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This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics. It defines terms like allele, chromosome, dominant allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive allele, locus, monohybrid cross, and more. These terms describe genetic concepts like heredity, dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, and traits controlled by single or multiple genes.
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Key Terms TAS
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics:
1) It defines alleles, chromosomes, codominance, dominant alleles, gametes, genes, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, incomplete dominance, genetic locus, monohybrid cross, multiple alleles, phenotype, polygenic trait, recessive, and trait.
2) Alleles are versions of genes that control the same trait, chromosomes carry genetic material, and codominance results in an intermediate phenotype.
3) Dominant alleles determine phenotype while recessive alleles are masked by dominants unless in the homozygous recessive state.
Key Terms TAS
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics:
1) It defines alleles, chromosomes, codominance, dominant alleles, gametes, genes, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous, incomplete dominance, genetic locus, monohybrid cross, multiple alleles, phenotype, polygenic traits, and recessive.
2) Alleles are versions of genes that control the same trait. Chromosomes carry genetic material. Codominance results in offspring with an intermediate phenotype. Dominant alleles determine phenotype while recessive alleles are masked.
3) Genotype is an organism's entire gene set, while phenotype is its physical appearance based on genotype and environment.
Dominant vs Recessive Genes
Dominant genes are expressed when a single copy is present, while recessive genes require two copies to be expressed and are masked by dominant genes. Traits are determined by gene pairs on chromosomes, with one gene inherited from each parent. Whether a trait is dominant or recessive can be determined by the parents' genotypes and phenotypes, and some traits are sex-linked or show incomplete dominance or codominance.
Traits From Parents
This document discusses the physical basis of heredity and traits inherited from parents. It defines key genetic terms like chromosome, chromatids, and centromere. It explains that chromosomes contain genes and are made of DNA. Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over. Meiosis reduces cells from diploid to haploid. Fertilization restores diploidy. Traits can be controlled by single genes with dominant/recessive alleles, multiple alleles like blood type, or several interacting genes like height. Mendel's principles were rediscovered in early 1900s and apply to many human traits.
Non mendelian inheritance
This document discusses several non-Mendelian inheritance patterns including incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. It provides examples like red and white snapdragon crosses that produce pink flowers to illustrate intermediate inheritance. Dosage compensation and genomic imprinting modify nuclear genes or chromosomes during early development.
Heredity - Genes, Chromosomes, Solving a Punnett Square and Non-Mendelian Inh...
This presentation is suited for Grade 9 - Science for the topics about genes, chromosomes, solving punnett square and Non-Mendelian Inheritance(Co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple allelles and sex-related traits.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This document discusses several forms of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance where traits show a combined phenotype, co-dominance where offspring exhibit both parental traits together, multiple alleles where more than two alleles can code for a trait, maternal and paternal effects where the parent's environment or genotype influences the offspring's phenotype, epigenetic inheritance involving modification to genes or chromosomes early in development, and gene conversion being a DNA recombination process that transfers sequence information between DNA helices.
Notes chapter 8
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s laid the foundations for genetics. Through his work, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel developed theories like the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment to explain inheritance patterns. His work allowed scientists to better understand and predict outcomes of genetic crosses using tools like Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
Recommended
Key Terms TAS
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics:
1) It defines alleles, chromosomes, codominance, dominant alleles, gametes, genes, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, incomplete dominance, genetic locus, monohybrid cross, multiple alleles, phenotype, polygenic trait, recessive, and trait.
2) Alleles are versions of genes that control the same trait, chromosomes carry genetic material, and codominance results in an intermediate phenotype.
3) Dominant alleles determine phenotype while recessive alleles are masked by dominants unless in the homozygous recessive state.
Key Terms TAS
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics:
1) It defines alleles, chromosomes, codominance, dominant alleles, gametes, genes, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous, incomplete dominance, genetic locus, monohybrid cross, multiple alleles, phenotype, polygenic traits, and recessive.
