Genetics 1.1 introduction
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This tutorial deals with the introduction to Genetics. 1. Introduction to Genetics 2. Variations: Somatic and Blastogenic Variations (Continuous and Discontinuous {Meristic and Substantive} variations 3. Types of genetics 4. Blending inheritance 5. Pre-Mendelian Theories 6. Atavism 7. Evidence in favor of Blending Inheritance: 8. Terminologies related to Genetics.
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Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through genes. Genetics is the study of heredity and how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. Traits like eye color, hair color, skin color, and body type are passed down from parents to children through genes. Genes come in pairs and offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent, which determines which traits are expressed.
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The document defines key genetic terms including allele, chromosome, genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive alleles, genes, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous, hybrids, incomplete dominance, meiosis, mitosis, mutations, probability, Punnett squares, purebreds, selective breeding, traits, and defines asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, genetic engineering, and offspring.
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There are several types of inheritance including dominant-recessive, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex-limited, sex-linked, and polygenic inheritance. Dominant-recessive inheritance involves a dominant trait being expressed when one allele is dominant. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype when neither allele is dominant. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in a heterozygote. Sex-limited and sex-linked traits are dependent on sex chromosomes. Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a single trait and results in continuous variation in phenotypes.
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This document summarizes key concepts about heredity and genetics covered in Chapter 5, including:
1) Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through alleles contained in DNA. Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments.
2) Mendel discovered dominant and recessive traits and that recessive traits can reappear through cross-breeding.
3) Punnett squares are used to determine the probability of traits being passed down based on parental genotypes.
4) Other concepts covered include incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, mutations, sex determination, and genetic engineering techniques.
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The document discusses heredity and traits. It explains that heredity is the passing of traits from parents to children through genes. Traits are physical or behavioral characteristics that are inherited. Examples given include eye color, hair color, handedness. The document provides several links to websites that further explain heredity and how traits are passed down from generation to generation through chromosomes from each parent combining to form the child's DNA.
Modes of autosomal and sex linked inheritance
This document discusses different modes of inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, and X-linked dominant inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance involves a 50% risk of passing on a trait with each pregnancy, affects both sexes equally, and shows no generational gaps. Autosomal recessive inheritance typically involves unaffected carrier parents who have a 25% risk of passing on the recessive trait with each pregnancy. X-linked recessive traits mainly affect males and carrier females have a 50% risk of passing the trait to sons or daughters, respectively. X-linked dominant traits affect females more than males.
Heredity and genetics
Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. It is the reason why offspring look like their parents. It also explains why cats always give birth to kittens and never puppies. The process of heredity occurs among all living things including animals, plants, bacteria, protists and fungi. The study of heredity is called genetics and scientists that study heredity are called geneticists.
Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents. Traits are physical characteristics. You resemble your parents because you inherited your hair and skin color, nose shape, height, and other traits from them.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Tiny biochemical structures inside each cell called genes carry traits from one generation to the next. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are strung together to form long chains of DNA in structures known as chromosomes. Genes are like blueprints for building a house, except that they carry the plans for building cells, tissues, organs, and bodies. They have the instructions for making the thousands of chemical building blocks in the body. These building blocks are called proteins. Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids. Differences in genes cause the building of different amino acids and proteins. These differences cause individuals to have different traits such as hair color or blood types.
A gene gives only the potential for the development of a trait. How this potential is achieved depends partly on the interaction of the gene with other genes. But it also depends partly on the environment. For example, a person may have a genetic tendency toward being overweight. But the person's actual weight will depend on such environmental factors as how what kinds of food the person eats and how much exercise that person does.
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This document summarizes key concepts about DNA, genes, heredity, and genetic disorders. It discusses how DNA contains genetic instructions, genes are segments of DNA that determine traits, and heredity involves the transmission of alleles from parents to offspring. Different patterns of heredity, like dominant/recessive traits and sex-linked traits, are examined. The document also explores chromosomal abnormalities that can cause disorders like Down syndrome and Turner syndrome, as well as multi-gene traits and environmental interactions with genes.
