Key Terms TAS
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This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics: 1) It defines alleles, chromosomes, codominance, dominant alleles, gametes, genes, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous, incomplete dominance, genetic locus, monohybrid cross, multiple alleles, phenotype, polygenic traits, and recessive. 2) Alleles are versions of genes that control the same trait. Chromosomes carry genetic material. Codominance results in offspring with an intermediate phenotype. Dominant alleles determine phenotype while recessive alleles are masked. 3) Genotype is an organism's entire gene set, while phenotype is its physical appearance based on genotype and environment.
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Key Terms Tas No Audio
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics. It defines terms like allele, chromosome, dominant allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive allele, locus, monohybrid cross, and more. These terms describe genetic concepts like heredity, dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, and traits controlled by single or multiple genes.
Key Terms Tas No Audio
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics. It defines terms like allele, chromosome, dominant allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, locus, monohybrid cross, incomplete dominance, codominance, and more. These terms describe genetic concepts like inheritance of traits, dominance relationships between alleles, and the interactions between an organism's genes and environment.
Dominant vs Recessive Genes
Dominant genes are expressed when a single copy is present, while recessive genes require two copies to be expressed and are masked by dominant genes. Traits are determined by gene pairs on chromosomes, with one gene inherited from each parent. Whether a trait is dominant or recessive can be determined by the parents' genotypes and phenotypes, and some traits are sex-linked or show incomplete dominance or codominance.
Linkage and pedigree analysis
This document discusses linkage and pedigree analysis. It defines linkage as genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. There are different types of linkage based on crossing over and chromosomes. Pedigree analysis uses family trees to study inheritance patterns of traits. Key things to examine in a pedigree include whether a trait is dominant or recessive and autosomal or sex-linked. Autosomal traits affect both sexes equally, while sex-linked traits have distinctive patterns of inheritance depending on if they are X-linked or Y-linked. Pedigree analysis can determine genotypes and predict future inheritance.
Traits From Parents
This document discusses the physical basis of heredity and traits inherited from parents. It defines key genetic terms like chromosome, chromatids, and centromere. It explains that chromosomes contain genes and are made of DNA. Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over. Meiosis reduces cells from diploid to haploid. Fertilization restores diploidy. Traits can be controlled by single genes with dominant/recessive alleles, multiple alleles like blood type, or several interacting genes like height. Mendel's principles were rediscovered in early 1900s and apply to many human traits.
Heredity - Genes, Chromosomes, Solving a Punnett Square and Non-Mendelian Inh...
This presentation is suited for Grade 9 - Science for the topics about genes, chromosomes, solving punnett square and Non-Mendelian Inheritance(Co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple allelles and sex-related traits.
Non mendelian inheritance
This document discusses several non-Mendelian inheritance patterns including incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. It provides examples like red and white snapdragon crosses that produce pink flowers to illustrate intermediate inheritance. Dosage compensation and genomic imprinting modify nuclear genes or chromosomes during early development.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This document discusses several forms of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance where traits show a combined phenotype, co-dominance where offspring exhibit both parental traits together, multiple alleles where more than two alleles can code for a trait, maternal and paternal effects where the parent's environment or genotype influences the offspring's phenotype, epigenetic inheritance involving modification to genes or chromosomes early in development, and gene conversion being a DNA recombination process that transfers sequence information between DNA helices.
Recommended
Key Terms Tas No Audio
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics. It defines terms like allele, chromosome, dominant allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive allele, locus, monohybrid cross, and more. These terms describe genetic concepts like heredity, dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, and traits controlled by single or multiple genes.
Key Terms Tas No Audio
This document defines key terms related to Punnett squares and genetics. It defines terms like allele, chromosome, dominant allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, locus, monohybrid cross, incomplete dominance, codominance, and more. These terms describe genetic concepts like inheritance of traits, dominance relationships between alleles, and the interactions between an organism's genes and environment.
Dominant vs Recessive Genes
Dominant genes are expressed when a single copy is present, while recessive genes require two copies to be expressed and are masked by dominant genes. Traits are determined by gene pairs on chromosomes, with one gene inherited from each parent. Whether a trait is dominant or recessive can be determined by the parents' genotypes and phenotypes, and some traits are sex-linked or show incomplete dominance or codominance.