2) Alleles are versions of genes that control the same trait. Chromosomes carry genetic material. Codominance results in offspring with an intermediate phenotype. Dominant alleles determine phenotype while recessive alleles are masked.
3) Genotype is an organism's entire gene set, while phenotype is its physical appearance based on genotype and environment.
Dominant vs Recessive Genes
Dominant genes are expressed when a single copy is present, while recessive genes require two copies to be expressed and are masked by dominant genes. Traits are determined by gene pairs on chromosomes, with one gene inherited from each parent. Whether a trait is dominant or recessive can be determined by the parents' genotypes and phenotypes, and some traits are sex-linked or show incomplete dominance or codominance.
Traits From Parents
This document discusses the physical basis of heredity and traits inherited from parents. It defines key genetic terms like chromosome, chromatids, and centromere. It explains that chromosomes contain genes and are made of DNA. Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over. Meiosis reduces cells from diploid to haploid. Fertilization restores diploidy. Traits can be controlled by single genes with dominant/recessive alleles, multiple alleles like blood type, or several interacting genes like height. Mendel's principles were rediscovered in early 1900s and apply to many human traits.
Non mendelian inheritance
This document discusses several non-Mendelian inheritance patterns including incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. It provides examples like red and white snapdragon crosses that produce pink flowers to illustrate intermediate inheritance. Dosage compensation and genomic imprinting modify nuclear genes or chromosomes during early development.
Heredity - Genes, Chromosomes, Solving a Punnett Square and Non-Mendelian Inh...
This presentation is suited for Grade 9 - Science for the topics about genes, chromosomes, solving punnett square and Non-Mendelian Inheritance(Co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple allelles and sex-related traits.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This document discusses several forms of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance where traits show a combined phenotype, co-dominance where offspring exhibit both parental traits together, multiple alleles where more than two alleles can code for a trait, maternal and paternal effects where the parent's environment or genotype influences the offspring's phenotype, epigenetic inheritance involving modification to genes or chromosomes early in development, and gene conversion being a DNA recombination process that transfers sequence information between DNA helices.
Notes chapter 8
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s laid the foundations for genetics. Through his work, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel developed theories like the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment to explain inheritance patterns. His work allowed scientists to better understand and predict outcomes of genetic crosses using tools like Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
NonMendelian Genetics Part2
The document discusses several patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits. These patterns do not follow Mendel's laws of simple dominance and recessive inheritance. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype, codominance shows both parental traits simultaneously, multiple alleles involve more than two allele choices for a trait, and sex-linked traits are inherited through the X chromosome.
26 1 genetics how and why
1. Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes contain genes that determine traits and are located in cell nuclei.
2. Body cells contain pairs of chromosomes while sex cells like eggs and sperm only contain half the number to allow for chromosome pairing during fertilization.
3. Traits are passed to offspring when the chromosomes from the sperm and egg join during fertilization. Dominant genes mask recessive genes, determining whether traits are expressed.
26 1 genetics, how and why
1. Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes contain genes that determine traits and are located in cell nuclei.
2. Body cells contain pairs of chromosomes while sex cells like eggs and sperm only contain half the number to allow for chromosome pairing during fertilization.
3. Traits are passed to offspring when the chromosomes from the mother and father combine during fertilization. Dominant genes mask recessive genes, determining whether traits are expressed.
Edu 144 ch 3 flashcards
The document defines key genetic and biological terms including: gene, DNA, chromosome, zygote, XX and XY sex determination, carriers, monozygotic and dizygotic twins, and genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. It provides brief descriptions of each term focused on their role and function related to heredity and human development.