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This document summarizes key concepts about heredity and genetics covered in Chapter 5, including:
1) Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through alleles contained in DNA. Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments.
2) Mendel discovered dominant and recessive traits and that recessive traits can reappear through cross-breeding.
3) Punnett squares are used to determine the probability of traits being passed down based on parental genotypes.
4) Other concepts covered include incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, mutations, sex determination, and genetic engineering techniques.
Heredity and traits
The document discusses heredity and traits. It explains that heredity is the passing of traits from parents to children through genes. Traits are physical or behavioral characteristics that are inherited. Examples given include eye color, hair color, handedness. The document provides several links to websites that further explain heredity and how traits are passed down from generation to generation through chromosomes from each parent combining to form the child's DNA.
Modes of autosomal and sex linked inheritance
This document discusses different modes of inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, and X-linked dominant inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance involves a 50% risk of passing on a trait with each pregnancy, affects both sexes equally, and shows no generational gaps. Autosomal recessive inheritance typically involves unaffected carrier parents who have a 25% risk of passing on the recessive trait with each pregnancy. X-linked recessive traits mainly affect males and carrier females have a 50% risk of passing the trait to sons or daughters, respectively. X-linked dominant traits affect females more than males.
Heredity and genetics
Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. It is the reason why offspring look like their parents. It also explains why cats always give birth to kittens and never puppies. The process of heredity occurs among all living things including animals, plants, bacteria, protists and fungi. The study of heredity is called genetics and scientists that study heredity are called geneticists.
Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents. Traits are physical characteristics. You resemble your parents because you inherited your hair and skin color, nose shape, height, and other traits from them.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Tiny biochemical structures inside each cell called genes carry traits from one generation to the next. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are strung together to form long chains of DNA in structures known as chromosomes. Genes are like blueprints for building a house, except that they carry the plans for building cells, tissues, organs, and bodies. They have the instructions for making the thousands of chemical building blocks in the body. These building blocks are called proteins. Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids. Differences in genes cause the building of different amino acids and proteins. These differences cause individuals to have different traits such as hair color or blood types.
A gene gives only the potential for the development of a trait. How this potential is achieved depends partly on the interaction of the gene with other genes. But it also depends partly on the environment. For example, a person may have a genetic tendency toward being overweight. But the person's actual weight will depend on such environmental factors as how what kinds of food the person eats and how much exercise that person does.
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The document discusses genes, DNA, RNA, heredity, and reproduction. It defines a gene as the unit of heredity that contains DNA instructions for an organism's traits. DNA encodes genetic instructions and is made up of nucleic acids alongside proteins and carbohydrates. RNA also contains genetic codes and has various biological roles. Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring via sexual or asexual reproduction. The two types of reproduction are sexual, which combines genetic material from two parents, and asexual, which involves one parent. Genes hold the codes to build and maintain organisms and are passed down through reproduction.
Chapter 9 notes
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in his monastery garden to study heredity and the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. He observed seven traits in pea plants that each had two contrasting variants. Through controlled pollination experiments over multiple generations, he discovered that traits are transmitted through discrete factors, now known as genes. His work established the laws of segregation and independent assortment, laying the foundation for modern genetics.
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This document defines key genetic terms and summarizes Mendel's laws of inheritance. It explains that genes determine traits which are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel discovered the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment through his pea plant experiments. The document also outlines different patterns of inheritance such as dominant-recessive, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex-linked, and polygenic inheritance. Polygenic traits like skin color are influenced by multiple genes resulting in a continuum of phenotypes.
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Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s laid the foundations for genetics. Through his work, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel developed theories like the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment to explain inheritance patterns. His work allowed scientists to better understand and predict outcomes of genetic crosses using tools like Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
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This document is a compilation about genetics created by Sithembiso Bridget Nxumalo. It covers several key topics in genetics including DNA and its location in cells, Mendel's early work in genetics which laid the foundations of the field, the concepts of inheritance and alleles, and genetic diseases. The document defines important genetic terms and concepts and provides examples to illustrate inheritance patterns and genetic disorders.
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This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics. It defines terms like allele, chromosome, dominant allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, locus, monohybrid cross, incomplete dominance, codominance, and more. These terms describe genetic concepts like inheritance of traits, dominance relationships between alleles, and the interactions between an organism's genes and environment.
Key Terms Tas No Audio
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics. It defines terms like allele, chromosome, dominant allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive allele, locus, monohybrid cross, and more. These terms describe genetic concepts like heredity, dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, and traits controlled by single or multiple genes.
Key Terms TAS
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics:
1) It defines alleles, chromosomes, codominance, dominant alleles, gametes, genes, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous, incomplete dominance, genetic locus, monohybrid cross, multiple alleles, phenotype, polygenic traits, and recessive.
2) Alleles are versions of genes that control the same trait. Chromosomes carry genetic material. Codominance results in offspring with an intermediate phenotype. Dominant alleles determine phenotype while recessive alleles are masked.
3) Genotype is an organism's entire gene set, while phenotype is its physical appearance based on genotype and environment.
Key Terms TAS
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics:
1) It defines alleles, chromosomes, codominance, dominant alleles, gametes, genes, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, incomplete dominance, genetic locus, monohybrid cross, multiple alleles, phenotype, polygenic trait, recessive, and trait.
2) Alleles are versions of genes that control the same trait, chromosomes carry genetic material, and codominance results in an intermediate phenotype.
3) Dominant alleles determine phenotype while recessive alleles are masked by dominants unless in the homozygous recessive state.
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This document discusses different modes of inheritance for genetic disorders including chromosomal disorders, single gene disorders, and multifactorial inheritance. It provides examples of genetic disorders like hemophilia A and color blindness that are inherited through X-linked recessive inheritance. Key concepts covered include pedigree analysis, Punnett squares, and terminology used in genetics such as genotype, phenotype, dominant, and recessive.
Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
Patterns of inheritance
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance for genetic conditions:
- Autosomal dominant requires only one copy of the mutated gene to cause the condition, affecting both sexes equally. Examples given are Progeria and Huntington's disease.
- Autosomal recessive requires two copies of the mutated gene to cause the condition, can skip generations, and affects both sexes equally. Examples given are albinism and Tay-Sachs disease.
- X-linked recessive mainly affects males and can skip generations as fathers pass the gene to daughters but not sons. Examples given are hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- X-linked dominant affects females more than males, with fathers passing the gene to
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This document introduces the concepts of heredity and genetics. Heredity is defined as the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring. Genetics is the study of heredity. Traits are different forms a characteristic can take, such as hair color, eye color, or fur color. The document then discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that helped establish the basic principles of heredity, including the idea that traits are inherited through discrete units (later discovered to be genes located on chromosomes). Mendel showed that traits can be dominant or recessive when determining the traits expressed in offspring.
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1) Human traits can be inherited in several patterns, including single genes with two alleles (one dominant, one recessive), single genes with multiple alleles, and complex traits controlled by multiple interacting genes.
2) Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome carries genes that trigger male development.
3) Some traits are sex-linked and carried on the X chromosome, meaning they are more likely to appear in males who inherit a recessive allele. Colorblindness is an example of a sex-linked trait.
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This document discusses patterns of inheritance and chromosomal abnormalities. It begins by explaining Mendel's laws of inheritance - the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. It then describes different patterns of inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive and X-linked dominant traits. It also discusses chromosomal abnormalities such as aneuploidy, polyploidy, structural abnormalities including translocations, inversions, deletions and more. In summary, the document provides an overview of Mendelian genetics and different modes of inheritance along with explanations of various types of chromosomal abnormalities.
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Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, while fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm. Conjoined twins result when an egg begins to split like identical twins but fails to completely separate, causing the embryos to share parts of the body. Heredity plays a large role in determining physical traits that are passed down from parents to children through genes and chromosomes. Factors like genetics and environment can also impact prenatal development and may cause birth defects.
