Viewing ICOS in a Global Context From requirements-driven ocean observations, through high quality data to fit-for-purpose information delivery

Maciej Telszewski
IOCCP Director and Coordinator of GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel
With slides from Dorothee Bakker, Rik Wanninkhof and Benjamin Pfeil
Viewing ICOS in a Global Context
From requirements-driven ocean observations, through high
quality data to fit-for-purpose information delivery
Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
Phone: +48 58 731 16 10 / Fax: +48 58 551 21 30, www.ioccp.org
Biogeochemistry
Panel
Biogeochemistry
Panel

Biogeochemistry
Panel
Rik Wanninkhof, Dorothee Bakker, Christian Rödenbeck, Benjamin Pfeil, Kevin O’Brien, Are Olsen, Karl
Smith, Simone Alin, Cathy Cosca, Kim Currie, Melchor Gonzalez-Davilla, Steve Jones, Alex Kozyr, Camilla
Landa, Peter Landschützer, Siv Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Nicolas Metzl, David Munro, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka,
Yukihiro Nojiri, Abdirahman Omar, Denis Pierrot, Chris Sabine, Shu Saito, Ute Schuster, Tobias Steinhoff,
Kevin Sullivan, Adrienne Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Taro Takahashi, Maciej Telszewski, Bronte Tilbrook
and all >100 SOCONET, SOCAT and SOCOM contributors
3rd ICOS Science Conference
11-13 September 2018, Prague, Czech Republic

Biogeochemistry
Panel
17 objectives to transform our world:
Agenda 2030 (September 2015, New York)

Biogeochemistry
Panel
• After years of work and negotiations, the Paris Climate Agreement was signed on 12
December 2015, marking a historic moment for the Planet.
• For the first time, the mention of the ocean as an ecosystem vital for the climate is a symbolic
victory for all involved advocates and stakeholders. Many organizations and individuals have
worked for many years creating the momentum required for this recognition.
• Appearing in the preamble of the final text (“noting that it is important to ensure the
integrity of all ecosystems, including oceans…”) which is not however a binding part of
the agreement, this reference is sign of a global awareness of the oceans’ major role in
climate change. This awareness is also reflected at the level of heads of state and national
delegations with the signing of the declaration ‘Because The Ocean’.

Biogeochemistry
Panel
• Support the development of an initiative for enhanced global sea and ocean
observation required to monitor inter alia climate change and marine biodiversity,
• Support an enhanced system of ocean assessment through the UN Regular Process to
develop a consensus view on the state of the oceans and enable sustainable
management strategies to be developed and implemented
• Promote open science and the improvement of the global data sharing infrastructure to
ensure the discoverability, accessibility, and interoperability of a wide range of ocean and
marine data;
• Strengthen collaborative approaches to encourage the development of regional
observing capabilities and knowledge networks in a coordinated and coherent way,
including supporting the capacity building of developing countries; and
• Promote increased G7 political cooperation by identifying additional actions needed to
enhance future routine ocean observations.
The S&T Ministers of the G7 and the EU met in
May 2016 to discuss science, technology and
innovation aspects across global challenges
such as health, energy, agriculture and the
environment. They issued a Communiqué:

History of OceanObs Series
OceanObs’99 – St. Raphael, France (300 participants)
• Resulted in an internationally coordinated system for
physical climate and ocean carbon observations (drifter,
floats, xbt, tide gauge…)
OceanObs’09 – Venice, Italy (640 participants)
• Expanded the range of communities working together to
undertake more comprehensive and sustainad ocean
observations and led to the Framework for Ocean
Observing (FOO).
OceanObs’19 – Honolulu, USA (1200 participants)
• Based on processes described in the FOO, connecting
with a wide range of user communities and improve data
flows and governance arrangements.
Each conference of the OceanObs series focuses on a new
area in need of enhanced guidance:
www.ioccp.org/foo

Biogeochemistry
Panel
System
A broad schematic of a full value chain in
sustained ocean observing programs
Observations
Coordination
In situ and satellite observations
Global networks and global
approaches
System requirements
Applications/products, knowledge challenges,
phenomena, EOVs, network design
Data
systems
Assembly
and
dissemination
Understanding
Scientific analysis,
indicators
Predicting / Modeling
Ocean forecast systems
Societal benefit from actionable
information
Policy, public and private management and individual decisions
Assessing
Policy-relevant scientific
assessments
Services
[informing]
Early warning, forecasts,
short and long term
direct advice
www.ioccp.org/foo
Climate and
Weather
Real-time
services
Assessments and
management of
ecosystem services
Emission policies
Food security
Tourism

