The document summarizes key concepts about DNA and protein synthesis. It explains that James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate, and 4 nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G). DNA replicates in S phase using enzymes like helicase, polymerase and ligase. Mutations can occur from changes to DNA. RNA is similar to DNA but contains ribose, uracil instead of thymine, and is single stranded. There are 3 types of RNA involved in protein synthesis - messenger RNA carries DNA's message to ribosomes, transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, and ribosomal RNA makes up the ribosome.

1. DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

2. Scientists
James Watson and
Francis Crick
discovered the double
helix shape of DNA in
1953
After visiting Maurice
Wilkins and Rosalind
Franklin at Kings
University

3. DNA’s 3 Components
1. Sugar- Deoxyribose
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen Base (4)

4. 4 Nitrogen Bases
1. Adenine- A
2. Thymine- T
3. Cytosine- C
4. Guanine- G

5. Sizes in Order
Smallest  Largest
GenesDNAChromatin
SisterChromatidsChromosome

6. 6 DNA Structure Rules
1. Sides are composed of
alternating Deoxyribose
Sugars and Phosphates
2. Nitrogen bases attach to the
sides at the sugars only
3. Adenine only bonds with
thymine

7. 4. Cytosine only bonds with
guanine
5. Every 10-12 base pairs the
ladder/helix twists
6. Hydrogen bonds the base
pairs together

8. Two Main Functions of DNA
1. Code for
Genetics/Heredity
2. Provides blueprint for
making proteins

9. Shape of DNA
• DNA is made of nucleotides
• Nucleotides - 1 sugar, 1 phosphate, and 1 letter.
• Nucleotides can be in any order
• The “backbone” is the sugar/phosphate groups

10. DNA Double Helix

11. Mutations
Any changes that are made to the genetic
material (DNA)
Mutagens – any substance that causes a
mutation
Examples: Ultraviolet Light, X-rays,
Medicines, etc.

12. Types of Mutations
• Point Mutation
– Substitution
• Framshift Mutation
– Addition/Duplication
– Deletion

13. DNA Replication
What phase does this happen in?

14. Enzymes
• Helicase – unzips the original ladder
• Polymerase-brings the free floating
nucleotides to the original strands
• Ligase – rezips the ladder of the replicated
strands
– DRAWING

15. Replicate the Following
• DNA
A T T C G A T
T A A G C T A

16. RNA
Ribonucleic Acid

17. RNA’s 3 Components
1. Sugar- Ribose
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen Base (4)

18. RNA’s 4 Nitrogen Bases
1. Adenine- A
2. Uracil – U ***New***
3. Cytosine- C
4. Guanine- G

19. 3 Main Differences
1. The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of
deoxyribose.
2. RNA is single-stranded.
3. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.

20. 3 Types of RNA:
1. Messenger: takes message from DNA to
ribosome
2. Transfer: transfers amino acids to
ribosome
3. Ribosomal: makes protein

21. The Genetic Code = Making Proteins
1. DNA to RNA is called Transcription
DNA: A T C G A T C G G T A C
RNA:
1. RNA to Amino Acid (Protein) is called
Translation
U A G C U A G C C A U G

22. 3. A codon is a group of 3 RNA Nitrogen
Bases
4. There are 64 different codons
5. Codons represent the different amino
acids
6. Amino Acids are the building blocks of
proteins

23. 7. There are 20 different amino acids
8. From START (AUG) to a STOP (UGA,
UAA, UAG) codon is a protein
9. Genes are located on chromosomes &
contain instructions for making proteins
10.Protein is found in blood, muscle, and
body organs

25. The Genetic Code

26. Sample Set
***Have to Start with AUG***
DNA: T G T A C G A A C G C T A C T
RNA:
AA:
A C A U G C U U G C G A U G A
Methionine Leucine Alanine Methionine
HO CCHCH CH SCH HO CCHCH CH(CH ) CH CHCOOH₂ ₂ ₂ ₃ ₂ ₂ ₃ ₂ ₃

27. Protein Synthesis
H

28. Protein Synthesis Key
A. Nucleus
B. mRNA
C. Ribosome
D. tRNA
E. Codon
F. Start Codon
(AUG)
G.mRNA
H. Amino Acid