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This document provides information on genetics and chromosomes. It defines key terms like genes, alleles, haploid and diploid cells. It describes the structure of chromosomes and how they pair up and separate during meiosis. It explains karyotyping and how genetic testing can determine gender or abnormalities. It also covers Mendel's experiments on inheritance, using pedigree charts and test crosses to determine genotypes. The latter part discusses DNA profiling, genetic modification, cloning, the human genome project and debates around therapeutic cloning.
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Chapter 9 notes
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in his monastery garden to study heredity and the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. He observed seven traits in pea plants that each had two contrasting variants. Through controlled pollination experiments over multiple generations, he discovered that traits are transmitted through discrete factors, now known as genes. His work established the laws of segregation and independent assortment, laying the foundation for modern genetics.
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This document defines key genetic terms and summarizes Mendel's laws of inheritance. It explains that genes determine traits which are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel discovered the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment through his pea plant experiments. The document also outlines different patterns of inheritance such as dominant-recessive, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex-linked, and polygenic inheritance. Polygenic traits like skin color are influenced by multiple genes resulting in a continuum of phenotypes.
Notes chapter 8
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s laid the foundations for genetics. Through his work, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel developed theories like the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment to explain inheritance patterns. His work allowed scientists to better understand and predict outcomes of genetic crosses using tools like Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
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This document is a compilation about genetics created by Sithembiso Bridget Nxumalo. It covers several key topics in genetics including DNA and its location in cells, Mendel's early work in genetics which laid the foundations of the field, the concepts of inheritance and alleles, and genetic diseases. The document defines important genetic terms and concepts and provides examples to illustrate inheritance patterns and genetic disorders.
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This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics. It defines terms like allele, chromosome, dominant allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, locus, monohybrid cross, incomplete dominance, codominance, and more. These terms describe genetic concepts like inheritance of traits, dominance relationships between alleles, and the interactions between an organism's genes and environment.
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This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics. It defines terms like allele, chromosome, dominant allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive allele, locus, monohybrid cross, and more. These terms describe genetic concepts like heredity, dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, and traits controlled by single or multiple genes.
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This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics:
1) It defines alleles, chromosomes, codominance, dominant alleles, gametes, genes, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous, incomplete dominance, genetic locus, monohybrid cross, multiple alleles, phenotype, polygenic traits, and recessive.
2) Alleles are versions of genes that control the same trait. Chromosomes carry genetic material. Codominance results in offspring with an intermediate phenotype. Dominant alleles determine phenotype while recessive alleles are masked.
3) Genotype is an organism's entire gene set, while phenotype is its physical appearance based on genotype and environment.
Key Terms TAS
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics:
1) It defines alleles, chromosomes, codominance, dominant alleles, gametes, genes, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, incomplete dominance, genetic locus, monohybrid cross, multiple alleles, phenotype, polygenic trait, recessive, and trait.
2) Alleles are versions of genes that control the same trait, chromosomes carry genetic material, and codominance results in an intermediate phenotype.
3) Dominant alleles determine phenotype while recessive alleles are masked by dominants unless in the homozygous recessive state.
Modes of inheritance-Dr.Gourav
This document discusses different modes of inheritance for genetic disorders including chromosomal disorders, single gene disorders, and multifactorial inheritance. It provides examples of genetic disorders like hemophilia A and color blindness that are inherited through X-linked recessive inheritance. Key concepts covered include pedigree analysis, Punnett squares, and terminology used in genetics such as genotype, phenotype, dominant, and recessive.
Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
Patterns of inheritance
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance for genetic conditions:
- Autosomal dominant requires only one copy of the mutated gene to cause the condition, affecting both sexes equally. Examples given are Progeria and Huntington's disease.
- Autosomal recessive requires two copies of the mutated gene to cause the condition, can skip generations, and affects both sexes equally. Examples given are albinism and Tay-Sachs disease.