Biogeochemistry
Panel

Societal drivers and scientific applications
Ocean Biogeochemistry
• The role of ocean biogeochemistry in climate
– Q1.1 How is the ocean carbon content changing?
– Q1.2 How does the ocean influence cycles of non-CO2 greenhouse gases?
• Human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry
– Q2.1. How large are the ocean’s “dead zones” and how fast
are they changing?
– Q2.2 What are rates and impacts of ocean acidification?
• Ocean ecosystem health
– Q3.1 Is the biomass of the ocean changing?
– Q3.2 How does eutrophication and pollution impact ocean productivity and
water quality?
Biogeochemistry
Panel

GOOS Phenomena
AIR-SEA FLUXES
ANTHROPOGENIC
CARBON
SEQUESTRATION
UPWELLING
VENTILLATION
CONTAMINATION
/POLLUTION
OCEAN
ACIDIFICATION
DEOXYGENATION
EXPORT FLUXES
EUTROPHICATION
STORAGE /
INVENTORY
CIRCULATION
LAND-SEA
FLUXES
BENTHIC FLUXES
PRIMARY
PRODUCTION
REMINERALI-
ZATION
CALCIFICATION

Human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry
Q 2.1.: How large are the ocean’s dead zones and how fast are they growing?
(Ocean deoxygenation)
 O2
 Nutrients (NO3, PO4, Si, NH4, NO2)
 Transient Tracers
 Export rates and/or Ar/O2
 Inorganic Carbon
Q 2.2: What are rates and impacts of ocean acidification?
(Ocean acidification)
Detection
 Inorganic Carbon (saturation state as derived variable)
 O2
 Nutrients (NO3, PO4, Si, NH4, NO2)
 Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic sulfates
 Transient Tracers
 13DIC
 PON, POP, DON, DOP
 Ra isotopes (coastal)
Impact
 Inorganic Carbon (saturation state as derived variable)
 Dissolution Rates
 PIC, POC
 Phytoplankton Functional Groups
 Benthic and Pelagic Species
 231Pa, 230Th
Biogeochemistry
Panel

Biogeochemistry
Panel
Driven by requirements, negotiated with feasibility
Essential Ocean Variables
• We cannot measure
everything, nor do
we need to
• Basis for including
new elements of the
system, for expressing
requirements at a high
level
• Driven by
requirements,
negotiated with
feasibility
• Allows for innovation
in the observing
system over time

GOOS Essential Ocean Variables
EOV Specification Sheets: www.goosocean.org/eov
www.ioccp.org/foo
Physics & Climate
Oxygen
Nutrients
Particulate Matter
Inorganic Carbon
Transient Tracers
Nitrous Oxide
Stable Carbon Isotopes
Dissolved Organic Carbon
Biogeochemistry
Phytoplankton
Biomass & Diversity
Zooplankton
Biomass & Diversity
Fish
Abundance & Distribution
Biology & Ecosystems
Marine Turtles, Birds, Mammals
Live Coral
Seagrass Cover
Macroalgal Canopy
Mangrove Cover
Sea Surface Temperature
Ocean Surface Stress
Subsurface Currents
Surface Currents
Subsurface Temperature
Sea State
Ocean Surface Heat Flux
Sea Surface Height
Sea Ice
Sea Surface Salinity
Subsurface Salinity
Ocean Colour
Microbe Biomass & Diversity
Benthic Invertebrate
Emerging
EOVs

Biogeochemistry
Panel
Essential Ocean Variable (EOV): Inorganic Carbon
Name of EOV Inorganic Carbon
Sub-Variables Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Total Alkalinity (TA), Partial pressure of carbon
dioxide (pCO2) and pH.
[At least two of the four Sub-Variables are needed.]
Derived Products Saturation state (aragonite, calcite), Dissolved carbonate ion concentration, Air-sea
flux of CO2, Anthropogenic carbon, Change in total carbon
Supporting Variables Surface and subsurface Temperature, Surface and subsurface Salinity, Ocean vector
stress (wind speed), Atmospheric column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO2
(xCO2), Barometric pressure, Oxygen, Calcium concentration, Transient tracers,
Oxygen to argon ratio (O2/Ar)
Responsible GOOS Panel GOOS Biogeochemistry Panel
Contact: ioccp@ioccp.org
The Essential Ocean Variables
Specification Sheets
EOV Specification Sheets:
www.goosocean.org/eov
www.ioccp.org/foo