Linkage and pedigree analysis
This document discusses linkage and pedigree analysis. It defines linkage as genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. There are different types of linkage based on crossing over and chromosomes. Pedigree analysis uses family trees to study inheritance patterns of traits. Key things to examine in a pedigree include whether a trait is dominant or recessive and autosomal or sex-linked. Autosomal traits affect both sexes equally, while sex-linked traits have distinctive patterns of inheritance depending on if they are X-linked or Y-linked. Pedigree analysis can determine genotypes and predict future inheritance.
Traits From Parents
This document discusses the physical basis of heredity and traits inherited from parents. It defines key genetic terms like chromosome, chromatids, and centromere. It explains that chromosomes contain genes and are made of DNA. Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over. Meiosis reduces cells from diploid to haploid. Fertilization restores diploidy. Traits can be controlled by single genes with dominant/recessive alleles, multiple alleles like blood type, or several interacting genes like height. Mendel's principles were rediscovered in early 1900s and apply to many human traits.
Heredity - Genes, Chromosomes, Solving a Punnett Square and Non-Mendelian Inh...
This presentation is suited for Grade 9 - Science for the topics about genes, chromosomes, solving punnett square and Non-Mendelian Inheritance(Co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple allelles and sex-related traits.
Non mendelian inheritance
This document discusses several non-Mendelian inheritance patterns including incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. It provides examples like red and white snapdragon crosses that produce pink flowers to illustrate intermediate inheritance. Dosage compensation and genomic imprinting modify nuclear genes or chromosomes during early development.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This document discusses several forms of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance where traits show a combined phenotype, co-dominance where offspring exhibit both parental traits together, multiple alleles where more than two alleles can code for a trait, maternal and paternal effects where the parent's environment or genotype influences the offspring's phenotype, epigenetic inheritance involving modification to genes or chromosomes early in development, and gene conversion being a DNA recombination process that transfers sequence information between DNA helices.
Gene linkage
Genes located physically close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis. This tendency is known as genetic linkage. There are two types of genetic linkage - complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when two genes are so close that they are never separated by crossing over during meiosis. Incomplete linkage means genes have some tendency to separate due to crossing over, resulting in both parental and recombinant progeny. Genetic linkage is significant for plant breeding as it prevents desirable traits from being easily combined into one variety and maintains linked characteristics over generations.
Edu 144 ch 3 flashcards
The document defines key genetic and biological terms including: gene, DNA, chromosome, zygote, XX and XY sex determination, carriers, monozygotic and dizygotic twins, and genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. It provides brief descriptions of each term focused on their role and function related to heredity and human development.
Notes chapter 8
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s laid the foundations for genetics. Through his work, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel developed theories like the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment to explain inheritance patterns. His work allowed scientists to better understand and predict outcomes of genetic crosses using tools like Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
NonMendelian Genetics Part2
The document discusses several patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits. These patterns do not follow Mendel's laws of simple dominance and recessive inheritance. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype, codominance shows both parental traits simultaneously, multiple alleles involve more than two allele choices for a trait, and sex-linked traits are inherited through the X chromosome.
26 1 genetics, how and why
1. Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes contain genes that determine traits and are located in cell nuclei.
2. Body cells contain pairs of chromosomes while sex cells like eggs and sperm only contain half the number to allow for chromosome pairing during fertilization.
3. Traits are passed to offspring when the chromosomes from the mother and father combine during fertilization. Dominant genes mask recessive genes, determining whether traits are expressed.
26 1 genetics how and why
1. Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes contain genes that determine traits and are located in cell nuclei.
2. Body cells contain pairs of chromosomes while sex cells like eggs and sperm only contain half the number to allow for chromosome pairing during fertilization.
3. Traits are passed to offspring when the chromosomes from the sperm and egg join during fertilization. Dominant genes mask recessive genes, determining whether traits are expressed.
DOMINANT AND RECESIVE TRAITS
Dominant traits are caused by a single allele masking the phenotype of the other allele. Recessive traits require inheriting two copies of the recessive allele to manifest. Gregor Mendel established that purple flower color in peas was dominant over white, as peas needed only one purple allele. When heterozygous, the dominant trait manifests as the recessive allele remains inactive. Examples show homozygous dominant as AA, heterozygous dominant as Aa displaying the dominant trait, and homozygous recessive as aa.
Corniyah bradley
This document discusses genetic traits and inheritance patterns. It explains that a recessive trait will reappear in the second generation if parents have different traits, while a dominant trait will be observed if at least one dominant allele is inherited. It also defines key genetic terms like genotype, phenotype, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance as they relate to the expression and inheritance of physical traits.
linkage
This document provides an overview of linkage in genetics. It discusses how Sutton and Boveri proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance, where genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. It then summarizes Bateson and Punnett's pioneering experiments in 1906 that first discovered linkage between genes controlling flower color and pollen shape in sweet peas. The document outlines different phases and types of linkage, how linkage can be detected through test crosses, and the significance of linkage for plant breeding and genetics research.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This presentation is an introduction to the various types of non-Mendelian inheritance (genetic inheritance that does not follow Mendel's laws)
Genetics 1.1 introduction
This tutorial deals with the introduction to Genetics.
1. Introduction to Genetics
2. Variations: Somatic and Blastogenic Variations (Continuous and Discontinuous {Meristic and Substantive} variations
3. Types of genetics
4. Blending inheritance
5. Pre-Mendelian Theories
6. Atavism
7. Evidence in favor of Blending Inheritance:
8. Terminologies related to Genetics.
Human genetics
Human inheritance is complex, with some traits controlled by single genes with two alleles, others by single genes with multiple alleles, and many traits influenced by multiple interacting genes. Additionally, sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The probability of passing on traits is influenced by factors like whether alleles are dominant or recessive, and both genes and the environment interact to impact characteristics.
12 biology notes_ch05_principals_of_inheritance_and_variation
Mendel conducted experiments on garden peas to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are controlled by discrete factors (now known as genes) which segregate during gamete formation according to his laws of inheritance. Some key findings were that dominant traits mask recessive traits in offspring (F1) but both reappear in the F2 generation in a 3:1 ratio. This supported that inheritance factors behave as discrete paired units rather than blending together. Later, chromosomes were found to be the structures that carry genes and segregate during meiosis according to Mendel's laws. Other genetic concepts studied include linkage, sex determination, and causes of genetic disorders.
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
6.1 notes 2019
1) Human traits can be inherited in several patterns, including single genes with two alleles (one dominant, one recessive), single genes with multiple alleles, and complex traits controlled by multiple interacting genes.
2) Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome carries genes that trigger male development.
3) Some traits are sex-linked and carried on the X chromosome, meaning they are more likely to appear in males who inherit a recessive allele. Colorblindness is an example of a sex-linked trait.
Linkages 6
The document discusses genetic linkage and independent assortment. It explains that Bateson and Punnett observed inheritance patterns in plants that did not match Mendel's predicted 9:3:3:1 ratio for dihybrid crosses. This was because the genes for flower color and pollen shape were located on the same chromosome, so they were inherited together rather than assorting independently. During meiosis, crossover events can cause chromosomes to exchange genetic material, resulting in a small number of "recombinants" that do not inherit the parental combinations of traits.
Genetics
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
- Chromosomes contain DNA made of genes that code for proteins and control traits.
- Alleles are variants of genes that can be dominant or recessive and determine traits.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed dominant and recessive inheritance through monohybrid and dihybrid crosses modeled with Punnett squares.
- Independent assortment of chromosomes and random fertilization create genetic variation.
Nonmendelian Genetics Part1
This document provides examples of Mendelian genetics concepts through punnett squares and genetic crosses. It addresses:
- A cross between homozygous round and wrinkled seeds that results in 100% heterozygous dominant round seeds.
- A cross between a heterozygous brown-eyed man and blue-eyed woman that results in a 50-50 phenotypic ratio of brown and blue eyes and genotypic ratios of 50% heterozygous dominant brown and 50% recessive blue.
- Examples of incomplete dominance in flowers (pink) and animal coats (roan) where the heterozygote phenotype is blended between the homozygous parents.
