A gene is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity that is responsible for an organism's inherited physical traits. Genetic engineering involves manipulating genes to create desired characteristics in an organism. If genetic material from another species is added, the resulting organism is transgenic. The first use of genetic engineering was in 1972 when DNA from different organisms was combined. Since then, genetically modified organisms have been created for agricultural and medical purposes, including plants resistant to herbicides and viruses.

1. MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION OF
KAZAKHSTAN
SKSU named by M. Auezov
BIOCHEMISTRY department
Prepared by : Tulegenov Z.
Group : CHT – 13 – 5pa

2. WHAT IS A GENE ?
A Gene is a fundamental, physical
and functional unit of heredity.
It is responsible for the physical and
inheritable characteristics of an
organism.

3. Genetic Engineering is
manipulation/alteration
of structure of a gene to
create a desired
characteristic in an
organism.

4. If genetic material from another species is added to
the host, the resulting organism is called transgenic.
Genetic engineering can also be used to remove
genetic material from the target organism, creating
a knock out organism.

5. The term “Genetic Engineering" was first coined by Jack
Williamson in his science fiction novel.
James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule
has a double-helix structure.
In 1972, Paul berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules
by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the
lambda virus.

6. In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen created the first
transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic resistance genes into
the plasmid of an
E.coli bacterium.
The first trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in
France and the USA in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to
be resistant to herbicides.

8. The Flavr Savr tomato was a
tomato engineered to have a
longer shelf life.
In 1995, Bt Potato was approved
safe by the Environmental
Protection Agency.

9. Bt-Cotton is a genetically
modified cotton which is
resistant to pests.
Golden Rice genetically modified
to contain
beta-carotene
(a source of
Vitamin A).

10. Transgenic fruit
obtained from pear
and apple.
A Blue Rose is a
genetically
modified Rose.

12. It’s a miracle of genetic
engineering.
You can see through the
skin how organs grow,
how cancer starts and
develops without
dissecting the Frog.

13. The GloFish was the first
genetically modified animal to
become available as a pet. It is a
natural Zebrafish which has
genetic information from
bioluminescent jellyfish added
to its DNA.

14. Using Modern DNA
and cross fertilization
techniques; the
Dolion is a cross
between a lion and a
dog.

16. Dolly the sheep is the
world’s most famous
clone.
Dolly was born 5 July 1996
to three mothers (one
provided the egg, another
the DNA and a third
carried the cloned embryo
to term).

17. The Zorse is a cross
between a zebra and a
domestic horse.
The crosses were originally
done in England and Africa
to try to produce a domestic
horse like animal that was
resistant to diseases spread
by a fly in Africa.

20. Isolating a gene to be inserted
Inserting the gene in a Vector(Agent used to carry foreign
gene)
Inserting Vector into the host.
Multiplication of host cells by cloning.
Extraction of desired product.

22. Vaccination generally involves injecting
weak live, killed or inactivated forms of
viruses or their toxins into the person
being immunized.
Gene therapy is the genetic
engineering of humans by replacing
defective human genes with
functional copies.

23. .
Agriculture:
Benefits of genetically modified plants:
1. Improved nutritional quality.
2. Better Nitrogen Fixation.
3. Disease resistant Plant.
4. Enhanced efficiency of minerals used
by plants to prevent early exhaustion of
fertility of soil.
5. Reduced post harvest losses.