Genetic technology
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This document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology techniques. It describes how genetic engineering allows scientists to directly manipulate DNA. The key steps discussed are DNA extraction, cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis, and making copies of DNA using PCR. Gel electrophoresis is described as a technique used to separate DNA fragments by size through an electric current in a gel matrix. Cloning techniques are also summarized, including the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997. The process of cloning involves fusing the nucleus of a donor adult cell into an egg cell to produce a genetically identical organism.
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IF YOU ARE GOING TO DOWNLOAD THIS FILE, PLEASE NOTIFY me by sending a message via Facebook.
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Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged particles like DNA fragments by size. An electric current is applied to a gel, causing negatively charged DNA fragments to migrate towards the positive electrode. Smaller fragments travel further than larger ones. DNA is first digested with restriction enzymes to generate fragments of different lengths. The DNA fragments are then loaded into wells in an agarose or acrylamide gel submerged in buffer solution. As an electric current is applied, the fragments separate by size. After completion, the gel can be stained with dye and visualized under UV light to see the separated DNA bands. This allows analysis and recovery of specific DNA fragments.
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This document discusses epigenetics and how it relates to DNA and gene expression. It provides an overview of epigenetics, noting that epigenetics causes changes in phenotype without altering the genotype. Environmental factors like toxins, diet, and stress can prompt epigenetic changes that affect gene expression and may impact future generations. The document discusses studies on agouti mice that showed how a mother's diet could affect the fur and health of her offspring through epigenetic changes, as well as how an agricultural fungicide affected sperm counts in male rats for multiple generations. It also describes the two main epigenetic mechanisms of DNA methylation and histone modifications that can alter gene expression patterns.
Biology unit 5 genetics genetic engineering notes
Genetic engineering involves altering the genetic code of an organism. There are several common techniques: selective breeding exploits natural genetic variation; gene therapy replaces a faulty gene with a normal one using modified viruses; cell transformation inserts foreign DNA into a cell's genome to create transgenic organisms; and cloning produces genetically identical copies from a single cell. While gene therapy has had limited success so far, transgenic plants and animals have been created to improve traits like disease resistance and nutrient content.
Genetic Engineering lab micro health ppt
Genetic engineering techniques allow scientists to directly manipulate DNA. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, which can then be fused together from different organisms through recombinant DNA techniques. Genetically modified organisms have been created, including bacteria that produce human insulin, transgenic plants with pest resistance, and animals cloned from donor cells. While these techniques hold promise for applications like producing pharmaceuticals, genetically modified crops, and preserving endangered species, they also raise moral issues that warrant consideration.
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Mutations occur when errors are made during DNA replication, causing the wrong genetic message and proteins. Mutations can be caused by radiation, chemicals, or copying mistakes and may affect offspring if in the parents' sex cells. Cloning produces an exact genetic copy, while breeding combines traits of parents in offspring. Gene splicing inserts DNA from one organism into another's DNA to produce desired proteins, such as insulin for diabetics.
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Clinical use of telomere measurement in preventive and personalized medicine ...
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This document summarizes 3 labs:
1. Restriction digest of lambda DNA - Use enzymes to cut lambda DNA into fragments, then analyze the fragments using gel electrophoresis. 5 fragments would be produced and the smallest would be largest.
2. Bacterial transformation - Insert GFP gene from jellyfish into bacterial DNA on a plasmid, then insert plasmid into bacteria. The bacteria could then express GFP.
3. DNA fingerprinting - Use restriction enzymes to cut DNA samples, separate fragments by size using gel electrophoresis, then compare fragment patterns to identify related samples or find matches for crime scene DNA.
OCR Biology B3 part 4
The document summarizes the key differences between mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical body cells through one cell division, while meiosis produces non-identical sex cells through two cell divisions. It also describes sperm cell adaptations like the acrosome for digesting the egg membrane and many mitochondria for energy production through respiration.
Bowserd.replication
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for cell division. It ensures each new cell has the full set of instructions to function properly. Mutations can occur during replication if there are errors in copying the DNA sequence of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine bases. Mutations can lead to diseases or provide genetic diversity to make organisms healthier over time. The key components of replication include telomeres, Okazaki fragments, DNA ligase, and telomerase.