Table 2: Requirements Setting (Inorganic Carbon)
Societal Drivers 1. The role of ocean biogeochemistry in climate
2. Human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry
3. Ocean ecosystem health
Scientific Application(s) Q 1.1. How is the ocean carbon content changing?
Q 2.1. How large are the ocean’s dead zones and how fast are they growing?
Q 2.2. What are rates and impacts of ocean acidification?
Q 3.1. Is the biomass of the oceans changing?
Readiness Level
[as defined in the FOO]
Mature
Phenomena to Capture 1
Air-Sea Fluxes
2
Storage / inventory
3
Ocean Acidification
4
Primary production
Temporal Scales of the
Phenomena
Monthly Annual Coastal
Daily
Open Ocean
Seasonal
Seasonal to decadal
Spatial Scales of the Phenomena 1-250 km 100-1000 km Coastal
0.1-100 km
Open Ocean
100-1000km
Coastal
1-100 km
Open Ocean
100-1000 km
Magnitudes/Range of the Signal
to Capture
2 Pg C yr-1 20 Pg C decade-1 Saturation states
0.1 decade-1
pH
0.01 decade-1
0.5 Pg C yr-1 decade-1
(net community
production)
Current Uncertainty Relative to
the Signal
Target Uncertainty Relative to the
Signal
±10% ±10% ±20%

Table 3: Current Observing Networks (Inorganic Carbon)
Observing Approach Ship-based
Underway
Observations
Ship-based Repeat
Hydrography
Moored Fixed-
Point
Observatories
Drifters Ship-based Fixed-
Point
Observatories
Profiling floats
Readiness Level of the
Observing Approach for
this EOV
Mature Mature Mature Mature Mature pH: Pilot
pCO2: Concept
DIC: Concept
TA: Concept
Leading Obs. Network SOOP-CO2 GO-SHIP OceanSITES Biogeochemical Argo
Network Readiness Level Concept Mature Pilot Pilot
Phenomena Addressed 1,3 2,3 1,3,4 1,3 1,3,4 2,3,4
Spatial Scales Currently
Captured by the Observing
Network
Horizontal coverage:
global, every 10°,
denser in the coastal
domain
Vertical coverage:
surface
global, every 20°
Vertical coverage:
full depth
Horizontal
coverage:
Vertical coverage:
Horizontal
coverage:
Vertical coverage:
Vertical coverage:
every 10°,
denser in the coastal
domain
Vertical coverage:
Typical Obs. Frequency Weekly to decadal Decadal Sub-daily to
seasonal and annual
Hourly to annual Weekly to decadal Weekly to annual
Supporting Variables
Measured
Atmospheric / ocean
pCO2, Surface
temperature and
salinity
Surface and
subsurface
temperature and
salinity, Wind
speed, Atmospheric
CO2
Surface and
subsurface
temperature
Wind speed,
Atmospheric and
ocean pCO2
Sensor(s)/Technique Equilibrator,
Permeable
membrane, IR, CRDS
Benchtop instruments Equilibrator,
Permeable
membrane
Spectro-
photometric
Titration, equilibrator Spectro-photometry;
variety of sensors are
being developed
Accuracy/Uncertainty
Estimate (units)
pCO2: ±2 μatm TA/DIC: ±2 μmol kg-1
pH: ±0.005
pCO2: ±2 μatm
pCO2
±5 μatm
pCO2: ±5 μatm
pH: ±0.005
TA/DIC: ±2 μmol kg-1
pH: ±0.005
pCO2: ±2 μatm
pCO2: ±5 µatm
pH: ±0.005
Reporting Mechanisms(s) Individual Networks Annual Reports; IOCCP Annual Report

Biogeochemistry
Panel
Underway CO2 Observations

Biogeochemical Time Series
BGC OceanSITES
(Henson et al. (2016))
MapCO2 sites (Sutton et al. 2014)
All OceanSITES – Dec 2017

