Weiner indices indicated some stations had higher diversity and were less polluted than others. The study provides baseline data on the lake's biodiversity to support development of its fisheries potential.
Biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton of nguru lake, northeastern, ...
Mpeza publication
1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: Email: cosmasfax@yahoo.com;
Annual Review & Research in Biology
3(4): 873-880, 2013
SCIENCEDOMAIN international
www.sciencedomain.org
Dispersal and Variability of Chemical and
Biological Indices of Aquaculture Pollution in
Igoumenitsa Bay (NW Greece)
Paraskeyi Mpeza1
, Theodoros Mavraganis1
and Cosmas Nathanailides1*
1
Department Aquaculture and Fisheries, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Irinis
and Filiaw 1, Igoumenitsa, Greece GR 46100e, Greece.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. All authors contributed
equally for designing the study, laboratory analysis, statistical analysis, writing the
manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Received 17
th
July 2013
Accepted 28
th
July 2013
Published 4
th
August 2013
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this work was to monitor nutrient enrichment around a fish farm site in
Igoumenitsa Bay (NW Greece). Seasonal samples were collected from the waters and
benthos surrounding fish farms in Igoumenitsa Bay, NW Greece. The study was carried
out in Igoumenitsa bay between May 2011 and Dec 2012). Seawater samples were
collected every month from different sampling sites which were: the open Ioanian sea, 60
meter south and North of the fish farms as well as in the water adjucent to the floating
cages. The waters surrounding the fish farms exhibited profound increased mean annual
content of phosphorus, which peaked during the summer months. This increase in
phosphorus was also reflected in high primary productivity as indicated by increased chl-a
content at the sites of the fish farms. A model of dispersion of wastes generated by the fish
farms indicates that the major path of dispersion is towards the coast and over a range of
more than 120 meters. The directions and velocity of water currents may result in the
diffusion of nutrient from point sources such as the fish farms towards deepest part of the
bay (South). The results indicate that benthic ecosystem around the fish farms is not
significantly disturbed. Nevertheless, the levels of nutrients in the water body and the
AZTI’s marine biotic index (AMBI) of the sampling points indicate a potential ecological risk
during the summer period. Increased feeding and metabolism of the farmed fish during the
growing season is combined with the natural seasonal hydrological conditions and result in
Research Article
2. Annual Review & Research in Biology, 3(4): 873-880, 2013
874
a highly localized aquaculture induced eutrophication.
Keywords: Aquaculture; aquatic pollution; eutrophication.
1. INTRODUCTION
Eutrophication in coastal zones is a major environmental problem because it can lead to
harmful algal blooms, shellfish contamination, anoxic and hypoxic induced fish kills,
ecosystem degradation, changes in biodiversity. In turn this can result in economic losses
[1,2]. Fish farming often results in a generation of a nutrient load which contain uneaten
feed, faeces, and both organic and inorganic elements, such as nitrogen (NHX, NOx), and
phosphorus containing molecules [3,4,5,6]. This organic load can in several cases result in
oxygen deficiency, generation of hydrogen sulphide, and blooms of harmful plankton. Waste
solids can form sediments, for example below the cages, which can alter the benthic
ecosystem with consequences to the ecology of the aquatic body [7].
Several biological and chemical parameters can be used to identify the level of pollution
impacts on the marine environment due to the increase in anthropogenic activities, such as
aquaculture. A range of direct physico-chemical measurements can indicate disturbances of
water quality due to aquaculture generated organic load but the biotic indices, which based
on the benthic invertebrate community structure, can provide information about the Biotic
community present at seabed sites below fish farms and they particularly emphasise the
trophic distributions of species and their relative abundance, which can be used as an
indication of environmental quality [8]. AMBI (AZTI’s marine biotic index) is a biotic index ex)
assigns a score on the basis of interactions and presence of species from different trophic
levels. The score is directly related to good or poor quality environmental conditions [9].
The selection of sites suitable for marine floating cages for aquaculture is based on several
criteria including the presence of water currents and the depth of the water bodies. Feeding
management of aquaculture requires adjustment of feeding regimes according to fish
size/age, fish biomass and temperature. Bioenergetic models can be used to estimate the
feeding required and the metabolic wastes generated by a fish farm [10]. Organic wastes
from floating aquaculture cages include uneaten feed and fish faeces [11]). The water
current can disperse the wastes but that depends on the settling velocity of the wastes and
the depth. This relationship can be used to calculate the dispersion of wastes around a
particular fish farm. Perez et al. [12] used bioenergetic models, current velocities and
direction to illustrate the particulate waste distribution at marine fish cages.