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Genetic technology
- 2. Genetic Engineering • Making changes to DNA • Like changing the code of a computer program • Scientist use their knowledge of structure and chemical properties to make changes
- 3. Terms used to show it’s not the organism's natural reproductive process: • Genetic engineering • Recombinant DNA technology • Genetically Modified(GM) • Gene Splicing • Transgenic Organisms
- 4. Manipulating DNA 1. DNA Extraction – chemical procedure ruptures cell & separates the DNA from cell parts (Strawberry Lab) 2. Cutting DNA – restriction enzymes cut the DNA into smaller pieces called fragments (This 1 only between AAG)
- 5. 3. Separating DNA – a gel electrophoresis chamber separates DNA fragments to be analyzed 4. Make unlimited copies of DNA (PCR) 5. Study, Compare, & Analyze Results
- 6. Gel Electrophoresis • An Electric Voltage is applied to the gel to separate DNA fragments • The fragments move to the (+) positive side of the gel because DNA is (-) negatively charged & attracted • Bands are made of different sized DNA fragments • Smaller fragments move faster through the gel
- 7. G.E. can be used to: • Identify a DNA Fingerprint • Solve forensic cases • Determine Paternity • Examine specific proteins • Locate and identify particular genes (to tell if you are more likely to get Breast Cancer or Alzheimer's Disease) • Allows researchers to identify similarities and differences in the genomes of different organisms.
- 8. • Your Genome is your particular set of chromosomes (Your unique DNA) • DNA Fingerprint – uniqueness of an individual’s DNA .01% Difference (Fingerprint) 99.99% Same DNA as everyone else
- 9. Gel Electrophoresis Questions 1. What are the bands made of? DNA Fragments 1. Which bands move faster? Why? Shorter bands b/c they are smaller 1. What is the purpose of the restriction enzyme? To cut DNA into fragments
- 10. Gel Electrophoresis Questions 4. Why are the bands moving towards the positive side? B/c they are negatively charged and attracted to the positive 4. Are the samples identical? How do you know? No, the bands of all 3 samples don’t line up (same pattern) 4. Why is the electrical voltage applied? To supply the -/+ current for attraction/movement
- 11. Gel Electrophoresis DNA plus restriction enzyme Mixture of DNA fragments Gel Power source Longer fragments Shorter fragments
- 12. Results
- 15. Selective Breeding • Only allowing desired organisms to mate • Breeders increase the genetic variation in the population by causing mutations.
- 16. • Nearly all domestic animals and most crop plants have been produced by this breeding. Ex: Dogs, Horses, Fruit, etc.
- 17. • Hybridization causes hardier animals than the parents with desired traits Ex: Mule • Inbreeding helps ensure that breeds will continue to have unique characteristics Ex:Dogs
- 18. • Serious genetic problems can result from excessive inbreeding Ex: mad dog disease https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCv10_WvGxo
- 19. Cloning • A genetically identical organism produced from a single somatic cell. • In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly. Dolly and Bonnie
- 20. Pros vs. Cons of Cloning • Could Help Endangered Species Repopulate • Superhuman Race • No need for males • Medical Advancements • Plenty of Food • Moral Problems • Genetic Disorders • Health Problems • No Variety • Body Part Harvesting • Superhuman Race • No Males What do you think?
- 21. Cloning Questions 1. Which Sheep provides the egg cell? The black faced/legged Sheep B 2. Which Sheep provides the nucleus (DNA)? The white faced/legged Sheep A 3. Why is the nucleus removed from the egg? We only want DNA from Sheep A and there would be to much if not removed.
- 22. Cloning Questions 4. Which animal is the clone? The little lamb 5. Which 2 animals are genetically identical? The white faced/legged Sheep A and the little lamb ***Notice that Sheep B and C (Foster Mom) Look the same but they are not GENETICALLY 6. Why is an electrical voltage applied? To jump start the cell cycle for growth
- 23. Cloning Donor Nucleus Fused cell Embryo Egg Cell Sheep C – Foster Mom Cloned Lamb Sheep A Sheep B A donor cell is taken from the sheep’s udder The two cells are fused using electricity Egg cell is taken from other female The nucleus is removed The fused cell begins dividing normally Embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother The embryo develops normally into a lamb
Editor's Notes
- Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments. First, restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments. The DNA fragments are then poured into wells on a gel, which is similar to a thick piece of gelatin. An electric voltage moves the DNA fragments across the gel. Because longer fragments of DNA move through the gel more slowly, they do not migrate as far across the gel as shorter fragments of DNA. Based on size, the DNA fragments make a pattern of bands on the gel. These bands can then be compared with other samples of DNA.
- The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s first offspring, called Bonnie. The fact that Dolly was cloned did not affect her ability to produce a live offspring. Photo Credit: PA News
- In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal.