General buffalo

SUBMITTED TO: DR. fiaz
SUBMITTED BY :
11-Arid-963 ( MUZAMMIL TARIQ)
11-Arid-971 ( SIDRA IKRAM)
11-Arid-978 ( ZEESHAN AHMAD AWAN)
11-Arid-979 ( VICTOR TABASSUM)
BUFFALO

OUT LINE
1. Scope and importance of buffalo production in Pakistan
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Holy Quran
1.3. Pakistan and Livestock
2. Breed of the world
2.1. Characteristics of local breeds
2.1.1 KUNDI
2.1.2 Nili-ravi
2.1.3 Aza-kheli
2.2. Buffalo breeds of the world
2.2.1 Murrah
2.2.2 Anatolian: (also known as turkish)
2.2.3 Azeri (also known as caucassion)
2.2.4 Bangladesi
2.2.5 Bhadawari
2.2.6 Bulgarian murrah
2.2.7 Egyptian:
2.2.8 Jafarabadi:
2.2.9 jerangi:
2.2.10 Kuhzestani: (or iraqi buffalo)
2.2.11 Manda:
2.2.12 Meshana:
2.2.13 Nagpuri:
2.2.14 Toda:
3. Management of dairy animals:
3.1. Management of Dairy Bull:
3.2. Management of newly burn calves:
3.3. Clostrum / milk feeding schedule:
3.4. Management of Milk feeding
3.5. Management of replacement heifer
3.6. Effect of management on buffalo milk yield and reproduction
4. Calendar of activities for day-to-day operations
4.1. Birth
4.2. Week 1-2
4.3. Week 3-4
4.4. Week 5-2 months
4.5. 2-3 months
4.6. 4th
-6th
month
4.7. 7th
-12th
month
5. Diseases related to bovine animals and ther5.e control.
5.1. Bacterial diseases
5.2. Viral Diseases:
5.3. Parasitic diseases:

5.4. Blood in Milk:
5.5. Seasonal management of diseases:
5.5.1 Winter:
5.5.2 Summer:
5.6. Major diseases and their control:
5.7. Summary of common ailments of buffalo calves:
5.8. Deworming:
6. Role of Nutrition in Health Management
7. Objective of dairy housing:
7.1. Planning the farm construction:
7.2. Type of housing:
7.3. communal Housing:
7.4. Roof:
7.5. Building requirement:
8. Factor affecting the lactation length and total lactation milk yield:
9. Transportation of animals:
9.1. Guideline:
1.1. Means of transportation:
Vaccination schedule

1. Scope and importance of buffalo production in Pakistan
1.1. Introduction
The Asian buffalo or the Water buffalo is classified in the genus Bubalus, species bubalis. Asian buffalo
includes two subspecies named also types: the River and the Swamp, the morphology and the purposes of
which are different as well as the genetics. The River buffalo has 50 chromosomes of which 5 pairs are
submetacentric, while 20 acrocentric. The Swamp buffalo has 48 chromosomes, of which 19 pairs are
metacentric. The two subspecies are inter-fertile and give progeny with 49 chromosomes. Male crossbred
progeny has sometimes showed fertility problems while female progeny has showed longer calving
intervals only in case of further backcross. Morphology of the two types differs considerably. Swamp
buffaloes are less heavy, the adult male weight ranging between 325 and 450 kg, while River type weighs
between 450 and 1000 kg. While the Swamp buffalo is reared mainly for draught purposes, although it
also gives valuable milk production of up to 600 kg milk per year, the importance of the River buffalo
depends on the high quality and quantity of the milk that it produces. Each subspecies shows a lot of
breeds. Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) population in the world is actually about 172 million head: 168 million
are in Asia (97%);
1.2. Holy Quran
38. There is not an animal (that lives) on the earth, nor a being that flies on its wings, but (forms part of)
communities like you. Nothing have we omitted from the Book, and they (all) shall be gathered to their
Lord in the end. (Surah6. Al-An'am (Cattle, Livestock)
142. Of the cattle are some for burden and some for meat: eat what Allah hath provided for you, and
follow not the footsteps of Satan: for he is to you and avowed enemy. (Surah6. Al-An'am (Cattle,
Livestock)
66. And verily in cattle (too) will ye find an instructive sign. From what is within their bodies between
excretions and blood, we produce, for your drink, milk, pure and agreeable to those who drink it.
(Surah16. An-Nahl (The Bee)
1.3. Pakistan and Livestock
Pakistan is an agriculture base 2ndeconomy generator after Service Sector, AGRICULTURE has 21.8 %
share in GDP,LIVESTOCK has 51.8 % to agricultural (11.3% in GDP),Overall worth value of Rs. 1287
billion, Livestock is more valuable than crops sector(6.1% more).The agriculture sector remained the
dominant sector with its job absorption ability and it still absorbs 44 percent of the country’s labour force.
It gives a kickstart to aggregate demand for industrial goods and services as well.The agriculture sector
consists of crops, livestock, fishing and forestry sub-sectors. The crop subsector is further divided into
major crops.The price of livestock items has remained a major contributor to inflationary pressures in
Pakistan’s economyIt is a highly labour–intensive and job creating sector.Its share agriculture is much
more than the combined shares of major and minor crops. The livestock sector grew by 3.7 percent in
2008-09 compared to 4.2 percent last year.Buffaloes found in Indo-Pak subcontinent belong to the water
buffalo group (Bubalus bubalis). Pakistani buffalo are considered to be triple purpose domestic animals
(milk, meat & draught). The herd size is very small; 85% of buffaloes are raised in herds of one to five.
There are 0.5 million landless farmers keeping dairy animals and contributing a significant (70%) share to