DOMINANT AND RECESIVE TRAITS
Dominant traits are caused by a single allele masking the phenotype of the other allele. Recessive traits require inheriting two copies of the recessive allele to manifest. Gregor Mendel established that purple flower color in peas was dominant over white, as peas needed only one purple allele. When heterozygous, the dominant trait manifests as the recessive allele remains inactive. Examples show homozygous dominant as AA, heterozygous dominant as Aa displaying the dominant trait, and homozygous recessive as aa.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This presentation is an introduction to the various types of non-Mendelian inheritance (genetic inheritance that does not follow Mendel's laws)
Corniyah bradley
This document discusses genetic traits and inheritance patterns. It explains that a recessive trait will reappear in the second generation if parents have different traits, while a dominant trait will be observed if at least one dominant allele is inherited. It also defines key genetic terms like genotype, phenotype, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance as they relate to the expression and inheritance of physical traits.
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
Human genetics
Human inheritance is complex, with some traits controlled by single genes with two alleles, others by single genes with multiple alleles, and many traits influenced by multiple interacting genes. Additionally, sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The probability of passing on traits is influenced by factors like whether alleles are dominant or recessive, and both genes and the environment interact to impact characteristics.
Nonmendelian Genetics Part1
This document provides examples of Mendelian genetics concepts through punnett squares and genetic crosses. It addresses:
- A cross between homozygous round and wrinkled seeds that results in 100% heterozygous dominant round seeds.
- A cross between a heterozygous brown-eyed man and blue-eyed woman that results in a 50-50 phenotypic ratio of brown and blue eyes and genotypic ratios of 50% heterozygous dominant brown and 50% recessive blue.
- Examples of incomplete dominance in flowers (pink) and animal coats (roan) where the heterozygote phenotype is blended between the homozygous parents.
- X-linked colorblindness where it is recess
Genetics
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
- Chromosomes contain DNA made of genes that code for proteins and control traits.
- Alleles are variants of genes that can be dominant or recessive and determine traits.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed dominant and recessive inheritance through monohybrid and dihybrid crosses modeled with Punnett squares.
- Independent assortment of chromosomes and random fertilization create genetic variation.
12 biology notes_ch05_principals_of_inheritance_and_variation
Mendel conducted experiments on garden peas to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are controlled by discrete factors (now known as genes) which segregate during gamete formation according to his laws of inheritance. Some key findings were that dominant traits mask recessive traits in offspring (F1) but both reappear in the F2 generation in a 3:1 ratio. This supported that inheritance factors behave as discrete paired units rather than blending together. Later, chromosomes were found to be the structures that carry genes and segregate during meiosis according to Mendel's laws. Other genetic concepts studied include linkage, sex determination, and causes of genetic disorders.
Genetics 1.1 introduction
This tutorial deals with the introduction to Genetics.
1. Introduction to Genetics
2. Variations: Somatic and Blastogenic Variations (Continuous and Discontinuous {Meristic and Substantive} variations
3. Types of genetics
4. Blending inheritance
5. Pre-Mendelian Theories
6. Atavism
7. Evidence in favor of Blending Inheritance:
8. Terminologies related to Genetics.
6.1 notes 2019
1) Human traits can be inherited in several patterns, including single genes with two alleles (one dominant, one recessive), single genes with multiple alleles, and complex traits controlled by multiple interacting genes.
2) Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome carries genes that trigger male development.
3) Some traits are sex-linked and carried on the X chromosome, meaning they are more likely to appear in males who inherit a recessive allele. Colorblindness is an example of a sex-linked trait.
Lab 6 inheritance of traits fall 2014
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance for a dragon genetics lab. It defines key terms like heredity, traits, alleles, and dominant and recessive genes. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics, including his laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document discusses inheritance patterns for autosomal and sex-linked genes, as well as complex inheritance like incomplete dominance and environmental influences. The goal is for students to understand basic genetics concepts and how they are demonstrated in a model organism.
2 24 Intro To Punnet Squares
The document discusses basic concepts in Mendelian genetics including genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant and recessive traits, and homozygous and heterozygous individuals. It defines key terms and provides examples. Some main points:
- Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics for his experiments breeding pea plants.
- Genes are portions of DNA that code for traits, alleles are different forms of the same gene.
- Genotype refers to an individual's genetic makeup, phenotype to their observable traits.
