Vocab Vocab Overview Genetics
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The document defines key genetic terms including allele, chromosome, genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive alleles, genes, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous, hybrids, incomplete dominance, meiosis, mitosis, mutations, probability, Punnett squares, purebreds, selective breeding, traits, and defines asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, genetic engineering, and offspring.
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Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
Lab 6 inheritance of traits fall 2014
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance for a dragon genetics lab. It defines key terms like heredity, traits, alleles, and dominant and recessive genes. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics, including his laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document discusses inheritance patterns for autosomal and sex-linked genes, as well as complex inheritance like incomplete dominance and environmental influences. The goal is for students to understand basic genetics concepts and how they are demonstrated in a model organism.
Chapter 5- Heredity
This document summarizes key concepts about heredity and genetics covered in Chapter 5, including:
1) Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through alleles contained in DNA. Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments.
2) Mendel discovered dominant and recessive traits and that recessive traits can reappear through cross-breeding.
3) Punnett squares are used to determine the probability of traits being passed down based on parental genotypes.
4) Other concepts covered include incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, mutations, sex determination, and genetic engineering techniques.
Heredity - Genes, Chromosomes, Solving a Punnett Square and Non-Mendelian Inh...
This presentation is suited for Grade 9 - Science for the topics about genes, chromosomes, solving punnett square and Non-Mendelian Inheritance(Co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple allelles and sex-related traits.
Human genetics
Human inheritance is complex, with some traits controlled by single genes with two alleles, others by single genes with multiple alleles, and many traits influenced by multiple interacting genes. Additionally, sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The probability of passing on traits is influenced by factors like whether alleles are dominant or recessive, and both genes and the environment interact to impact characteristics.
Introducing Heredity
This document introduces the concepts of heredity and genetics. Heredity is defined as the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring. Genetics is the study of heredity. Traits are different forms a characteristic can take, such as hair color, eye color, or fur color. The document then discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that helped establish the basic principles of heredity, including the idea that traits are inherited through discrete units (later discovered to be genes located on chromosomes). Mendel showed that traits can be dominant or recessive when determining the traits expressed in offspring.
Notes chapter 8
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s laid the foundations for genetics. Through his work, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel developed theories like the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment to explain inheritance patterns. His work allowed scientists to better understand and predict outcomes of genetic crosses using tools like Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
Cell division and inheritance
GCSE Science (Biology)
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Sexual Reproduction
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Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
Lab 6 inheritance of traits fall 2014
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance for a dragon genetics lab. It defines key terms like heredity, traits, alleles, and dominant and recessive genes. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics, including his laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document discusses inheritance patterns for autosomal and sex-linked genes, as well as complex inheritance like incomplete dominance and environmental influences. The goal is for students to understand basic genetics concepts and how they are demonstrated in a model organism.
Chapter 5- Heredity
This document summarizes key concepts about heredity and genetics covered in Chapter 5, including:
1) Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through alleles contained in DNA. Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments.
2) Mendel discovered dominant and recessive traits and that recessive traits can reappear through cross-breeding.
3) Punnett squares are used to determine the probability of traits being passed down based on parental genotypes.
4) Other concepts covered include incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, mutations, sex determination, and genetic engineering techniques.
Heredity - Genes, Chromosomes, Solving a Punnett Square and Non-Mendelian Inh...
This presentation is suited for Grade 9 - Science for the topics about genes, chromosomes, solving punnett square and Non-Mendelian Inheritance(Co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple allelles and sex-related traits.
Human genetics
Human inheritance is complex, with some traits controlled by single genes with two alleles, others by single genes with multiple alleles, and many traits influenced by multiple interacting genes. Additionally, sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The probability of passing on traits is influenced by factors like whether alleles are dominant or recessive, and both genes and the environment interact to impact characteristics.
Introducing Heredity
This document introduces the concepts of heredity and genetics. Heredity is defined as the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring. Genetics is the study of heredity. Traits are different forms a characteristic can take, such as hair color, eye color, or fur color. The document then discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that helped establish the basic principles of heredity, including the idea that traits are inherited through discrete units (later discovered to be genes located on chromosomes). Mendel showed that traits can be dominant or recessive when determining the traits expressed in offspring.