the total milk production. In Pakistan the first strategy is also the genetic improvement in the Nili-
Ravi and the Kundhi breeds through animal recording and selection and progeny testing trials.
Recording of buffaloes is mainly done in the seven institutional herds, particularly in the Livestock
Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, and on a few military farms. Apart from these, buffaloes at a
farmer level are recorded under the progeny testing programme which has been carried out since 1980.
The Government facilitates vaccination against contagious diseases at nominal prices. About 5–10% of
breedable females are artificially inseminated while the rest are mated naturally with bulls of a good type.
There are approximately 32.7 million buffaloes in Pakistan which constitute about 15 percent of the world
buffalo population. Nili-Ravi and Kundi are the two main breeds with 38 percent and 25 percent of the
total population, respectively. Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68 %,
followed by cattle (27%) and sheep/goat/camel (5%).Due to high fat contents of buffalo milk, it is the
most preferred species in Pakistan.No doubt, we have the best breeds (Nili Ravi and Kundi) at world level
but they are not producing according to their potential, mainly due to mismanagement. Despite of these
problems, there is room for improvement. Due to their versatile qualities they are rightly called as Black
Gold of Pakistan.
2. Breed of the world:
2.1. Characteristics of local breeds
In the characteristics of local breeds we discuss about the local breeds of buffalo in pakistan.
2.1.1. KUNDI:
Home Tract: Kundhi buffaloes are found throughout Sindh, particularly on both sides of river Indus
from Kashmore to Shah Bandar (Sindh). They are also found in some parts of Balochistan province.
Physical Characters: These are massive, jet-black animals. Their horns are broad at the base and taper
upward and inward, giving them a fishhook shape, hence the name `Kundhi'.White spots on the body and
straight horns are considered undesirable in this Breed. They have a broad forehead, short neck and
medium-sized ears. They have large, strong udders.
Maturity:Males, 30 months, Female, 36 months.
Milk yield: 1700-2200 liters with a 6% butterfat.
Body weight:Males, 500-600Kg; Females, 300-400Kg
2.1.2. Nili-ravi:
Home Tract: Lahore, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad, Okara, Sahiwal, Multan, Bahawalpur and Bahwalnagar
Physical Characters: massive & wedged shape, black with white muzzle, lower parts of legs, fore head &
switch of tail (PUNJKALIAN), small curly horns and wall eyed (bulging, shining)Males may be used for
draught purposes, especially for preparing land for paddy cultivation and are a good source of beef. White
markings extending above hock and knee over the neck and body constitute a serious disqualification.
PRODUCTION PARAMETERS:
Maturity: male 30 months, female 36 months
Milk yield/L: 1800-2500(fat 5-8.5%)
Adult weight:male 440-650,female 350-450