- Dominant traits require only one allele, recessive traits require two of the same allele.
Non mendelian inheritance
Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Incomplete Dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple Alleles, Pleiotropy, Lethality, Polygenic Traits, and Environmental Factors
4-Genetics - Types of inheritance (by CJ)
There are several types of inheritance including dominant-recessive, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex-limited, sex-linked, and polygenic inheritance. Dominant-recessive inheritance involves a dominant trait being expressed when one allele is dominant. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype when neither allele is dominant. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in a heterozygote. Sex-limited and sex-linked traits are dependent on sex chromosomes. Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a single trait and results in continuous variation in phenotypes.
Non-Mendellian genetics
This document discusses several non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance including lack of dominance where the heterozygous phenotype differs from the homozygous phenotypes, multiple alleles where a single gene can have more than two alleles, pleiotropy where a single gene influences multiple traits, lethal genes which cause death, sex-linked inheritance determined by genes on sex chromosomes, gene interactions between two or more genes, complementary genes which act together to determine a trait, epistasis where one gene inhibits another, polygenic inheritance where multiple genes influence a trait, and pedigree analysis to trace traits within a family.
Allele An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a p.pdf
Allele: An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a particular location on a particular
chromosome and control the same character.
Genotype: Genotype is a part of genetic makeup of a cell and determines specific character of a
cell.
Phenotype: It is the physical appearance of an organism.
Autosomal dominant: It is the process in which only one allele is required to pass a genetic
defect or character to the progeny.
Autosomal recessive: It is the condition in which bothe alleles are required to pass a character or
genetic defect to the progeny.
Sex linked trait: A trait associated with a gene that is carried by male or female parent. Eg:
Colorblindness carried by X-chromosome.
Solution
Allele: An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a particular location on a particular
chromosome and control the same character.
Genotype: Genotype is a part of genetic makeup of a cell and determines specific character of a
cell.
Phenotype: It is the physical appearance of an organism.
Autosomal dominant: It is the process in which only one allele is required to pass a genetic
defect or character to the progeny.
Autosomal recessive: It is the condition in which bothe alleles are required to pass a character or
genetic defect to the progeny.
Sex linked trait: A trait associated with a gene that is carried by male or female parent. Eg:
Colorblindness carried by X-chromosome..
GENETICS 2.pptx
The document defines several key genetic terms:
Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (n) like gametes, while diploid cells have two sets (2n) like somatic cells. A zygote is a diploid cell formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes. Chromatin and chromosomes are structures that contain genetic material. Homologous chromosomes are paired and contain maternal and paternal genes. Synapsis is when homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis. Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype describes observable traits. Dominant alleles will produce their trait even when paired with recessive alleles, which do not produce traits on their own.
INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS AND PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING_final.ppt
Introduction to Genetics:
Definition and significance of genetics.
Historical milestones in the field of genetics.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology:
DNA replication.
Transcription and RNA synthesis.
Translation and protein synthesis.
Genetic Material:
Structure of DNA and RNA.
Genetic code and codons.
Mendelian Genetics:
Principles of inheritance (laws of segregation and independent assortment).
Punnett squares and genetic crosses.
Terms: genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance:
Incomplete dominance.
Codominance.
Polygenic inheritance.
Chromosomes and Cell Division:
Overview of mitosis and meiosis.
Chromosome structure and organization.
Sex chromosomes and sex determination.
Genetic Variation:
Mutation types (point mutations, insertions, deletions).
Causes of mutations (chemical, radiation, genetic).
Genetic Disorders:
Single gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia).
Chromosomal disorders (e.g., Down syndrome, Turner syndrome).
Multifactorial disorders and gene-environment interactions.
Human Genome Project:
Purpose and goals.
Achievements and implications for medicine.
Molecular Genetics:
DNA sequencing techniques.
Recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering.
Genetic Counseling and Testing:
Purpose and process of genetic counseling.