Notes chapter 8
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s laid the foundations for genetics. Through his work, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel developed theories like the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment to explain inheritance patterns. His work allowed scientists to better understand and predict outcomes of genetic crosses using tools like Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
Cell division and inheritance
GCSE Science (Biology)
Asexual Reproduction
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B2.7 cell division and inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allow characteristics to be passed from parents to offspring. Chromosomes, made of DNA and containing genes, are found in cell nuclei and segregate into gametes during meiosis. Offspring receive half their chromosomes from each parent, determining traits like earlobe attachment and sex, which is determined by XX or XY sex chromosomes. Genetic crosses can predict the likelihood offspring will inherit dominant or recessive alleles.
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
Heredity and traits
The document discusses heredity and traits. It explains that heredity is the passing of traits from parents to children through genes. Traits are physical or behavioral characteristics that are inherited. Examples given include eye color, hair color, handedness. The document provides several links to websites that further explain heredity and how traits are passed down from generation to generation through chromosomes from each parent combining to form the child's DNA.
Genetics and Heredity
Here are some key points about sex-linked genetic disorders:
- Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder linked to the X chromosome. Males are affected more severely since they only have one X chromosome.
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disorder that causes progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It primarily affects boys.
- Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with an unusual structure on the X chromosome. It causes intellectual disabilities and specific physical characteristics.
- Color blindness, as mentioned in the passage, is a sex-linked trait carried on the X chromosome. Red-green color blindness is more common in males.
- Some other examples include hemophilia, D
Pattern of inheritance 01
This document defines key genetic terms and summarizes Mendel's laws of inheritance. It explains that genes determine traits which are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel discovered the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment through his pea plant experiments. The document also outlines different patterns of inheritance such as dominant-recessive, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex-linked, and polygenic inheritance. Polygenic traits like skin color are influenced by multiple genes resulting in a continuum of phenotypes.
Powerpoint heredity
The document discusses basic concepts of heredity and genetics, including chromosomes, genes, alleles, dominance, and patterns of inheritance. It explains Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how they led to the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles. It also discusses sex determination, genetic disorders, and using Punnett squares and family trees to predict inheritance patterns.
Mechanism of inheritance (mendelian theory)
1. Mendelian inheritance refers to how genetic information is passed down from parent to child according to certain rules established by Gregor Mendel.
2. A child inherits half of their genetic information from their mother in the form of 23 chromosomes and half from their father in the form of 23 chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes which carry genes.
3. Each parent contributes one copy of every gene, so the child ends up with two copies of each gene, with traits generally being inherited separately rather than linked.
Genes and inheritance
The document discusses genes, DNA, RNA, heredity, and reproduction. It defines a gene as the unit of heredity that contains DNA instructions for an organism's traits. DNA encodes genetic instructions and is made up of nucleic acids alongside proteins and carbohydrates. RNA also contains genetic codes and has various biological roles. Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring via sexual or asexual reproduction. The two types of reproduction are sexual, which combines genetic material from two parents, and asexual, which involves one parent. Genes hold the codes to build and maintain organisms and are passed down through reproduction.
2 Genetics
This document provides information about genetics and heredity. It defines key terms like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and genotypes. It explains that DNA contains the instructions for building proteins, and that genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins. Chromosomes are structures that DNA winds into. Humans have 23 chromosome pairs. The document also covers inheritance patterns, including dominant and recessive alleles, and uses examples like eye color and blood types to demonstrate genetic concepts. It distinguishes between monogenic and polygenic traits and notes that both genes and the environment contribute to a person's phenotype.
Non mendelian inheritance
This document discusses several non-Mendelian inheritance patterns including incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. It provides examples like red and white snapdragon crosses that produce pink flowers to illustrate intermediate inheritance. Dosage compensation and genomic imprinting modify nuclear genes or chromosomes during early development.
Chapter 3: HEREDITY AND VARIATIONS
This document summarizes heredity and variation. It discusses genes and chromosomes, which carry genetic information from parents to offspring. It describes two types of cell division: mitosis, which produces identical body cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Meiosis allows for genetic variation between offspring. The document also covers sex determination, dominant and recessive traits, and mutations that can cause genetic disorders like Down syndrome, hemophilia, and albinism.
Chapter 3 heredity and variation
The document discusses heredity and variation, including the principles of inheritance. It covers several key topics:
- Cell division through mitosis and meiosis results in the transmission of genes from parents to offspring. Mitosis produces genetically identical cells for growth, while meiosis results in genetic variation through the formation of gametes.