- X-linked colorblindness where it is recess
Lab 6 inheritance of traits fall 2014
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance for a dragon genetics lab. It defines key terms like heredity, traits, alleles, and dominant and recessive genes. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics, including his laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document discusses inheritance patterns for autosomal and sex-linked genes, as well as complex inheritance like incomplete dominance and environmental influences. The goal is for students to understand basic genetics concepts and how they are demonstrated in a model organism.
Allele An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a p.pdf
Allele: An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a particular location on a particular
chromosome and control the same character.
Genotype: Genotype is a part of genetic makeup of a cell and determines specific character of a
cell.
Phenotype: It is the physical appearance of an organism.
Autosomal dominant: It is the process in which only one allele is required to pass a genetic
defect or character to the progeny.
Autosomal recessive: It is the condition in which bothe alleles are required to pass a character or
genetic defect to the progeny.
Sex linked trait: A trait associated with a gene that is carried by male or female parent. Eg:
Colorblindness carried by X-chromosome.
Solution
Allele: An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a particular location on a particular
chromosome and control the same character.
Genotype: Genotype is a part of genetic makeup of a cell and determines specific character of a
cell.
Phenotype: It is the physical appearance of an organism.
Autosomal dominant: It is the process in which only one allele is required to pass a genetic
defect or character to the progeny.
Autosomal recessive: It is the condition in which bothe alleles are required to pass a character or
genetic defect to the progeny.
Sex linked trait: A trait associated with a gene that is carried by male or female parent. Eg:
Colorblindness carried by X-chromosome..
GENETICS 2.pptx
The document defines several key genetic terms:
Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (n) like gametes, while diploid cells have two sets (2n) like somatic cells. A zygote is a diploid cell formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes. Chromatin and chromosomes are structures that contain genetic material. Homologous chromosomes are paired and contain maternal and paternal genes. Synapsis is when homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis. Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype describes observable traits. Dominant alleles will produce their trait even when paired with recessive alleles, which do not produce traits on their own.
INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS AND PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING_final.ppt
Introduction to Genetics:
Definition and significance of genetics.
Historical milestones in the field of genetics.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology:
DNA replication.
Transcription and RNA synthesis.
Translation and protein synthesis.
Genetic Material:
Structure of DNA and RNA.
Genetic code and codons.
Mendelian Genetics:
Principles of inheritance (laws of segregation and independent assortment).
Punnett squares and genetic crosses.
Terms: genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance:
Incomplete dominance.
Codominance.
Polygenic inheritance.
Chromosomes and Cell Division:
Overview of mitosis and meiosis.
Chromosome structure and organization.
Sex chromosomes and sex determination.
Genetic Variation:
Mutation types (point mutations, insertions, deletions).
Causes of mutations (chemical, radiation, genetic).
Genetic Disorders:
Single gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia).
Chromosomal disorders (e.g., Down syndrome, Turner syndrome).
Multifactorial disorders and gene-environment interactions.
Human Genome Project:
Purpose and goals.
Achievements and implications for medicine.
Molecular Genetics:
DNA sequencing techniques.
Recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering.
Genetic Counseling and Testing:
Purpose and process of genetic counseling.
More Related Content
What's hot
Gene linkage
Genes located physically close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis. This tendency is known as genetic linkage. There are two types of genetic linkage - complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when two genes are so close that they are never separated by crossing over during meiosis. Incomplete linkage means genes have some tendency to separate due to crossing over, resulting in both parental and recombinant progeny. Genetic linkage is significant for plant breeding as it prevents desirable traits from being easily combined into one variety and maintains linked characteristics over generations.
Edu 144 ch 3 flashcards
The document defines key genetic and biological terms including: gene, DNA, chromosome, zygote, XX and XY sex determination, carriers, monozygotic and dizygotic twins, and genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. It provides brief descriptions of each term focused on their role and function related to heredity and human development.
Notes chapter 8
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s laid the foundations for genetics. Through his work, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel developed theories like the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment to explain inheritance patterns. His work allowed scientists to better understand and predict outcomes of genetic crosses using tools like Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
NonMendelian Genetics Part2
The document discusses several patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits. These patterns do not follow Mendel's laws of simple dominance and recessive inheritance. Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype, codominance shows both parental traits simultaneously, multiple alleles involve more than two allele choices for a trait, and sex-linked traits are inherited through the X chromosome.