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NonMendelian Genetics Part2
The document discusses several patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits. These patterns do not follow Mendel's laws of simple dominance and recessive inheritance. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype, codominance shows both parental traits simultaneously, multiple alleles involve more than two allele choices for a trait, and sex-linked traits are inherited through the X chromosome.
26 1 genetics how and why
1. Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes contain genes that determine traits and are located in cell nuclei.
2. Body cells contain pairs of chromosomes while sex cells like eggs and sperm only contain half the number to allow for chromosome pairing during fertilization.
3. Traits are passed to offspring when the chromosomes from the sperm and egg join during fertilization. Dominant genes mask recessive genes, determining whether traits are expressed.
26 1 genetics, how and why
1. Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes contain genes that determine traits and are located in cell nuclei.
2. Body cells contain pairs of chromosomes while sex cells like eggs and sperm only contain half the number to allow for chromosome pairing during fertilization.
3. Traits are passed to offspring when the chromosomes from the mother and father combine during fertilization. Dominant genes mask recessive genes, determining whether traits are expressed.
Edu 144 ch 3 flashcards
The document defines key genetic and biological terms including: gene, DNA, chromosome, zygote, XX and XY sex determination, carriers, monozygotic and dizygotic twins, and genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. It provides brief descriptions of each term focused on their role and function related to heredity and human development.
DOMINANT AND RECESIVE TRAITS
Dominant traits are caused by a single allele masking the phenotype of the other allele. Recessive traits require inheriting two copies of the recessive allele to manifest. Gregor Mendel established that purple flower color in peas was dominant over white, as peas needed only one purple allele. When heterozygous, the dominant trait manifests as the recessive allele remains inactive. Examples show homozygous dominant as AA, heterozygous dominant as Aa displaying the dominant trait, and homozygous recessive as aa.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This presentation is an introduction to the various types of non-Mendelian inheritance (genetic inheritance that does not follow Mendel's laws)
Corniyah bradley
This document discusses genetic traits and inheritance patterns. It explains that a recessive trait will reappear in the second generation if parents have different traits, while a dominant trait will be observed if at least one dominant allele is inherited. It also defines key genetic terms like genotype, phenotype, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance as they relate to the expression and inheritance of physical traits.
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
Human genetics
Human inheritance is complex, with some traits controlled by single genes with two alleles, others by single genes with multiple alleles, and many traits influenced by multiple interacting genes. Additionally, sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The probability of passing on traits is influenced by factors like whether alleles are dominant or recessive, and both genes and the environment interact to impact characteristics.
Nonmendelian Genetics Part1
This document provides examples of Mendelian genetics concepts through punnett squares and genetic crosses. It addresses:
- A cross between homozygous round and wrinkled seeds that results in 100% heterozygous dominant round seeds.
- A cross between a heterozygous brown-eyed man and blue-eyed woman that results in a 50-50 phenotypic ratio of brown and blue eyes and genotypic ratios of 50% heterozygous dominant brown and 50% recessive blue.
- Examples of incomplete dominance in flowers (pink) and animal coats (roan) where the heterozygote phenotype is blended between the homozygous parents.
- X-linked colorblindness where it is recess
Genetics
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
- Chromosomes contain DNA made of genes that code for proteins and control traits.
- Alleles are variants of genes that can be dominant or recessive and determine traits.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed dominant and recessive inheritance through monohybrid and dihybrid crosses modeled with Punnett squares.
- Independent assortment of chromosomes and random fertilization create genetic variation.
12 biology notes_ch05_principals_of_inheritance_and_variation
Mendel conducted experiments on garden peas to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are controlled by discrete factors (now known as genes) which segregate during gamete formation according to his laws of inheritance. Some key findings were that dominant traits mask recessive traits in offspring (F1) but both reappear in the F2 generation in a 3:1 ratio. This supported that inheritance factors behave as discrete paired units rather than blending together. Later, chromosomes were found to be the structures that carry genes and segregate during meiosis according to Mendel's laws. Other genetic concepts studied include linkage, sex determination, and causes of genetic disorders.