Biogeochemical Argo
Biogeochemistry
Panel

Some Biogeochemical floats
NAVIS PROVOR
NO3
O2
Eds (l)
PAR
O2
APEX head
Chla
bp
Cp(660)
CDOM
Chla
bbp (700)
Deep-Sea
DuraFET
pH
MBARI
ISUS
Nitrate
Aanderaa
Oxygen
Optode
or SBE 63
Oxygen

Biogeochemistry
Panel
Network criteria
 Clearly defined common needs and observational goals
 Sustained uninterrupted funding
 Common protocols, instrumentation, standardization
 Clearly defined standard operation procedures
 Data appropriately documented with metadata
 Clear accuracy and precision requirements
 A robust data management and distribution system
From: National Academies of Sciences, E., and
Medicine (2017), Sustaining Ocean Observations
to Understand Future Changes in Earth&Climate,
The National Academies Press, Washington, DC,
doi:10.17226/24919.
A global observing network

Objectives:
• To provide a coordinated framework of surface water CO2 data
of known high-quality following established principles and best
practices to determine accuracy in order to:
➢Provide annual estimates of global air-sea CO2 fluxes to
within 0.2 Pg/yr.
➢Determine trends of surface water pCO2 to within 0.2
µatm/yr
• To provide reference data of known quality for validation and
intercomparison with other data

Seawater system
Electronics/detector
Atmospheric sampling tube
GPS system
SOCONET:
• Surface ocean CO2 measurements from moving and fixed platforms
(With other parameters in concept and pilot phase pH, TA, DIC);
• Atmospheric CO2 from some data originators (discussions with GAW);
• Checked sea surface temperature and salinity as well as other BGC
parameters (oxygen, nutrients)

Carbon Data Management
Biogeochemistry
Panel

Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas version 6
23 million in situ surface ocean CO2 observations
V6 new
A-E
V6 all
A-E
30°E 150°E 90°W 30°E 150°E 90°W 30°E
60°N
0°
60°S
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440(µatm)

Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas version 6
(µatm)
1957-2017
A-E, V5
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440
60°N
0°
60°S
60°N
0°
60°S
30°E 150°E 90°W 30°E 150°E 90°W 30°E
JAS
1990-97
JFM
2010-17
JAS
2010-17
JFM
1990-97

Global synthesis and gridded products of surface ocean fCO2
• (fugacity of CO2) in uniform format with quality control;
• No gap filling; Annual public releases;
• V6: 23.4 million fCO2 values from 1957-2017, accuracy < 5 μatm (flags A-D);
• Plus 1.2 million calibrated sensor data (< 10 μatm, flag E);
• Access via online viewers and data dowload (text, NetCDF, ODV)
• Consistent and documented quality control;
• Documented in ESSD articles;
• Fair Data Use Statement;
• Community activity with >100 contributors worldwide.
www.socat.info
(Pfeil et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014, 2016, all in ESSD)

NEW data
www.socat.info
Annual public releases
• Annual releases timed for the annual Global Carbon Budget.
• User feedback essential!
• Continuous update of SOCAT website (www.socat.info)
Additional parameters being discussed:
• Other surface ocean parameters (DIC, TA, nutrients) – no quality control
• Surface ocean CH4 and N2O
• Atmospheric CO2 – Value added?
• Should SOCAT accept calculated surface ocean fCO2 from floats, gliders?

Applications
www.socat.info
SOCAT is named or cited in
194 peer-reviewed articles
• Ocean carbon sink,
• Ocean acidification studies,
• Model evaluation,
• Environmental studies,
• Figures or tools,
• Reference to SOCAT
(Bakker et al., 2016)
Voluntary Commitment to the 2017 UN Ocean Conference

Global ocean carbon sink (Cant)
in the 2017 Global Carbon Budget
Anthropogenicoceancarbonsink
(PgCyr-1)
Anthropogenic ocean carbon uptake in the 2017 Global Carbon Budget. Shown are
SOCAT-based mapping results (pinkb, orangeg lines), model results (blue lines), the
model ensemble mean (black) and model uncertainty (grey shading).
Figure from Le Quéré et al., 2018.