- Genes located on chromosomes carry inherited traits and occur in pairs. One gene from each pair is inherited from the mother and father. Examples of traits determined by genes include eye color and blood type.
- Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the principles of dominant and recessive genes. A dominant gene masks the expression of a recessive gene. Monohy
NonMendelian Genetics Part2
The document discusses several patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits. These patterns do not follow Mendel's laws of simple dominance and recessive inheritance. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype, codominance shows both parental traits simultaneously, multiple alleles involve more than two allele choices for a trait, and sex-linked traits are inherited through the X chromosome.
Genetic basis of inheritance
This document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments on inheritance using pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It describes Mendel conducting monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study inheritance patterns. The results of his experiments led Mendel to formulate his laws of inheritance - the law of dominance and the law of segregation. His dihybrid crosses also demonstrated independent assortment of alleles and resulted in his law of independent assortment. Deviations from Mendelian ratios were later observed and are due to gene interactions.
2 24 Intro To Punnet Squares
The document discusses basic concepts in Mendelian genetics including genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant and recessive traits, and homozygous and heterozygous individuals. It defines key terms and provides examples. Some main points:
- Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics for his experiments breeding pea plants.
- Genes are portions of DNA that code for traits, alleles are different forms of the same gene.
- Genotype refers to an individual's genetic makeup, phenotype to their observable traits.
- Dominant traits require only one allele, recessive traits require two of the same allele.
Heredity
Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through genes. Genetics is the study of heredity and how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. Traits like eye color, hair color, skin color, and body type are passed down from parents to children through genes. Genes come in pairs and offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent, which determines which traits are expressed.
Chpt. 11.2 complex inheritance leftovers
Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive trait common in those with African and Mediterranean ancestry. It causes abnormally shaped red blood cells, impaired blood flow, tissue damage, and health issues. Sex is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes - females have XX and males have XY. The X chromosome carries many genes needed for development in both sexes. To compensate for having two X chromosomes, females inactivate one randomly. Sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome and are always expressed if recessive in females. Muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disease. Polygenic traits like skin and eye color are influenced by two or more genes and result in a range of intermediate phenotypes.
Chapter 9 notes
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in his monastery garden to study heredity and the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. He observed seven traits in pea plants that each had two contrasting variants. Through controlled pollination experiments over multiple generations, he discovered that traits are transmitted through discrete factors, now known as genes. His work established the laws of segregation and independent assortment, laying the foundation for modern genetics.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This document discusses several forms of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance where traits show a combined phenotype, co-dominance where offspring exhibit both parental traits together, multiple alleles where more than two alleles can code for a trait, maternal and paternal effects where the parent's environment or genotype influences the offspring's phenotype, epigenetic inheritance involving modification to genes or chromosomes early in development, and gene conversion being a DNA recombination process that transfers sequence information between DNA helices.
Principle of inheritance
This document summarizes several principles of Mendel's laws of inheritance:
1. Mendel conducted hybridization experiments on peas from 1856-1863 and proposed the basic laws of inheritance in organisms.
2. Inheritance follows patterns of dominance, with one allele expressing itself over the other in a gene pair. Mendel also described the law of segregation where alleles do not blend but are recovered unchanged in subsequent generations.
3. The principle of independent assortment holds that different genes independently separate from one another during the formation of reproductive cells, as Mendel first observed in his pea plant experiments.
Inheritance terms to learn
Inheritance is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. Chromosomes are structures in cells that contain genes, which are segments of DNA that code for particular traits. Alleles are variations of a gene that can cause differences in a characteristic. A dominant allele will be expressed over a recessive allele. An individual's genotype refers to their genetic makeup, while their phenotype describes their observable physical traits.
Principles of inheritance
The document summarizes Mendel's laws of inheritance:
1. The Law of Dominance states that if a dominant and recessive allele are present, the dominant trait will be expressed.
2. The Law of Segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation so offspring receive one of each allele by chance.
3. The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes assort independently, so one gene does not influence the inheritance of another. Mendel demonstrated this through dihybrid crosses showing traits are inherited independently.