Genetics 1.1 introduction
This tutorial deals with the introduction to Genetics.
1. Introduction to Genetics
2. Variations: Somatic and Blastogenic Variations (Continuous and Discontinuous {Meristic and Substantive} variations
3. Types of genetics
4. Blending inheritance
5. Pre-Mendelian Theories
6. Atavism
7. Evidence in favor of Blending Inheritance:
8. Terminologies related to Genetics.
6.1 notes 2019
1) Human traits can be inherited in several patterns, including single genes with two alleles (one dominant, one recessive), single genes with multiple alleles, and complex traits controlled by multiple interacting genes.
2) Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome carries genes that trigger male development.
3) Some traits are sex-linked and carried on the X chromosome, meaning they are more likely to appear in males who inherit a recessive allele. Colorblindness is an example of a sex-linked trait.
Lab 6 inheritance of traits fall 2014
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance for a dragon genetics lab. It defines key terms like heredity, traits, alleles, and dominant and recessive genes. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics, including his laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document discusses inheritance patterns for autosomal and sex-linked genes, as well as complex inheritance like incomplete dominance and environmental influences. The goal is for students to understand basic genetics concepts and how they are demonstrated in a model organism.
2 24 Intro To Punnet Squares
The document discusses basic concepts in Mendelian genetics including genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant and recessive traits, and homozygous and heterozygous individuals. It defines key terms and provides examples. Some main points:
- Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics for his experiments breeding pea plants.
- Genes are portions of DNA that code for traits, alleles are different forms of the same gene.
- Genotype refers to an individual's genetic makeup, phenotype to their observable traits.
- Dominant traits require only one allele, recessive traits require two of the same allele.
Non mendelian inheritance
Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Incomplete Dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple Alleles, Pleiotropy, Lethality, Polygenic Traits, and Environmental Factors
4-Genetics - Types of inheritance (by CJ)
There are several types of inheritance including dominant-recessive, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex-limited, sex-linked, and polygenic inheritance. Dominant-recessive inheritance involves a dominant trait being expressed when one allele is dominant. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype when neither allele is dominant. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in a heterozygote. Sex-limited and sex-linked traits are dependent on sex chromosomes. Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a single trait and results in continuous variation in phenotypes.
Non-Mendellian genetics
This document discusses several non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance including lack of dominance where the heterozygous phenotype differs from the homozygous phenotypes, multiple alleles where a single gene can have more than two alleles, pleiotropy where a single gene influences multiple traits, lethal genes which cause death, sex-linked inheritance determined by genes on sex chromosomes, gene interactions between two or more genes, complementary genes which act together to determine a trait, epistasis where one gene inhibits another, polygenic inheritance where multiple genes influence a trait, and pedigree analysis to trace traits within a family.
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12 biology notes_ch05_principals_of_inheritance_and_variation
12 biology notes_ch05_principals_of_inheritance_and_variation
Similar to Key Terms Tas No Audio
Allele An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a p.pdf
Allele: An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a particular location on a particular
chromosome and control the same character.
Genotype: Genotype is a part of genetic makeup of a cell and determines specific character of a
cell.
Phenotype: It is the physical appearance of an organism.
Autosomal dominant: It is the process in which only one allele is required to pass a genetic
defect or character to the progeny.
Autosomal recessive: It is the condition in which bothe alleles are required to pass a character or
genetic defect to the progeny.
Sex linked trait: A trait associated with a gene that is carried by male or female parent. Eg:
Colorblindness carried by X-chromosome.
Solution
Allele: An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a particular location on a particular
chromosome and control the same character.
Genotype: Genotype is a part of genetic makeup of a cell and determines specific character of a
cell.
Phenotype: It is the physical appearance of an organism.
Autosomal dominant: It is the process in which only one allele is required to pass a genetic
defect or character to the progeny.
Autosomal recessive: It is the condition in which bothe alleles are required to pass a character or
genetic defect to the progeny.