- X-linked recessive mainly affects males and can skip generations as fathers pass the gene to daughters but not sons. Examples given are hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- X-linked dominant affects females more than males, with fathers passing the gene to
Introducing Heredity
This document introduces the concepts of heredity and genetics. Heredity is defined as the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring. Genetics is the study of heredity. Traits are different forms a characteristic can take, such as hair color, eye color, or fur color. The document then discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that helped establish the basic principles of heredity, including the idea that traits are inherited through discrete units (later discovered to be genes located on chromosomes). Mendel showed that traits can be dominant or recessive when determining the traits expressed in offspring.
6.1 notes 2019
1) Human traits can be inherited in several patterns, including single genes with two alleles (one dominant, one recessive), single genes with multiple alleles, and complex traits controlled by multiple interacting genes.
2) Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome carries genes that trigger male development.
3) Some traits are sex-linked and carried on the X chromosome, meaning they are more likely to appear in males who inherit a recessive allele. Colorblindness is an example of a sex-linked trait.
Heredity - Genes, Chromosomes, Solving a Punnett Square and Non-Mendelian Inh...
This presentation is suited for Grade 9 - Science for the topics about genes, chromosomes, solving punnett square and Non-Mendelian Inheritance(Co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple allelles and sex-related traits.
Genetics in orthodontics
Molecular basis of inheritance, Patterns of genetic transmission, Gene mutation, structure of chromosome, chromosomes in Man, Genetic disorders, Numerical disorders, structural disorder, Genetics in an orthodontic perspective, Butler's field theory, methods of studying role of genes.
Mode of inheritence 2016
This document provides definitions and explanations of key genetic terminology used in clinical genetics and molecular biology. It defines terms like genome, genotype, phenotype, karyotype, gene, allele, dominant, recessive, carrier, X-linked, and trait. It also describes patterns of inheritance including Mendelian patterns like autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked recessive and X-linked dominant. Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns such as mitochondrial inheritance, germ cell mosaicism, uniparental disomy, and triplet repeat expansion disorders are also summarized. Examples of genetic disorders that follow different inheritance patterns are provided throughout.
Patterns of inheritence chapter 1
This document discusses patterns of inheritance and chromosomal abnormalities. It begins by explaining Mendel's laws of inheritance - the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. It then describes different patterns of inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive and X-linked dominant traits. It also discusses chromosomal abnormalities such as aneuploidy, polyploidy, structural abnormalities including translocations, inversions, deletions and more. In summary, the document provides an overview of Mendelian genetics and different modes of inheritance along with explanations of various types of chromosomal abnormalities.
Heredity
Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, while fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm. Conjoined twins result when an egg begins to split like identical twins but fails to completely separate, causing the embryos to share parts of the body. Heredity plays a large role in determining physical traits that are passed down from parents to children through genes and chromosomes. Factors like genetics and environment can also impact prenatal development and may cause birth defects.
Topic 4: Genetics
This document provides information on genetics and chromosomes. It defines key terms like genes, alleles, haploid and diploid cells. It describes the structure of chromosomes and how they pair up and separate during meiosis. It explains karyotyping and how genetic testing can determine gender or abnormalities. It also covers Mendel's experiments on inheritance, using pedigree charts and test crosses to determine genotypes. The latter part discusses DNA profiling, genetic modification, cloning, the human genome project and debates around therapeutic cloning.
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Genetic inheritance is determined by chromosomes containing DNA that is passed down from parents. Phenotypes (observable traits) are influenced by both genetic makeup and experiences over one's lifetime. Environmental factors like family socioeconomic status and community ties also shape child development outcomes.
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Genetics is the scientific study of genes and heredity of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring (National Institute of General Medical Sciences, 2022)
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This document summarizes a lecture on human genetics and heredity. It discusses key topics like sexual reproduction, genetic transmission through DNA, cell replication, genetic variation through meiosis and recombination, sex determination, the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes, Mendel's laws of inheritance, sex-linked traits, the interaction between genes and the environment, heritability, genetic influences on behavior through family and twin studies, genetic mutations and abnormalities like Down syndrome, phenylketonuria, and sickle cell anemia. Cultural evolution and gene-culture coevolution are also briefly covered.