26 1 genetics, how and why
1. Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes contain genes that determine traits and are located in cell nuclei.
2. Body cells contain pairs of chromosomes while sex cells like eggs and sperm only contain half the number to allow for chromosome pairing during fertilization.
3. Traits are passed to offspring when the chromosomes from the mother and father combine during fertilization. Dominant genes mask recessive genes, determining whether traits are expressed.
26 1 genetics how and why
1. Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and genes. Chromosomes contain genes that determine traits and are located in cell nuclei.
2. Body cells contain pairs of chromosomes while sex cells like eggs and sperm only contain half the number to allow for chromosome pairing during fertilization.
3. Traits are passed to offspring when the chromosomes from the sperm and egg join during fertilization. Dominant genes mask recessive genes, determining whether traits are expressed.
DOMINANT AND RECESIVE TRAITS
Dominant traits are caused by a single allele masking the phenotype of the other allele. Recessive traits require inheriting two copies of the recessive allele to manifest. Gregor Mendel established that purple flower color in peas was dominant over white, as peas needed only one purple allele. When heterozygous, the dominant trait manifests as the recessive allele remains inactive. Examples show homozygous dominant as AA, heterozygous dominant as Aa displaying the dominant trait, and homozygous recessive as aa.
Corniyah bradley
This document discusses genetic traits and inheritance patterns. It explains that a recessive trait will reappear in the second generation if parents have different traits, while a dominant trait will be observed if at least one dominant allele is inherited. It also defines key genetic terms like genotype, phenotype, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance as they relate to the expression and inheritance of physical traits.
linkage
This document provides an overview of linkage in genetics. It discusses how Sutton and Boveri proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance, where genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. It then summarizes Bateson and Punnett's pioneering experiments in 1906 that first discovered linkage between genes controlling flower color and pollen shape in sweet peas. The document outlines different phases and types of linkage, how linkage can be detected through test crosses, and the significance of linkage for plant breeding and genetics research.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This presentation is an introduction to the various types of non-Mendelian inheritance (genetic inheritance that does not follow Mendel's laws)
Genetics 1.1 introduction
This tutorial deals with the introduction to Genetics.
1. Introduction to Genetics
2. Variations: Somatic and Blastogenic Variations (Continuous and Discontinuous {Meristic and Substantive} variations
3. Types of genetics
4. Blending inheritance
5. Pre-Mendelian Theories
6. Atavism
7. Evidence in favor of Blending Inheritance:
8. Terminologies related to Genetics.
Human genetics
Human inheritance is complex, with some traits controlled by single genes with two alleles, others by single genes with multiple alleles, and many traits influenced by multiple interacting genes. Additionally, sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The probability of passing on traits is influenced by factors like whether alleles are dominant or recessive, and both genes and the environment interact to impact characteristics.
12 biology notes_ch05_principals_of_inheritance_and_variation
Mendel conducted experiments on garden peas to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are controlled by discrete factors (now known as genes) which segregate during gamete formation according to his laws of inheritance. Some key findings were that dominant traits mask recessive traits in offspring (F1) but both reappear in the F2 generation in a 3:1 ratio. This supported that inheritance factors behave as discrete paired units rather than blending together. Later, chromosomes were found to be the structures that carry genes and segregate during meiosis according to Mendel's laws. Other genetic concepts studied include linkage, sex determination, and causes of genetic disorders.
Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses several patterns of inheritance including:
1. Dominant and recessive genes and how they determine traits like coat color in mice.
2. Lethal alleles that cause death in homozygous dominant genotypes.
3. Incomplete dominance and codominance where both alleles are partially or fully expressed.
4. Sex linkage and how traits on the X chromosome are inherited differently between males and females.
It also discusses environmental influences on gene expression and abnormal chromosome numbers leading to conditions like Down syndrome.
6.1 notes 2019
1) Human traits can be inherited in several patterns, including single genes with two alleles (one dominant, one recessive), single genes with multiple alleles, and complex traits controlled by multiple interacting genes.
2) Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome carries genes that trigger male development.