Sex linked trait: A trait associated with a gene that is carried by male or female parent. Eg:
Colorblindness carried by X-chromosome..
GENETICS 2.pptx
The document defines several key genetic terms:
Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (n) like gametes, while diploid cells have two sets (2n) like somatic cells. A zygote is a diploid cell formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes. Chromatin and chromosomes are structures that contain genetic material. Homologous chromosomes are paired and contain maternal and paternal genes. Synapsis is when homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis. Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype describes observable traits. Dominant alleles will produce their trait even when paired with recessive alleles, which do not produce traits on their own.
INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS AND PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING_final.ppt
Introduction to Genetics:
Definition and significance of genetics.
Historical milestones in the field of genetics.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology:
DNA replication.
Transcription and RNA synthesis.
Translation and protein synthesis.
Genetic Material:
Structure of DNA and RNA.
Genetic code and codons.
Mendelian Genetics:
Principles of inheritance (laws of segregation and independent assortment).
Punnett squares and genetic crosses.
Terms: genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance:
Incomplete dominance.
Codominance.
Polygenic inheritance.
Chromosomes and Cell Division:
Overview of mitosis and meiosis.
Chromosome structure and organization.
Sex chromosomes and sex determination.
Genetic Variation:
Mutation types (point mutations, insertions, deletions).
Causes of mutations (chemical, radiation, genetic).
Genetic Disorders:
Single gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia).
Chromosomal disorders (e.g., Down syndrome, Turner syndrome).
Multifactorial disorders and gene-environment interactions.
Human Genome Project:
Purpose and goals.
Achievements and implications for medicine.
Molecular Genetics:
DNA sequencing techniques.
Recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering.
Genetic Counseling and Testing:
Purpose and process of genetic counseling.
GENETICS 1.pptx
This document defines key terms related to genetics and heredity. It explains that genetics is the study of genes and heredity, including how characteristics are passed from parents to offspring. The basic unit of heredity is the gene, which is made up of DNA sequences and determines particular characteristics. DNA contains the genetic information found in all living things. Genes exist in different forms called alleles, which are found at loci on chromosomes. Traits are characteristics influenced by both genes and the environment. Individuals can be either homozygous or heterozygous depending on whether they inherit identical or different alleles from each parent.
Incomplete_Dominance.ppt
This document discusses incomplete dominance and codominance, which are exceptions to Mendel's principles of dominance and segregation. It provides examples of each. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. In codominance, neither allele is dominant and both are expressed in the heterozygote. The document also briefly explains test crosses, which are used to determine if an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
Mendel
The document summarizes key concepts in genetics and inheritance, including:
1) Traits are transmitted by chromosomes which contain genes made of DNA. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
2) Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the basic principles of heredity, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
3) Genes exist in versions called alleles that are received from each parent and can be dominant or recessive.
Bases heranca genetica
The document summarizes key concepts in genetics and inheritance, including:
1) Traits are transmitted by chromosomes which contain genes made of DNA. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
2) Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the basic principles of heredity, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
3) Genes exist in versions called alleles that are received from each parent and can be dominant or recessive.
Chapter 12
The document discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1860s, which established the fundamental laws of inheritance and represented the foundation of the modern science of genetics. Through extensive, quantitative crosses involving over 24,000 pea plants over 7 years, Mendel demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units that segregate and assort in predictable ratios. Mendel's work laid the groundwork for understanding how genes and chromosomes are transmitted from one generation to the next according to the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
Chapter11
- Mendel's experiments helped formulate the particulate theory of inheritance and showed that inheritance involves reshuffling of genes from generation to generation.
- The law of segregation states that each individual has two factors for each trait which segregate during gamete formation such that each gamete contains only one factor.
- The law of independent assortment states that each pair of factors segregates independently of other pairs, resulting in all possible combinations of factors in gametes. Punnett squares can be used to determine possible offspring combinations.