Igoumenitsa bay has an opening to the Ioanian sea facing the Corfu strait, and is protected
by high waves by a narrow landline (Drepanos). Three fish farms operate in the Bay. Several
fish species are cultivated in the region but production (annually reaching 450 tonnes) is
mainly based on the farming of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream
(Sparus auratus). The purpose of the present work is to estimate organic load generated
from from aquaculture floating cages in Igoumenitsa bay and to predict the particulate waste
distribution around the fish cages.
3. Annual Review & Research in Biology, 3(4): 873-880, 2013
875
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out between May 2011 and Dec 2012). Seasonal seawater samples
were collected from different sampling sites which were: the open Ionian sea, 60 meter south
and North of the fish farms as well in the water adjacent to the floating cages F). The
stations were reached by boat and the exact position of each sampled station was confirmed
by a Geographic positioning system. Oxygen, temperature, pH and salinity of the water
samples, were measured in situ at the field with portable multi parameter YSI (YSI 6600)
equipment. Chl-a was measured with trichromatic spectrophometic method [13].
Benthic macrofauna were sampled from the spring of 2011 to the winter of 2012, using a
standard size grab sampler (Van Veen 0.025 m2) from beneath the floating cages and from
two sampling stations south and north of the fish farms. Species richness and abundance
counts per unit area calculated after sorting by eye. Using the macrofauna data, the values
of AMBI (AZTI’s marine biotic index) were calculated [14].
Current speed and direction were measured approximately 50 m from the fish cages using a
Valeport BFM105 self recording current meter deployed 3 m below the surface. A solid
phase waste deposition model developed by Pérez et al. [12] was used to calculate the
dispersion of the wastes.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Temperature followed the expected seasonal pattern with the lowest values in March
(14,8ºC to 15.5ºC) and the highest in August (26,6ºC). Salinity values ranged from 37 psu to
38,95 psu, with the lowest values in April and the highest in August. The pH varied from
7,59 to 8,6. The observed pH values are commonly observed in other similar systems in
Greece [15,16]. The dissolved oxygen concentrations indicated values from 7,1 mg/l at
sampling site B1 on May to 12,5 mg/l on March at sampling site (L) near a small lagoon.
Throughout the year, the minimum and maximum amounts of nutrients were: Total
ammonium nitrogen (NH3 + NH4
+
): <0,01–0,62 mg-at l
-1
, Phosphate (PO4): <0,01 - 0,14 mg-
at l
-1
. Chl-a content (mg m
-3
) ranged from 0,0189 at surface waters, to 26,63 and 7,23 at 5m
depth during April and June respectively.
The macroinvertebrate abundance 60 meters South and North of the flaoting cages (but not
beneath the cages) remained similar over the period of the study, on the contrary the
abudance varied between the different sampling sites. More specifically, The AMBI index
(Fig. 2) varied significantly spatially between the North sampling site and the other two
sampling sites (P<0.001, DF=2, F=23.04) but not seasonally (P>0.05, DF=3, F=2.84)
A model of solid phase waste deposition for fish wastes [12] was used to calculate the
dispersion of the wastes (Fig. 1).
4. Annual Review & Research in Biology, 3(4): 873-880, 2013
876
Fig. 1. Dispersion model of fish faeces calculated according to depth, water flow
velocity and direction using faeces settling velocity u=0,04 [12]. The arrow indicates
the magnetic North (N). White boxes indicate the North and South sampling points for
the Benthic Ecosystem analysis
Phytoplankton production depends on supplies of nitrate-N and phosphate-P, an increase in
these nutrients usually results in eutrophic conditions with seasonal algal blooms. Coastal
waters eutrophication, results from a combination of natural and anthropogenic influences
[17]. Anthropogenic enrichment of water with nutrients, especially nitrogen and/or
phosphorus and organic matter in aquatic ecosystems can result in increased growth of
algae and higher forms of plant life. In turn, these eutrophication results in an unacceptable
deviation in structure, function and stability of the ecosystem and to the quality of water [18].