Land sink (residual)
3.2 Pg C yr-1
(31%)
The Global Carbon Budget
(CDIAC; NOAA-ESRL; Houghton et al 2012; Giglio et al 2013; Le Quéré et al 2016; Global Carbon Budget 2017)
Ocean sink
2.6 Pg C yr-1
(26%)
(Anthropogenic Cant)
Fossil fuel & cement sources
9.3 Pg C yr-1 (91%)
Land-use change (9%)
1.0 Pg C yr-1
Atmosphere
4.5 Pg C yr-1
(44%)
Sources Sinks

• Subsampling of 6 ocean-only CMIP5
models to SOCAT v2 fCO2 values;
• Comparison of annual mean anomalies;
• Models underestimate the variation in
surface ocean pCO2.
• SOCAT in Obs4MIP and ESMVal for IPCC. Perfect comparison
(normalised)
Model evaluation
(Séférian et al., 2014, GRL; Eyring et al., 2016, GMD)

Coastal ocean carbon sink
(Chen et al., 2013; Laruelle et al., 2014; Gruber, 2015)
Coastal ocean carbon sink (Cnet) of 0.2 to 0.4 Pg C yr-1

Arctic ocean carbon sink
(Yasunaka et al., 2016 Polar Biology)
Arctic Ocean carbon sink (Cnet) of 0.18 Pg C yr-1

Reinvigoration of the
Southern Ocean carbon sink
(Landschützer et al., 2015, Science)
2 methods using SOCATv2 (NN, ML);
ΔpCO2 trends dominate the sink variability;
ΔpCO2 trends promote a sink increase of >0.5 PgC yr-1.

Global mapping and fluxes
A synthesis product
(here SOCAT v4)
Mapping
Surface water pCO2
(here 1998-2011)
Air-sea CO2 flux (Cnet)
(here 1998-2011)
gas transfer parameterisation,
wind speed product
(Jacobson et al., 2007; Bakker et al., 2016; Landschützer et al., 2014; Rödenbeck et al., 2015)
1957-2015
V4
Flux = k K0 ΔpCO2(w-a)
Riverine carbon outgassing
0.45 ± 0.18 Pg C yr-1
Anthropogenic ocean
carbon sink (Cant)

Surface Ocean pCO2 Mapping
intercomparison
• 14 data-based mapping methods, incl. 10 using SOCAT.
• Methods differ in forcing and driver data sets.
• SOCOM welcomes new methods.
• http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/SOCOM/
(Rödenbeck et al., 2015 BG)
4x
4x
4x
2x

Mean surface ocean pCO2
(2000-2009)
2) Jena-MLS
4) PU-MCMC
3) SOM-FFN
1) UEA-SI
(µatm)
Uncertainties:
• Differences between methods,
• Methods often exclude the Arctic Ocean and coastal seas or treat
coastal seas as open ocean.
(Rödenbeck et al., 2015 BG)

Surface ocean carbon observations
For:
• Quantification of the ocean carbon sink, (variation, trends, processes),
• Quantification of the land carbon sink,
• Evaluation of ocean carbon models (Obs4MIP & ESMVal for IPCC),
Findings:
• Year-to-year and decadal variation in the ocean carbon sink,
• Models underestimate this variation,
Challenges:
• Short data records,
• Data sparse regions,
• Mapping uncertainty,
• Riverine carbon outgassing (0.45 ± 0.18 Pg C yr-1),
• Coastal ocean carbon sink (0.2 - 0.4 Pg C yr-1),
• Arctic Ocean carbon sink (0.18 Pg C yr-1),
• Role of sea ice (0.03 Pg C yr-1),
• Gas transfer parameterisation, wind speed product

Biogeochemistry
Panel
System
A broad schematic of a full value chain in
sustained ocean observing programs
Observations
Coordination
In situ and satellite observations
Global networks and global
approaches
System requirements
Applications/products, knowledge challenges,
phenomena, EOVs, network design
Data
systems
Assembly
and
dissemination
Understanding
Scientific analysis,
indicators
Predicting / Modeling
Ocean forecast systems
Societal benefit from actionable
information
Policy, public and private management and individual decisions
Assessing
Policy-relevant scientific
assessments
Services
[informing]
Early warning, forecasts,
short and long term
direct advice
www.ioccp.org/foo

Biogeochemistry
Panel
A communication and coordination
service for marine biogeochemistry
Biogeochemistry
Panel

Biogeochemistry
Panel
Biogeochemistry
Panel
Maciej: m.telszewski@ioccp.org
Visit our website: www.ioccp.org

Viewing ICOS in a Global Context From requirements-driven ocean observations, through high quality data to fit-for-purpose information delivery

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