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This presentation by Susan Schoenian is the first from a five-part webinar series on "Breeding Better Sheep & Goats." The topic of this presentation is "Genetics 101."
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This biology class document covers several genetics topics including:
1. Linked genes which are inherited together on the same chromosome.
2. Pedigrees which show how traits are inherited over generations.
3. The difference between autosomal and sex-linked traits and when females will display sex-linked traits.
Chapter 5 inheritance
The document discusses inheritance and genetics. It begins by explaining Mendel's laws of inheritance based on his experiments with pea plants. The concepts of dominant and recessive traits, and monohybrid and dihybrid crosses are introduced. Human inheritance is then discussed, including examples like blood types and sex-linked traits. The last section describes genes and chromosomes, defining key terms and explaining DNA structure and how genes control traits. Examples of genetic applications are given, such as selective breeding, genetic engineering, and stem cell research, along with their benefits and risks.
Mendel Genetics PPT.ppt
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are inherited in distinct units (now called genes) and can exist in different forms (alleles). Through his experiments, Mendel determined that alleles segregate and assort independently during reproduction according to his two laws of inheritance. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical genetics and heritability of traits.
Mendel Genetics PPT.ppt
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are inherited in distinct units (now called genes) and can exist in different forms (alleles). Through his experiments, he developed two laws of inheritance: the Law of Segregation, which states that organisms pass only one allele to offspring for each gene, and the Law of Independent Assortment, which explains that genes assort independently during gamete formation. Mendel's work established foundations of classical genetics and heredity of traits.
Mendel Genetics PPT.ppt
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are inherited in distinct units (now called genes) and can exist in different forms (alleles). Through his experiments, he developed two laws of inheritance: the Law of Segregation, which states that organisms pass only one allele to offspring for each gene, and the Law of Independent Assortment, which explains that genes assort independently during reproduction. Mendel's work established foundations of classical genetics and heredity of traits.
Extra nuclear inheritance
Cytoplasmic or extranuclear inheritance involves the transmission of traits controlled by genes located outside the cell nucleus, such as in mitochondria or chloroplasts. This form of inheritance does not follow Mendel's laws and instead is maternally inherited, with traits expressed based on the phenotype of the female parent. Examples discussed in the document include mitochondrial inheritance in humans, cytoplasmic factors influencing disease susceptibility in mice, and chloroplast genes controlling leaf color in plants.
Chapter 3 (1)
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are inherited in distinct forms called alleles and that alleles can be dominant or recessive. Through his experiments and statistical analysis, he developed two laws of inheritance: the Law of Segregation, which states that organisms pass only one of their two alleles to offspring, and the Law of Independent Assortment, which states that different genes are passed to offspring independently. Mendel's work formed the basis of classical genetics and provided evidence that traits are inherited based on discrete units of heredity now called genes.
Genetic -Parvin Mammadova
This document discusses several key concepts in theoretical genetics including genes, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant and recessive alleles, codominance, multiple alleles, sex chromosomes, and sex-linked traits. It provides examples of how traits like fur color in mice, blood types in humans, hemophilia, and color blindness are determined and inherited based on these genetic principles. The relationship between alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominance, and sex linkage are explained through examples involving crosses between organisms.
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS.pptx
This document discusses patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance in genetics. It describes several patterns such as incomplete dominance where a hybrid phenotype results from two alleles, codominance where both alleles are fully expressed at the same time, and multiple alleles where more than two alleles determine a trait like blood types. It also covers sex-linked inheritance determined by alleles on the X chromosome and sex-influenced traits where expression depends on sex hormones. Examples are provided to illustrate each non-Mendelian inheritance pattern.