3) Some traits are sex-linked and carried on the X chromosome, meaning they are more likely to appear in males who inherit a recessive allele. Colorblindness is an example of a sex-linked trait.
Linkages 6
The document discusses genetic linkage and independent assortment. It explains that Bateson and Punnett observed inheritance patterns in plants that did not match Mendel's predicted 9:3:3:1 ratio for dihybrid crosses. This was because the genes for flower color and pollen shape were located on the same chromosome, so they were inherited together rather than assorting independently. During meiosis, crossover events can cause chromosomes to exchange genetic material, resulting in a small number of "recombinants" that do not inherit the parental combinations of traits.
Genetics
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
- Chromosomes contain DNA made of genes that code for proteins and control traits.
- Alleles are variants of genes that can be dominant or recessive and determine traits.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed dominant and recessive inheritance through monohybrid and dihybrid crosses modeled with Punnett squares.
- Independent assortment of chromosomes and random fertilization create genetic variation.
Nonmendelian Genetics Part1
This document provides examples of Mendelian genetics concepts through punnett squares and genetic crosses. It addresses:
- A cross between homozygous round and wrinkled seeds that results in 100% heterozygous dominant round seeds.
- A cross between a heterozygous brown-eyed man and blue-eyed woman that results in a 50-50 phenotypic ratio of brown and blue eyes and genotypic ratios of 50% heterozygous dominant brown and 50% recessive blue.
- Examples of incomplete dominance in flowers (pink) and animal coats (roan) where the heterozygote phenotype is blended between the homozygous parents.
- X-linked colorblindness where it is recess
Lab 6 inheritance of traits fall 2014
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance for a dragon genetics lab. It defines key terms like heredity, traits, alleles, and dominant and recessive genes. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics, including his laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document discusses inheritance patterns for autosomal and sex-linked genes, as well as complex inheritance like incomplete dominance and environmental influences. The goal is for students to understand basic genetics concepts and how they are demonstrated in a model organism.
What's hot (19)
12 biology notes_ch05_principals_of_inheritance_and_variation
12 biology notes_ch05_principals_of_inheritance_and_variation
Similar to Key Terms TAS
Allele An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a p.pdf
Allele: An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a particular location on a particular
chromosome and control the same character.
Genotype: Genotype is a part of genetic makeup of a cell and determines specific character of a
cell.
Phenotype: It is the physical appearance of an organism.
Autosomal dominant: It is the process in which only one allele is required to pass a genetic
defect or character to the progeny.
Autosomal recessive: It is the condition in which bothe alleles are required to pass a character or
genetic defect to the progeny.
Sex linked trait: A trait associated with a gene that is carried by male or female parent. Eg:
Colorblindness carried by X-chromosome.
Solution
Allele: An allele is one of the pair of the genes that appear at a particular location on a particular
chromosome and control the same character.
Genotype: Genotype is a part of genetic makeup of a cell and determines specific character of a
cell.
Phenotype: It is the physical appearance of an organism.
Autosomal dominant: It is the process in which only one allele is required to pass a genetic
defect or character to the progeny.
Autosomal recessive: It is the condition in which bothe alleles are required to pass a character or
genetic defect to the progeny.
Sex linked trait: A trait associated with a gene that is carried by male or female parent. Eg:
Colorblindness carried by X-chromosome..
GENETICS 2.pptx
The document defines several key genetic terms:
Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (n) like gametes, while diploid cells have two sets (2n) like somatic cells. A zygote is a diploid cell formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes. Chromatin and chromosomes are structures that contain genetic material. Homologous chromosomes are paired and contain maternal and paternal genes. Synapsis is when homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis. Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype describes observable traits. Dominant alleles will produce their trait even when paired with recessive alleles, which do not produce traits on their own.
INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS AND PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING_final.ppt
Introduction to Genetics:
Definition and significance of genetics.
Historical milestones in the field of genetics.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology:
DNA replication.
Transcription and RNA synthesis.
Translation and protein synthesis.
Genetic Material:
Structure of DNA and RNA.
Genetic code and codons.
Mendelian Genetics:
Principles of inheritance (laws of segregation and independent assortment).
Punnett squares and genetic crosses.
Terms: genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance:
Incomplete dominance.
Codominance.
