Download to read offline
Psyc 221 biological foundation prenatal.pptx
- 1.
- 2. Can a childwalk, talk, learn, make friends, imagine & create in the future? How can we sure he can do all of this or not? Why is she a girl and not boy? Why is she blond? Is she calm or energetic? Biological & Environmental Foundations
- 3. Biological & EnvironmentalFoundations Phenotypes Genetic make-up of an individual Observable characteristics of an individual. it is affected by history of experiences Genotypes
- 4. • Cells • withinevery cell is a control center - Nucleus • Nucleus contains rodlike structures called: Chromosomes • Store and transmit genetic information • 23 pairs in humans • Each member of a pair - size, shape & genetic functions with one inherited from mother & one from father Biological Foundations
- 5. • Chromosomes madeup of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Gene is a segment of DNA • One of DNA unique features is: it can duplicate itself via mitosis so chromosmoes copy themselves • One celled fertilized ovum to develop a complex organism (human) Biological Foundations
- 6. • Genes -send instructions for making a rich variety of proteins to the area surround the cell nucleus. Cytoplsm • Proteins: Trigger chemical reactions throughout the body so our characteristics are build. • worms & flies - have twice as many as humans genes How do humans with far fewer genes manage to develop into such complex beings? Biological Foundations
- 7. • Genes makeproteins break up and reassemble in about 10- 20 million all together • Simpler species have far fever proteins • Communication between cell nucleus & cytoplsm complex in humans Biological Foundations
- 8. • New individualis created when, • Gametes (Sex cells): Sperm and ova combine • 23 chromosomes (half of body cell) • Sperm and ovum united: the new cell called Zygot • 46 chromosomes The Sex Cells
- 9. • Autosomes: The22 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs that are not sex chromosomes • Sex Chromosomes: 23rd pair of chromosomes • Determines sex • XX = female, XY = male • Gamates form in females all carring X • Gamates form in males X and Y seperate into different sperm • The sex of new organizm is determined by whether X bearing sperm or Y bearing sperm fertilizes ovum. Boy or Girl
- 10. • Fraternal/Dizygotic ⚬ Twins- resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova ⚬ Two zygotes • Identical/Monozygotic ⚬ One zygote that divides into two individuals ⚬ Same genetic makeup Twins
- 11. Genetic inheritence pattern Exceptfor the XY, all choromosomes are matching pairs so; why one has dark-hair and other is blonde?
- 12. • Two formsof each genes occur at the same place on the choromosomes, one from mother, one from father. Each form of gene is called Allele • If Alleles from both parents are alike, the child is Homozygous & display inherited trait • If Alleles differ, the child is heterozygous. • Relationship between the alleles determine the phenotype. Genetic inheritence pattern
- 13. • Dominant-recessive inheritanceoccurs when: • Only one allele effects the child chacateristics - Dominant • Second allele has no effect - Recessive Genetic inheritence pattern • Heterozygous individuals with one Recessive allele can pass the trait to their child. This is called Carriers of the trait.
- 14.
- 15. Genetic inheritence pattern •Heterozygous individuals may carry recessive disorderse. • e.g., phenylketonuria (PKU) – inability to breakdown protein contained in many foods • Infants born with 2 recessive alleles lack an enzyme that coverts one of the basic amino acids make up proteins into byproduct essential for body functioning. Without this enzyme, occurs severe damage in central nervous system in the first year of life • Mentally retarded, posture problems, organ damage • If we know genetic makeup of parents, we can predict the percentage of children carrying a trait • Life-long diet
- 16. Genetic inheritence pattern Incompletedominance: a pattern of inheritance • Both alleles expressed and combined in the phenotype • Results in combined trait or intermediate between the two • Sickle cell anemia: 2 recessesive genes, affects red boold cell shape. Sickled cells block the flow of blood cause pain, swelling and tissue damage • African American • Africa - where malaria is common
- 17. X-Linked Inheritance • Whenan allele is on an X chromosome • Y can be too short to have a corresponding chromosome • Thus less variety of genes than females • Males are more vulnerable because their sex chromosomes are not match • Birth defects, complications, and miscarriage, learning disability, mental retardation are all higher in boys. Genetic inheritence pattern
- 18. Imprinting • Chemical markerthat activates either father’s or mother’s gene • Often temporary, not runs in next generation • Genetic imprinting • The marking of an allele in a chromosome pair so it is expressed regardless of any other factor. • e.g., explains why kids are more likely to inherit diabetes from fathers than mothers. • e.g. asthma tend to passed from mothers, not fathers • e.g., fragile X syndrome linked to autism is more likely to passed from mother. Mostly seen in boys Genetic inheritence pattern
- 19. Genetic inheritence pattern •3 % of pregnancies result in the birth of baby with heredity abnormality • 20% infant deaths How harmful genes created in the first place?
- 20. Genetic inheritence pattern Mutation Sudden,permanent change in a DNA segment ⚬ Mutation may affects one or two genes & many genes ⚬ Some may happen spontaneously or others can be as a result of environmental agents. ⚬ Germline mutation: occurs in the cell that give rise to gamates ⚬ Somatic mutation: mutation of the normal body cell. Can happen at any time of life - Cancer
- 21. Polygenic Inheritance • Manygenes combine to influence a trait; e.g., intelligence, personality, height or weight Genetic inheritence pattern
- 22. A chromosomal disorder:chromosomes cause major developmental problems • Failure to divide in the Meiosis stage, when the ovum and sperm are formed • A chromosome pair does not separate properly, or parts of choromosomes breaks of • Many physical and mental problems Chromosomal Abnormalities
- 23. Down Syndrome: Inabilityof the 21st chromosome pair to divide so new individual receives 3 of these choromosomes (Trisomy) • 47 chromosomes Consequences: • Slow motor development – delayed development • Language problems – vocabulary, articulation • Mental retardation • Distinct physical features • Cardiological problems • Benefit from parental and educational stimulation Chromosomal Abnormalities
- 24. Chromosomal Abnormalities Sex Chromosome Abnormalities: •Generally cannot be diagnose until puberty • Problems with the X or Y chromosomes • Absence of one X in females or presence of an extra (X or Y) • Popular myths about individuals with sex chromosome disorders include the erroneous belief that males with XYY syndrome are more aggressive and antisocial than XY males and the belief that children with sex chromosome disorders suffer from mental retardation. • Research indicates that adding to or subtracting from the usual number of X chromosomes results in particular intellectual deficits.