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B2.7 cell division and inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allow characteristics to be passed from parents to offspring. Chromosomes, made of DNA and containing genes, are found in cell nuclei and segregate into gametes during meiosis. Offspring receive half their chromosomes from each parent, determining traits like earlobe attachment and sex, which is determined by XX or XY sex chromosomes. Genetic crosses can predict the likelihood offspring will inherit dominant or recessive alleles.
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
Heredity and traits
The document discusses heredity and traits. It explains that heredity is the passing of traits from parents to children through genes. Traits are physical or behavioral characteristics that are inherited. Examples given include eye color, hair color, handedness. The document provides several links to websites that further explain heredity and how traits are passed down from generation to generation through chromosomes from each parent combining to form the child's DNA.
Genetics and Heredity
Here are some key points about sex-linked genetic disorders:
- Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder linked to the X chromosome. Males are affected more severely since they only have one X chromosome.
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disorder that causes progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It primarily affects boys.
- Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with an unusual structure on the X chromosome. It causes intellectual disabilities and specific physical characteristics.
- Color blindness, as mentioned in the passage, is a sex-linked trait carried on the X chromosome. Red-green color blindness is more common in males.
- Some other examples include hemophilia, D
Pattern of inheritance 01
This document defines key genetic terms and summarizes Mendel's laws of inheritance. It explains that genes determine traits which are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel discovered the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment through his pea plant experiments. The document also outlines different patterns of inheritance such as dominant-recessive, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex-linked, and polygenic inheritance. Polygenic traits like skin color are influenced by multiple genes resulting in a continuum of phenotypes.
Powerpoint heredity
The document discusses basic concepts of heredity and genetics, including chromosomes, genes, alleles, dominance, and patterns of inheritance. It explains Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how they led to the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles. It also discusses sex determination, genetic disorders, and using Punnett squares and family trees to predict inheritance patterns.
Mechanism of inheritance (mendelian theory)
1. Mendelian inheritance refers to how genetic information is passed down from parent to child according to certain rules established by Gregor Mendel.
2. A child inherits half of their genetic information from their mother in the form of 23 chromosomes and half from their father in the form of 23 chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes which carry genes.
3. Each parent contributes one copy of every gene, so the child ends up with two copies of each gene, with traits generally being inherited separately rather than linked.
Genes and inheritance
The document discusses genes, DNA, RNA, heredity, and reproduction. It defines a gene as the unit of heredity that contains DNA instructions for an organism's traits. DNA encodes genetic instructions and is made up of nucleic acids alongside proteins and carbohydrates. RNA also contains genetic codes and has various biological roles. Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring via sexual or asexual reproduction. The two types of reproduction are sexual, which combines genetic material from two parents, and asexual, which involves one parent. Genes hold the codes to build and maintain organisms and are passed down through reproduction.
2 Genetics
This document provides information about genetics and heredity. It defines key terms like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and genotypes. It explains that DNA contains the instructions for building proteins, and that genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins. Chromosomes are structures that DNA winds into. Humans have 23 chromosome pairs. The document also covers inheritance patterns, including dominant and recessive alleles, and uses examples like eye color and blood types to demonstrate genetic concepts. It distinguishes between monogenic and polygenic traits and notes that both genes and the environment contribute to a person's phenotype.
Non mendelian inheritance
This document discusses several non-Mendelian inheritance patterns including incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. It provides examples like red and white snapdragon crosses that produce pink flowers to illustrate intermediate inheritance. Dosage compensation and genomic imprinting modify nuclear genes or chromosomes during early development.
Chapter 3: HEREDITY AND VARIATIONS
This document summarizes heredity and variation. It discusses genes and chromosomes, which carry genetic information from parents to offspring. It describes two types of cell division: mitosis, which produces identical body cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Meiosis allows for genetic variation between offspring. The document also covers sex determination, dominant and recessive traits, and mutations that can cause genetic disorders like Down syndrome, hemophilia, and albinism.
Chapter 3 heredity and variation
The document discusses heredity and variation, including the principles of inheritance. It covers several key topics:
- Cell division through mitosis and meiosis results in the transmission of genes from parents to offspring. Mitosis produces genetically identical cells for growth, while meiosis results in genetic variation through the formation of gametes.
- Genes located on chromosomes carry inherited traits and occur in pairs. One gene from each pair is inherited from the mother and father. Examples of traits determined by genes include eye color and blood type.
- Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the principles of dominant and recessive genes. A dominant gene masks the expression of a recessive gene. Monohy
NonMendelian Genetics Part2
The document discusses several patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits. These patterns do not follow Mendel's laws of simple dominance and recessive inheritance. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype, codominance shows both parental traits simultaneously, multiple alleles involve more than two allele choices for a trait, and sex-linked traits are inherited through the X chromosome.
Genetic basis of inheritance
This document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments on inheritance using pea plants and the conclusions he drew from them. It describes Mendel conducting monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study inheritance patterns. The results of his experiments led Mendel to formulate his laws of inheritance - the law of dominance and the law of segregation. His dihybrid crosses also demonstrated independent assortment of alleles and resulted in his law of independent assortment. Deviations from Mendelian ratios were later observed and are due to gene interactions.
2 24 Intro To Punnet Squares
The document discusses basic concepts in Mendelian genetics including genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant and recessive traits, and homozygous and heterozygous individuals. It defines key terms and provides examples. Some main points:
- Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics for his experiments breeding pea plants.
- Genes are portions of DNA that code for traits, alleles are different forms of the same gene.
- Genotype refers to an individual's genetic makeup, phenotype to their observable traits.
- Dominant traits require only one allele, recessive traits require two of the same allele.
Heredity
Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through genes. Genetics is the study of heredity and how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. Traits like eye color, hair color, skin color, and body type are passed down from parents to children through genes. Genes come in pairs and offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent, which determines which traits are expressed.
Chpt. 11.2 complex inheritance leftovers
Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive trait common in those with African and Mediterranean ancestry. It causes abnormally shaped red blood cells, impaired blood flow, tissue damage, and health issues. Sex is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes - females have XX and males have XY. The X chromosome carries many genes needed for development in both sexes. To compensate for having two X chromosomes, females inactivate one randomly. Sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome and are always expressed if recessive in females. Muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disease. Polygenic traits like skin and eye color are influenced by two or more genes and result in a range of intermediate phenotypes.
Chapter 9 notes
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in his monastery garden to study heredity and the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. He observed seven traits in pea plants that each had two contrasting variants. Through controlled pollination experiments over multiple generations, he discovered that traits are transmitted through discrete factors, now known as genes. His work established the laws of segregation and independent assortment, laying the foundation for modern genetics.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This document discusses several forms of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance where traits show a combined phenotype, co-dominance where offspring exhibit both parental traits together, multiple alleles where more than two alleles can code for a trait, maternal and paternal effects where the parent's environment or genotype influences the offspring's phenotype, epigenetic inheritance involving modification to genes or chromosomes early in development, and gene conversion being a DNA recombination process that transfers sequence information between DNA helices.
Principle of inheritance
This document summarizes several principles of Mendel's laws of inheritance:
1. Mendel conducted hybridization experiments on peas from 1856-1863 and proposed the basic laws of inheritance in organisms.
2. Inheritance follows patterns of dominance, with one allele expressing itself over the other in a gene pair. Mendel also described the law of segregation where alleles do not blend but are recovered unchanged in subsequent generations.
3. The principle of independent assortment holds that different genes independently separate from one another during the formation of reproductive cells, as Mendel first observed in his pea plant experiments.
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Inheritance is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. Chromosomes are structures in cells that contain genes, which are segments of DNA that code for particular traits. Alleles are variations of a gene that can cause differences in a characteristic. A dominant allele will be expressed over a recessive allele. An individual's genotype refers to their genetic makeup, while their phenotype describes their observable physical traits.
Principles of inheritance
The document summarizes Mendel's laws of inheritance:
1. The Law of Dominance states that if a dominant and recessive allele are present, the dominant trait will be expressed.
2. The Law of Segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation so offspring receive one of each allele by chance.
3. The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes assort independently, so one gene does not influence the inheritance of another. Mendel demonstrated this through dihybrid crosses showing traits are inherited independently.
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- He performed controlled crosses between purebred (homozygous) pea plants and found that some traits were dominant over others in the offspring
- Mendel developed the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict the probabilities of traits being expressed in offspring
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This document discusses factors that affect genetic variation and change in populations, including evolution, natural selection, mutations, migration, and genetic drift. It provides details on each factor and how they influence allele frequencies in a gene pool over multiple generations, leading to evolution and potentially new species. Examples are given to illustrate concepts like founder effects and bottleneck effects on small populations.