Polygenic inheritance.
Chromosomes and Cell Division:
Overview of mitosis and meiosis.
Chromosome structure and organization.
Sex chromosomes and sex determination.
Genetic Variation:
Mutation types (point mutations, insertions, deletions).
Causes of mutations (chemical, radiation, genetic).
Genetic Disorders:
Single gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia).
Chromosomal disorders (e.g., Down syndrome, Turner syndrome).
Multifactorial disorders and gene-environment interactions.
Human Genome Project:
Purpose and goals.
Achievements and implications for medicine.
Molecular Genetics:
DNA sequencing techniques.
Recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering.
Genetic Counseling and Testing:
Purpose and process of genetic counseling.
GENETICS 1.pptx
This document defines key terms related to genetics and heredity. It explains that genetics is the study of genes and heredity, including how characteristics are passed from parents to offspring. The basic unit of heredity is the gene, which is made up of DNA sequences and determines particular characteristics. DNA contains the genetic information found in all living things. Genes exist in different forms called alleles, which are found at loci on chromosomes. Traits are characteristics influenced by both genes and the environment. Individuals can be either homozygous or heterozygous depending on whether they inherit identical or different alleles from each parent.
Mendel
The document summarizes key concepts in genetics and inheritance, including:
1) Traits are transmitted by chromosomes which contain genes made of DNA. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
2) Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the basic principles of heredity, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
3) Genes exist in versions called alleles that are received from each parent and can be dominant or recessive.
Bases heranca genetica
The document summarizes key concepts in genetics and inheritance, including:
1) Traits are transmitted by chromosomes which contain genes made of DNA. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
2) Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the basic principles of heredity, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
3) Genes exist in versions called alleles that are received from each parent and can be dominant or recessive.
Chapter 12
The document discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1860s, which established the fundamental laws of inheritance and represented the foundation of the modern science of genetics. Through extensive, quantitative crosses involving over 24,000 pea plants over 7 years, Mendel demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units that segregate and assort in predictable ratios. Mendel's work laid the groundwork for understanding how genes and chromosomes are transmitted from one generation to the next according to the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
Incomplete_Dominance.ppt
This document discusses incomplete dominance and codominance, which are exceptions to Mendel's principles of dominance and segregation. It provides examples of each. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. In codominance, neither allele is dominant and both are expressed in the heterozygote. The document also briefly explains test crosses, which are used to determine if an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
CROSS (PERSILANGAN).pptx
Genes are segments of DNA that control hereditary traits in organisms. Genes contain genetic information and can be dominant, recessive, or semi-dominant. Alleles are gene variants that appear at corresponding locations on homologous chromosomes. A monohybrid cross involves breeding organisms with homozygous dominant and recessive genotypes for a trait to determine the dominant allele and inheritance patterns. It can also involve breeding heterozygous individuals to confirm allele dominance.
Chapter11
- Mendel's experiments helped formulate the particulate theory of inheritance and showed that inheritance involves reshuffling of genes from generation to generation.
- The law of segregation states that each individual has two factors for each trait which segregate during gamete formation such that each gamete contains only one factor.
- The law of independent assortment states that each pair of factors segregates independently of other pairs, resulting in all possible combinations of factors in gametes. Punnett squares can be used to determine possible offspring combinations.
Inheritance -I.pptx
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Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
Organismic level of Organization of Genetic information. Gene Interaction
This document provides an overview of genetics at the organismic level of organization, including gene interaction and Mendel's laws. It discusses how genes code for proteins, Mendel's experiments with pea plants, dominant and recessive alleles, and different types of gene interaction such as complete and incomplete dominance, codominance, overdominance, complementation, epistasis, polygenic inheritance, and pleiotropy. It also covers variation in gene expression through reduced penetrance and variable expressivity.
02 Chromosomes, Genes & Alleles
1. Chromosomes contain DNA and package it into a smaller size. In eukaryotes, DNA is contained in linear chromosomes while prokaryotes have circular chromosomes.
2. Humans have 23 chromosome pairs including one sex chromosome pair that determines gender. Genes are located on chromosomes and can exist in different alleles that determine traits.