- 25. How can weprevent ourselves from bringing genetically unhealthy child in the world?
- 26. Reproductive Choices • Genetic counseling •Prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine • Genetic testing • Adoption
- 27. Reproductive Choices Genetic Counseling • Aprocess of assessing the probability of giving birth to an infant with hereditary disease(s). • Pedigree – IDs realtives with affected members of the family.
- 28. Reproductive Choices • DonorInsemination • injection of sperm from donor man to women • In Vitro Fertilization • given hormones to women that stimulate ripening of several ova • When ova fertilized & duplicate several cells injected it in uterus. • Surrogate Mother • couple’s fertilized ova to impragnate women • New Technologies • postmenopausal women can become pregnant by using donor ova • design baby - manipulate genetic makeup • ethics? psychological consequences?
- 29. the pros &cons of Reproductive Choices Helps couples: • Assess chances of hereditary disorders • Choose best course of action ⚬ Risks ⚬ Family goals Recommended when: • Couple has had difficulties • Aware of genetic problems • Woman is over 35 Legal, ethical concerns • Individuals at risk may not show symptoms • Legal safeguards
- 30. Reproductive Choices Prenatal diagnosis:medical procedures permit detection of developmental problems before birth • Genetic engineering • Mostly aiming at the correction of genetic defacts • Amniocentesis • Chorionic villus sampling • Fetoscopy • Ultrasound • Maternal blood tests • Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis • MRI
- 31. Reproductive Choices Amniocentesis: a sampleof fluid in the uterus. 1-2 weeks from conception Chorionic Villus Sampling: a thin tube inserted from vagina to uterus, examine cells’ genetic defect. 9 weeks from conception
- 32. Reproductive Choices Adoption and Adjustment •Less availability of healthy babies in North America and Europe (the less number of young unwed mothers give up their babies) • Families adopt elsewhere (3rd world) • Adopted children/adolescents have more problems (learning& emotional) than other children • Problems and challenges increase with increased age of adoption
- 33.
- 34. Family Influences on Development •Family is the first longest-lasting context for development. Then, friends, neighbors, school, workplace, community and religious org. (Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory)
- 35. Family Influences on Development •Family: Attachment is lifelong ⚬ Learn skills, language, moral values ⚬ warm family ties predict later development ⚬ isolation from family predict developmental problems • Direct Influences: Two-person relationships. • Kind, patient communication evokes cooperation • Indirect Influences: Two members relationship is affected by others. Third Parties • Warm marital relationship - effective coparenting • Adapting to Change • Changes from within and outside the family • Through important life events ⚬ a new baby coming to home • Each family member’s status is influential
- 36. Socioeconomic Status (SES) • Socialposition and economic well-being • Social Status ⚬ Years of education ⚬ Job prestige and skill required • Economic Status ⚬ Income
- 37. Socioeconomic Status (SES) • SESlinked with timing and duration of marriage, parenthood & family size • Values and expectations differ • Construction workers, truck drivers tend to marry and have child earlier & have more children • Lower SES parents expect children external characteristics like obedience, politeness, cleanliness • High SES parents expect psychological traits like happiness, curiosity, social maturity • Father’s involvement differ • Communication and discipline styles • Authoritrian low SES • Authoritative high SES • Children’s cognitive development
- 38. Povert y • 12% inU.S. and Canada • Parents under age 25 with young children • Elderly living alone, especially women • Ethnic Minorities • Women • Children
- 39.
- 40. Poverty in Turkey •Absolute poverty treshold: $4 a day • Human development report: 92nd / 177 countries • Property rates • Primary school graduates: 42.5% • Agricultural workers: 46.6% • Eastern & SE Anatolia • Reference: • Saatçi, E. & Akpınar, E. (2007). Assessing Poverty and Related Factors in Turkey. Croatian Medical Journal, 48(5), 628-635.
- 42. So, if lowSES cause many problems, Would high SES guarantee a good life?
- 43. Risks of Affluence •Advanced education and great marital wealth but affleunt parents too often fail to engage family interactions • Growing up high SES but more Alcohol and drug use • Anxiety • Depression • Why are so many affluent youths troubled? • Unavailable parents • Overscheduled • Demanding • Family time & eating dinner with parents - helps adjusting difficulties
- 44. Benefits of StrongCommunity Ties for Children and Adults • Social interaction, activities • Cooperation to provide clean, safe environment • Participation in important tasks • Mutual assistance
- 45. Extended Families • Three ormore generations living together • More common in many minority cultures • Benefits • Reduces stress of poverty • Assistance for all generations • Emotional bonds, support
- 46. Individualist People define themselvesas separate from other people Largely concerned with personal needs and goals Collectivist People define themselves as part of a group Stress group goals over individual goals
- 47. Heritability Estimates Portion ofindividual differences attributable to genetics Particularly for complex traits such as personality. Ranges from 0 to 1.00 Concordance What percent of the time do twins both show a trait? Ranges from 0 to 100%
- 48.