Genetic engineering allows scientists to directly modify an organism's genes to enhance traits. Examples include crops with increased pest resistance or modified oil content. Cloning organisms is also possible by splitting an early embryo into cells or transferring a cell nucleus into an unfertilized egg. Mutations in human genes occur naturally and can be inherited, unlike artificial changes through genetic engineering. Recombinant DNA techniques have been used to create bacteria that produce human insulin, growth hormone, and vaccines. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell, providing evidence that somatic cell nuclear transfer can recreate a whole organism. While genetic engineering has benefits like curing diseases, some argue it is unethical and should be banned due to

1. Genetic
engineering
Group 3

2. Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of
an organism's genes. It is used by scientists to
enhance or modify the characteristics of an
individual organism. Examples of genetically
engineered (transgenic) organisms currently on the
market include plants with resistance to some
insects and crops with modified oil content.

3. Types of cloning
There is also the possibility of cloning organisms.
This can be achieved by dividing the embryo into
single cells in the early stages of development or
another type of cloning is also possible - taking
the nucleus from one cell of the mature organism
and transferring it to an unfertilised egg cell.

4. Mutations
In humans, changes in the genetic material can
also be observed, but these changes are not
caused artificially as in the case of animals. Such
changes in the genome are referred to as
mutations. Mutation is a sudden change in the
genetic material of a cell. Their inheritance is
possible.

5. Recombinant DNA techniques
Genetic engineering has advanced the
understanding of many theoretical and practical
aspects of gene function and organization.
Through recombinant DNA techniques, bacteria
have been created that are capable of
synthesizing human insulin, human growth
hormone and a hepatitis B vaccine.

6. The sheep Dolly
Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal
cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of
nuclear transfer. Dolly was cloned by Keith Campbell, Ian
Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute. She was
born on 5 July 1996 and died from a progressive lung
disease five months before her seventh birthday. She has
been called "the world's most famous sheep".
The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was
taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a
healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a
specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual.

7. Advantages and disadvantages
of genetic engineering
It has its advantages and disadvantages. There are
strong arguments for and against cloning and genetic
engineering. The supporters of the idea notice the
almost limitless possibilities of cloning and genetic
engineering, while the opponents think the process is
unethical and should be banned, they are concerned
about what might happen in the future.

8. Our opinion
In our opinion it can be used to save the lives
of many people and give it a chance to
recover from those suffering from incurable
diseases.

9. Thanks for attention
By Group 3