2.1.3. Aza-kheli:
These buffaloes are mainly found in Khwaza Khella and Madyan areas of Swat district about 175 km
north east of Peshawar in KPK, but can be found in whole valley of Swat. Azi-Khelies have been named
after a local tribe ‘Aziz KhellPhysical characterictics:Colour variation in Azi-Kheli is quite pronounced,
varying from complete albino animals to piebald to even black. Forehead has a white marking of varying
size andcan be totally white with a tapering face.Horns are small semi-sickled in shape.The tail is
characteristically short and slender.
Production parameters:
Estimated live weight is 350 to 450 kg.Milk
yield per lactation is about 1800 litres
Azi-Kheli buffaloes are generally docile.
2.2. Buffalo breeds of the world
2.2.1. Murrah:
Most important and well known breed of the world. So found allover the asia, to south
America.Distribution: Azerbaijan, Brazil, China, Ecuador,Guatemala, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal,
Philippines, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam.Originate in haryana in india and dispersed in punja in india And to the
province of pakistanPunjab.Population estimated at 2million heads.
Production parameters:
Male weight 750 kg, female weight 650 kg
Cows lactate for about 305 days and give about
1,800 kg (4,000 lb) milk in this period.
Calves are born at an interval of 479±33 days
Imported to different countries and cross breed
with there home buffalo breeds. Some cross-
breeds are bulgharian murrah
2.2.2. Anatolian: (also known as turkish)
Distribution: Concentrated in the Black Sea region, North of Middle Anatolia, Thrace, Hatay,
Mus, Kars, Dyarbakir, Afyon, and Sivas.They are a dairy and draft breed which is usually dark
gray to black.They often have white markings on the head and tail.The Anatolian buffalo has
sickle or cresent shaped horns.
Dairy performance:
Lactation duration : 220-270 days
Milk yield : 700-1 000 kg
Milk fat : 6.6-8.1 percent
Milk protein : 4.2-4.6 percent
Carcass yield is 53-55 percent.
Overall growth rate is 400 g/day
Average slaughter weight is 300-350 kg,
at the age of 18-20 months.

2.2.3. Azeri (also known as caucassion)
this breed originates from the Indo valley (Indian buffalo). Population size: 600 000Description:
Black in colour, short horns growing backwards.Distribution: In Iran, they are found in West
Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea. In Azerbaijan, everywhere. Carcass yield is 50
percent. Overall growth rate is 420 g/day.
Dairy performance:
Lactation duration : 200-220 daysMilk yield : 1200-1300
Kg. Milk fat : 6.6 percentAverage slaughter weight is
300 kg, at the age of
15 months
2.2.4.Bangladesi:
Description: Black in colour, white spot the forehead and tail-switch
in some cases.Curled and short horns. Indigenous Bangladeshi buffaloes
of the River type are found in the South-West.In the remaining parts of
the country they are either Swamp or crosses of exotic breeds: Nili-Ravi
and Murrah type.Dairy performanceis Milk yield 4 kg/day
2.2.5. Bhadawari:
Distribution: Bhadawari is an improved water buffalo breed from Uttar Pradesh, India, that is kept for
milk production mainly in the Agra And Etawah districts, and in the Bhind and Morena districtsof
Madhya Pradesh.
Dairy performance:
Milk yield : 800-100kg
Fat content: high(10-13%)
Adult weight: female 386 &male 476
The animals can easily tolerate the extreme weather conditions in the ravines where maximum
temperature goes up to 48o
C.Bhadawari are reported to be a regular breeder giving a calf per year in the
field condition. They have comparatively low milk yield but the milk tastes sweet with high fat and a
flavor that is unmatched.
2.2.6. Bulgarian murrah:
From 1962 to 1990, Murrah buffaloes from India were imported into Bulgaria and a new population of
buffalo was created by upgrading the local buffalo. Description: Black or black and brown or dark grey in
colour.Distribution: All over Bulgaria, Romania and South America Body weight of adult male is 700
kg.Body weight of adult female is 600 kg. Dairy performance Lactation
duration : 270-305 days