Introduction to genetics.pptx
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Understanding Inheritance
The document discusses the concepts of inheritance, genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, and patterns of inheritance. It explains that chromosomes contain genes which control traits, and that offspring inherit genes from both parents. Genotypes are an organism's combination of alleles, while phenotypes are the observable traits. Dominant and recessive alleles can interact in different inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance. An organism's environment and multiple genes can also influence phenotypes. Some disorders are caused by recessive or sex-linked genes.
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Genetics 1.1 introduction
- 1. Genetics 1.1: Introduction Presented by Dr. Roman Saini
- 2. About me • Trying to impart high quality accessible education • If you want to know more, you can read online • Spread the word of this education revolution • Any query or doubt, please comment below the video on youtube or on Facebook page: www.facebook.com/UnacademyMedical
- 3. Introduction to Genetics • "Genetics" term by Bateson. Father - "Gregor John Mendel". • Genetics: Branch of biology dealing with the inheritance as well as the variation of characters from parents to offspring. • Inheritance: • Process by which characters are passed on from parents to progeny. • Basis of heredity. • Variation: Degree by which progeny differ from their parents.
- 4. Variations 1. Somatic Variations: • Non-inheritable variation. • Occurs in somatic cell. • E.g. Hair length of human being. 2. Blastogenic or Germinal Variations: • Inheritable variation. • Occurs at germplasm level or in reproductive body part.
- 5. 2 types of Blastogenic variations 1. Continuous Variations: Occurs due to crossing over or genetic recombinations. 2. Discontinuous Variations: Sudden genetic changes in reproductive cells due to environmental fluctuations. Known as Mutations or Saltations. Two types- • Meristic Variations: Change in quantity. • Substantive Variations: Change in quality, e.g. polydactyl.
- 6. Types of Genetics • Classical or Transmission Genetics: Fundamental study of genetics. Involves study of transfer of characters. • Forward Genetics: Phenotype Protein RNA DNA.
- 7. Types of Genetics • Reverse Genetics: DNA RNA Protein Phenotype. • Population Genetics: Study of distribution of a particular gene in population with respect to its dominant and recessive traits. • Molecular Genetics: Study of genetics at molecular level. Three aspects- Structural Genetics, Functional Genetics and Applied Genetics.
- 8. Blending Inheritance Pre-Mendelian Ideas. Includes- • Moist Vapor Theory by Pythagoras. • Reproductive Blood Theory by Aristotle. • Homunculus or Pre-formation Theory by Swammerdam. • Theory of Pan-genesis by Darwin. • Weismann's Theory.
- 9. Exception of Blending Inheritance: • Atavistic Characteristic: Characters which are observed in some offspring but they are not present in their parents. Ancestral characteristic.
- 10. Evidences in favor of Blending Inheritance: • Incomplete dominance of Mirabilis Jalapa for flower color. • Polygenic inheritance of skin color, human intelligence, human height, they sometime exhibit blending.
- 11. Terminology • Character: Expressible form of any phenotype. • Contrasting character: Character having more than one variant. All characters are not contrasting characters. • Trait: Detectable variant of a character. • Gene or Factor: Unit of inheritance. Contain information that is required to express a particular trait in an organism.
- 12. • Allele: Different forms of the same gene coding for a pair of contrasting traits. • Homozygous: Having two identical alleles of a gene e.g. TT or tt. • Heterozygous: Having two different alleles of a gene e.g. Tt. • Monohybrid Cross: Cross applied for one character only. • Dihybrid Cross: Cross applied for two characters.
- 13. • Dominant: Phenotypic expression which can express itself in homozygous as well as heterozygous combination by suppressing expression of another trait. • It is designated by capital letter. • Recessive: Phenotypic expression which can express itself only in homozygous combination. • It is designated by small letter.
- 14. Spread the word and be a part of this education revolution
- 15. www.facebook.com/romansaini.official Spread the education-for-all revolution @theUnacademy @RomanSaini Hit thumbs up Thank you for watching the tutorial www.facebook.com/unacademy