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Population genetics reconciled Darwin and Mendel's ideas by showing how natural selection could act on variation present in populations. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes genetic equilibrium in a population where allele frequencies remain constant between generations unless disrupted by factors like genetic drift, migration, non-random mating, mutation, or natural selection. These disruptions to equilibrium allow for microevolution and populations to change over time through natural selection acting on genetic variation.
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02 Chromosomes, Genes & Alleles
1. Chromosomes contain DNA and package it into a smaller size. In eukaryotes, DNA is contained in linear chromosomes while prokaryotes have circular chromosomes.
2. Humans have 23 chromosome pairs including one sex chromosome pair that determines gender. Genes are located on chromosomes and can exist in different alleles that determine traits.
3. The genotype is an individual's combination of alleles, which determines their phenotype or physical traits. Dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles. Many factors can influence the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
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This document summarizes key concepts in genetics and heredity. It discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that revealed the laws of inheritance. Mendel discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes located on chromosomes. Genes come in different forms called alleles that can be dominant or recessive. A Punnett square can be used to predict the possible combinations of alleles and the traits that may be expressed. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with a mix of parental traits, while asexual reproduction requires only one parent and produces identical offspring. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection explains how organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on
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- The law of segregation states that each individual has two factors for each trait which segregate during gamete formation such that each gamete contains only one factor.
- The law of independent assortment states that each pair of factors segregates independently of other pairs, resulting in all possible combinations of factors in gametes. Punnett squares can be used to determine possible offspring combinations.
introduction to genetics final.pptx
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s to study inheritance of traits. Through his experiments with over 28,000 pea plants, he discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors, now known as genes. Mendel identified that for each trait, organisms inherit one gene from each parent, and that some genes are dominant and will always be expressed while others are recessive and only expressed when the dominant gene is not present. His work formed the basis of classical genetics and established the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
2014 mendelian-genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. He found that when he cross-pollinated pea plants with distinct traits, the offspring displayed only one of the parental traits, and this trait was passed down predictably in future generations. His experiments demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units of inheritance, now known as genes, and established the fundamental principles of genetics including dominance, segregation of alleles, and independent assortment. Mendel's work formed the foundation of classical genetics.
Chapt24 genetics
This document provides an overview of key concepts in genetics and heredity from Chapter 24 of the textbook "Hole's Anatomy & Physiology". It discusses how genetic information is contained in DNA and passed down from parents to offspring. It also summarizes different patterns of inheritance including dominant, recessive, sex-linked traits as well as chromosomal abnormalities. The role of gene expression in anatomy and physiology is also briefly covered.
Chapt24 genetics
The document summarizes key concepts about human genetics from Chapter 24 of a textbook on human anatomy and physiology. It discusses how the human genome contains DNA instructions packaged in cells, and how genetics is the study of inherited traits. Genes exist in different forms called alleles and determine characteristics passed down from parents to offspring according to various modes of inheritance, including dominant, recessive, sex-linked, and multifactorial traits influenced by both genes and environment.
Genetics
This document provides information about genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It begins with an introduction to important figures in the history of genetics like Gregor Mendel. It then discusses the three main theories of inheritance pre-Mendel and the history of genetics including Mendel's experiments and laws of inheritance. The rest of the document details various genetics concepts like linkage, crossing over, aneuploidy and their relationships to chromosomes and inheritance patterns.
4.3 theoretical genetics
The document defines key genetics terminology such as genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive alleles, locus, homozygous, heterozygous, carrier, and test cross. It explains that some genes have multiple alleles and describes ABO blood groups as an example of codominance and multiple alleles. It also explains sex determination in humans using X and Y chromosomes and defines sex linkage, providing examples of color blindness and hemophilia. The document notes techniques for predicting offspring ratios using monohybrid crosses and deducing genotypes from pedigree charts.
Dr. hajare balaji b [genetics}
introduction of genetics by DR. Hajare Balaji
genetic basis of inheritance
moleculae basis of inheritance
chromosomal basis of inheritance
Chap 04 presentation
This chapter discusses genetics and breeding concepts important for laboratory animal research. It covers basic genetic principles like heredity, genes, genotypes and phenotypes. It also discusses inheritance patterns and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. The chapter describes the estrous cycle and breeding systems for different species. Proper housing, monitoring of animals and fostering are discussed to optimize breeding outcomes.