Apart from the ecological issue, eutrophication is a serious economic problem in coastal
marine ecosystems worldwide [19]. A key element of nutrients inflow-outflow in a bay
involves the natural flow of nutrients from the land and the outflow of nutrients to the open
sea. In addition to a natural flow of nutrients, anthropogenic sources result in an increased
nutrient content of bay's aquatic ecosystems. Agricultural runoff of nitrate, olive-processing
plants, domestic sewage plants, can result in increased nutrient content and Eutrophication.
Furthermore, resuspension of the sediment by water currents and winds and decomposition
of algae can further increase the available nutrients for primary production. Measurements of
nutrient concentrations such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus and algal growth are
essential parameters in efforts to manage and monitor coastal zone eutrophication [20]. The
result indicate a seasonal element of high primary productivity of the Bay, with a strong
spatial element of variability attributed to the sampling locations of the fish farming site. Fish
farms can generate nutrient waste (uneaten food and metabolic waste). Changes in the Chl-
a content can be an indicator of changes in plankton primary productivity [23,24]. The levels
of Chl-a observed here indicate a medium status of Eutrophication in the bay [20], but PO4
levels reached) of fish farms during summer are usually resulting in increased nutrient
loading of the nearby water bodies [21,22] such an increase was observed in the increased
chl-a content in the fish farms samples of August. The content of chl-a is a more reliable
indicator of organic enrichment in a bay.
5. Annual Review & Research in Biology, 3(4): 873-880, 2013
877
Currents may wash and dilute a poit source of organic enrichement but increased primary
production remains over a significant period and is reflected in the Chl-a content of the
samples. Changes in the Chl-a content can be an indicator of changes in plankton primary
productivity. The levels of Chl-a observed here indicate a medium status of Eutrophication in
the bay [20] but organic wastes generated by the fish farms may explain the high peaks of
chl-a content in the location of fish farms.
Table 1. Variability in DO2; TAN(total ammonium nitrogen); PO4; Chl-a ,& salinity of
surface waters in Igoumenitsa Bay
Parameter Significance of differences (ANOVA)
PO4 P<0,001
TAN P<0.001
DO2 P<0.001
Chl-a P=0,031
Salinity P<0,001
2,14
2,16
2,18
2,20
2,22
2,24
2,26
2,28
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
North South Ffarm
Fig. 2. The AMBI index values of the benthic community at the Fish Farms site: FF
(circles): in the waters adjacent to the floating cages, S(squares): 60 meters south,
N(triangles): 60 meters north of the floating cages. The AMBI index varied
significantly spatially between the North sampling site and the other two sampling
sites (P<0.001, DF=2, F=23.04) but not seasonally (P>0.05, DF=3, F=2.84)
The model of dispersion of wastes generated by the fish farms indicates that the major path
of dispersion is towards the coast and over a range of more than 120 meters. The location of
the fish farms and the directions and velocity of water currents may result in the diffusion of
nutrient from point sources such as the fish farms towards deepest part of the bay (South).
The results of the present work indicate that chemical and biological parameters which were
investigated in the present work can provide important information for the aquatic ecosystem
6. Annual Review & Research in Biology, 3(4): 873-880, 2013
878
of Igoumenitsa bay. This information is useful for both monitoring the ecological conditions of
the bay but also for offering the fish farm industry valuable information for the water quality of
the aquaculture site, a parameter which is important for ensuring the welfare of the growing
fish and for minimising the risk of exposure to stressfull environmental conditions of the
farmed fish with consequences for the welfare and the quality of the final fish product of the
aquaculture industry operating at the site.
4. CONCLUSION
The results indicate a potential ecological risk of aquaculture pollution during the summer
period. During the summer, fish farms may intensify feeding rate and the metabolism of the
farmed fish may peak. The bay appears to exhibit a natural seasonal hydrological cycle of
nutrients and a highly localized aquaculture induced eutrophication. The modelling of particle
diffusion used in the present work can provide extremely useful information for r
environmental management of finfish culture.
Although the results of this study indicate minimal environmental effect of aquaculture
activity in the Bay, a potential eutrophication, especially if the fish farming activity is
intensified and the usage of aquaculture chemicals increase may occur.
In addition to the AMBI index, the nutrient load offers an additional parameter for monitoring
the ecosystem of the bay. This information can be useful for the management of aquaculture
development in Igoumenitsa Bay.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF)
and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong
Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding
Program: ARCHIMEDES III. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social
Fund.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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