3. The genotype is an individual's combination of alleles, which determines their phenotype or physical traits. Dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles. Many factors can influence the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
Mendel's
This document discusses Mendel's experiments and concepts of inheritance, including genes, alleles, dominance, and segregation. It defines key genetic terms and concepts such as phenotype, genotype, homozygous, and heterozygous. It explains Mendel's laws of inheritance and provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It also discusses inheritance of traits in humans including blood types, sex-linked traits, and hereditary diseases. Finally, it covers the structure of DNA and uses of genetic knowledge.
Genetics : Principles of Inheritance and Variation
This document provides information on principles of inheritance and variation, including:
- Key terms like allele, phenotype, genotype, and types of crosses like monohybrid and dihybrid.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation and independent assortment.
- Other inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance, multiple allelism, co-dominance, and sex determination systems.
- The chromosomal basis of inheritance proposed by Sutton and Boveri, including linkage, recombination and Morgan's experiments in Drosophila.
- Examples of Mendelian disorders like hemophilia and sickle cell anemia.
Bio chapter 5
This document discusses genetics and inheritance. It defines key terms like gene, allele, genotype and phenotype. It describes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how he discovered the laws of inheritance and segregation of alleles. The document also discusses human genetics like blood types, sex determination, chromosomes, and examples of genetic diseases. It provides details on DNA structure and how genetic information is passed down. In the end it lists several applications of genetics knowledge.
Vocab Vocab Overview Genetics
The document defines key genetic terms including allele, chromosome, genotype, phenotype, dominant and recessive alleles, genes, heredity, heterozygous, homozygous, hybrids, incomplete dominance, meiosis, mitosis, mutations, probability, Punnett squares, purebreds, selective breeding, traits, and defines asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, genetic engineering, and offspring.
Prinsip genetic
This document summarizes key concepts of genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It defines terms like genotype, phenotype, gene, allele, locus, dominant and recessive alleles. It explains Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment using monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Gamete formation and random fusion during fertilization are described. Phenotypes of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes for a single trait are defined. The role of environment on phenotypes is also mentioned.
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Guided notes covering material from Topic 3.4 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
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Key Terms TAS
- 1. Teacher As Scholar Punnett Square: Key Terms
- 2. Allele: One member of a pair of genes occupying a specific spot on a chromosome that controls the same trait.
- 3. Chromosome: A structure within the cell that bears the genetic material of an organism.
- 4. Codominance: A condition in which the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed thereby resulting in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive. Example: AB Blood Type
- 5. Dominant Allele: The allele that determines the phenotype of an organism, masking the effect of the recessive allele when present.
- 6. Gamete: A reproductive cell that contains the haploid set of chromosomes.
- 7. Gene: A segment of DNA that is responsible for the phenotype of an organism.
- 8. Genotype: The entire set of genes in an organism that determines the expression of a particular phenotype.
- 9. Heredity: The passing of genetic factors from parent to offspring.
- 10. Heterozygous: An organism containing two different alleles (a dominant and a recessive) for a particular trait.
- 11. Homozygous: An organism containing two copies of the same allele (two dominant or two recessive) for a particular trait.
- 12. Homozygous Dominant: An organism that has two dominant alleles (RR).
- 13. Homozygous Recessive: An organism that has two recessive genes (rr).
- 14. Incomplete Dominance: A kind of dominance occurring in heterozygotes in which the dominant allele is only partially expressed. This usually results in offspring with an intermediate phenotype because the organism has one dominant allele and one recessive allele.
- 15. Genetic Locus: The location of a gene on a chromosome.
- 16. Monohybrid Cross: A crossbreeding experiment that follows the inheritance of a single characteristic across one or more generations. In other words this is a cross of one trait from two parents.
- 17. Multiple alleles: The existence of several known alleles of a gene.
- 18. Phenotype: The physical appearance of an organism as a result of the interaction of its genotype and the environment.
- 19. Polygenic Trait: A trait that is controlled by two or more genes at different loci on different chromosomes. Examples: height, skin color, weight.
- 20. Recessive: An allele whose phenotypic expression is masked by a dominant allele. The recessive trait may be expressed when the recessive genes are in a homozygous condition.
- 21. Trait: A qualitative characteristic. An attribute of phenotype, not of genotype.