CROSS (PERSILANGAN).pptx
Genes are segments of DNA that control hereditary traits in organisms. Genes contain genetic information and can be dominant, recessive, or semi-dominant. Alleles are gene variants that appear at corresponding locations on homologous chromosomes. A monohybrid cross involves breeding organisms with homozygous dominant and recessive genotypes for a trait to determine the dominant allele and inheritance patterns. It can also involve breeding heterozygous individuals to confirm allele dominance.
Inheritance -I.pptx
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02 Chromosomes, Genes & Alleles
1. Chromosomes contain DNA and package it into a smaller size. In eukaryotes, DNA is contained in linear chromosomes while prokaryotes have circular chromosomes.
2. Humans have 23 chromosome pairs including one sex chromosome pair that determines gender. Genes are located on chromosomes and can exist in different alleles that determine traits.
3. The genotype is an individual's combination of alleles, which determines their phenotype or physical traits. Dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles. Many factors can influence the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
Bio chapter 5
This document discusses genetics and inheritance. It defines key terms like gene, allele, genotype and phenotype. It describes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how he discovered the laws of inheritance and segregation of alleles. The document also discusses human genetics like blood types, sex determination, chromosomes, and examples of genetic diseases. It provides details on DNA structure and how genetic information is passed down. In the end it lists several applications of genetics knowledge.
Genetics : Principles of Inheritance and Variation
This document provides information on principles of inheritance and variation, including:
- Key terms like allele, phenotype, genotype, and types of crosses like monohybrid and dihybrid.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation and independent assortment.
- Other inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance, multiple allelism, co-dominance, and sex determination systems.
- The chromosomal basis of inheritance proposed by Sutton and Boveri, including linkage, recombination and Morgan's experiments in Drosophila.
- Examples of Mendelian disorders like hemophilia and sickle cell anemia.
Organismic level of Organization of Genetic information. Gene Interaction
This document provides an overview of genetics at the organismic level of organization, including gene interaction and Mendel's laws. It discusses how genes code for proteins, Mendel's experiments with pea plants, dominant and recessive alleles, and different types of gene interaction such as complete and incomplete dominance, codominance, overdominance, complementation, epistasis, polygenic inheritance, and pleiotropy. It also covers variation in gene expression through reduced penetrance and variable expressivity.
Prinsip genetic
This document summarizes key concepts of genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It defines terms like genotype, phenotype, gene, allele, locus, dominant and recessive alleles. It explains Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment using monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Gamete formation and random fusion during fertilization are described. Phenotypes of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes for a single trait are defined. The role of environment on phenotypes is also mentioned.
Mendel's
This document discusses Mendel's experiments and concepts of inheritance, including genes, alleles, dominance, and segregation. It defines key genetic terms and concepts such as phenotype, genotype, homozygous, and heterozygous. It explains Mendel's laws of inheritance and provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It also discusses inheritance of traits in humans including blood types, sex-linked traits, and hereditary diseases. Finally, it covers the structure of DNA and uses of genetic knowledge.
GENETICS ppt...................... -KP.ppt
Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key terms include genes, alleles, DNA, RNA, proteins, and chromosomes. Genes hold the information to build cells and pass traits to offspring. Mutations can cause genetic disorders, which are classified as single gene defects, multifactorial disorders, or cytogenetic disorders depending on their inheritance pattern. Common genetic disorders include cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, hemophilia, and sickle cell anemia.
Mode of inheritence 2016
This document provides definitions and explanations of key genetic terminology used in clinical genetics and molecular biology. It defines terms like genome, genotype, phenotype, karyotype, gene, allele, dominant, recessive, carrier, X-linked, and trait. It also describes patterns of inheritance including Mendelian patterns like autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked recessive and X-linked dominant. Non-Mendelian inheritance patterns such as mitochondrial inheritance, germ cell mosaicism, uniparental disomy, and triplet repeat expansion disorders are also summarized. Examples of genetic disorders that follow different inheritance patterns are provided throughout.
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Allele An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a p.pdf
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INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS AND PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING_final.ppt
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