Genetics power point
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He conducted experiments with pea plants in which he studied 7 different traits. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive. When Mendel crossed plants with different traits, he found that the offspring expressed the traits of only one parent, not a blend, and that recessive traits could reappear in later generations. This led Mendel to propose that genes segregate and assort independently during the formation of gametes.
Chapter 5 section 2 notes
This document covers several genetics concepts including incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, mutations, recessive disorders, sex determination, sex-linked disorders, and how to read a pedigree. It provides examples for each concept such as pink flowers to demonstrate incomplete dominance, blood types for multiple alleles, and color blindness as a sex-linked disorder. Pedigrees are used to track traits through generations of a family.
CHAPTER 5 INHERITANCE.ppt
This document discusses inheritance and genetics concepts including:
- Inheritance is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring via DNA. Traits are controlled by alleles located on chromosomes.
- Mendel's laws of inheritance describe how alleles segregate and assort independently during gamete formation and fertilization.
- Examples of inheritance patterns include blood types, sex-linked traits, and genetic disorders. Technologies like genetic engineering and stem cell research apply genetic principles to medicine and agriculture.
CHAPTER 5 INHERITANCE students.ppt
This document summarizes key concepts about inheritance and genetics. It defines inheritance as the transmission of traits from one generation to the next via DNA. It explains key terms like genotype, phenotype, alleles, loci, dominant/recessive alleles, homozygous, and heterozygous. It also covers Mendel's laws of inheritance, blood type inheritance, sex-linked traits, human karyotypes, nondisjunction and sex chromosome abnormalities. Finally, it discusses applications of genetics knowledge like selective breeding, genetic engineering, and stem cell research.
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Vocab Vocab Overview Genetics
- 2. Allele allele allele one form of a gene
- 3. Chromosome
- 4. Chromosome A bundle of dna that has many different genes
- 5. Codominance
- 6. Codominance When both alleles of a gene show up as a trait
- 7. Dominant Allele B, W, F, T, A The trait or allele that always shows up over a recessive allele.
- 8. Dominant Allele B, W, F, T, A
- 9. Recessive Allele d, b, t, w, a
- 10. Recessive Allele d, b, t, w, a The trait or allele that will not show up in the presence of a dominant allele.
- 11. Gene Gene
- 12. Gene Gene A segment of a chromosome that codes for one specific trait. Usually made of two alleles.
- 13. Genetics
- 14. Genetics The study of heredity or how traits are passed from parents to offspring
- 15. Genotype Bb, WW, cc,
- 16. Genotype Bb, WW, cc, The genetic makeup of an organism.
- 17. Phenotype Example. Orange head, white body, long fins, fat belly.
- 18. Phenotype Example. Orange head, white body, long fins, fat belly. An organisms set of traits.
- 19. Heredity
- 20. Heredity The process of traits being passed from parents to offspring.
- 21. Heterozygous Bb
- 22. Heterozygous Bb When two alleles for a gene are different.
- 23. Homozygous BB
- 24. Homozygous BB When two alleles for a gene are identical.
- 25. Hybrid
- 26. Hybrid An organism that has a mixture of traits.
- 28. Incomplete Dominance When a trait for a dominant allele blends with the traits for a recessive allele.
- 29. Meiosis
- 30. Meiosis The process of creating four sex cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
- 31. Mitosis
- 32. Mitosis The process of making an exact copy of a cell.
- 33. Mutations
- 34. Mutations When a gene or DNA becomes changed.
- 35. Probability
- 36. Probability The likeliness of something happening.
- 37. Punnett Square
- 38. Punnett Square A chart used to calculate the probability of offspring getting certain traits.
- 39. Purebred
- 40. Purebred When an organism has genes with all of the same alleles. All genes are homozygous.
- 42. Selective Breeding When you control what traits an organism has by selecting to breed parents with desired traits.
- 43. Trait
- 44. Trait A physical feature of an organism such as hair color.
- 46. Asexual Reproduction Reproduction involving only one parent
- 48. Sexual Reproduction Reproduction involving more than one parent
- 50. Genetic Engineering Changing an organisms genes in order to control it's traits
- 51. Offspring
- 52. Offspring new organisms produced by a living thing