Milk yield : 1800 kg Milk fat : 7.04 percent.
slaughter weight is 400 kg, at the age of 16 months.Carcass yield is 50.4 percent. Overall growth rate is
750 g/day.
2.2.7.Egyptian:
Buffaloes were introduced into Egypt from India, Iran and Iraq approximately during the middle of the
7th Century. The distinction between the differ
the most important and popular livestock for milk production in Egypt. Blackish grey in colour, horn
form varies from lyre to sword- shaped. The head is long and narrow, the jaws are long and str
Ears are long and dropping. Distribution: All over the country, mainly
in peri-urban areas and the Nile delta.Average
at the age of 18-24 months.
2.2.8. Jafarabadi:
Hometract:Indian breed. This breed is found in Gir forests of Kathiawad and is mainly concentrated in
Kutch, and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat State.some breed has been exported to Brazil. Description:it is
massive and has long barreled confirmation.Horns are very long heavy and broad that may cover the
eyes.Body color is usualy black but sometimes may be grey in color
Dairy production:milk yield:1000 to 1200 kg. Some good yielder produce up to 2500 kg of milk in a
lactation.adult weight: female 454 and male590kg,Lactation duration is 350 days.milk fat is usualy 8.5%.
2.2.9. jerangi:
The buffaloes of this breed are small i
northern Vishakhapatanam and West Ganjam of Andhra Pradesh. The buffaloes have short face and small
barrel. Skin is thinner and black-coloured. Small conical horns are common. The animal is usef
ploughing water-logged paddy fields, with moderate draught capacity
2.2.10.Kuhzestani: (or iraqi buffalo)
Description:Horns are short and grow upward forming a ring at the end. In size, it is very likely the
biggest buffalo breed in the world.DistributionIn Iran, they are located in Kuhzestan and Lorestan. In
Iraq, mainly in the South, in the peri
non-familiar persons and reduce milk yield with non
docile. Average slaughter weight is 400 kg, at the age of 12 months. Carcass yield is 50 percent. Overall
growth rate is 580 g/day.Body weight is 600 kg.
Dairy performance:
Lactation duration : 200-270 days
Milk yield : 1300-1400 kg
Milk fat : 6.6 percent
Products: Milk, yoghurt, fresh cream, fresh cheese, butter
2.2.11. Manda:
1800 kg Milk fat : 7.04 percent. Average
, at the age of 16 months.Carcass yield is 50.4 percent. Overall growth rate is
7th Century. The distinction between the different types of Egyptian buffaloes is only environmental. It is
shaped. The head is long and narrow, the jaws are long and str
are long and dropping. Distribution: All over the country, mainly
urban areas and the Nile delta.Average slaughter weight is 500 kg,
:Indian breed. This breed is found in Gir forests of Kathiawad and is mainly concentrated in
of Gujarat State.some breed has been exported to Brazil. Description:it is
eyes.Body color is usualy black but sometimes may be grey in color
milk yield:1000 to 1200 kg. Some good yielder produce up to 2500 kg of milk in a
The buffaloes of this breed are small in size and are found in Jerangi hills of Orissa and adjoining
coloured. Small conical horns are common. The animal is usef
logged paddy fields, with moderate draught capacity
2.2.10.Kuhzestani: (or iraqi buffalo)
world.DistributionIn Iran, they are located in Kuhzestan and Lorestan. In
Iraq, mainly in the South, in the peri-urban areas of Baghdad and Mosul. Females are very sensitive to
familiar persons and reduce milk yield with non-familiar milkers. Generally females are also not
growth rate is 580 g/day.Body weight is 600 kg.
270 days
Products: Milk, yoghurt, fresh cream, fresh cheese, butter
, at the age of 16 months.Carcass yield is 50.4 percent. Overall growth rate is
ent types of Egyptian buffaloes is only environmental. It is
shaped. The head is long and narrow, the jaws are long and strong.
are long and dropping. Distribution: All over the country, mainly
slaughter weight is 500 kg,
:Indian breed. This breed is found in Gir forests of Kathiawad and is mainly concentrated in
of Gujarat State.some breed has been exported to Brazil. Description:it is
milk yield:1000 to 1200 kg. Some good yielder produce up to 2500 kg of milk in a
n size and are found in Jerangi hills of Orissa and adjoining
coloured. Small conical horns are common. The animal is useful for
world.DistributionIn Iran, they are located in Kuhzestan and Lorestan. In
urban areas of Baghdad and Mosul. Females are very sensitive to
females are also not

Distribution:These buffaloes are found in whole Koraput district and adjoining parts of Malkangiri and
Nawarangpur district in Orissa, Discription:Body colour of these buffaloes is ash grey and grey with
copper coloured hairs. Some animals are silver white in colour. Horns are broad and emerge slightly
laterally, extending backward and inward making half in a lactation length of 290 days. These animals are
famous for longevity, hard work and length of working life.
Production traits:
Milk yield: 700 ltrs
Lactation length: 290 days
Lifetime no of calving: 7-8
2.2.12.Meshana:
The breeding tract of this breed is Mehsana, Sabarkantha and Banaskantha districts of Gujarat state. This
is supposed to have been evolved out of crossbreeding between the Surti and the Murrah. The body is
longer than in Murrah and the limbs lighter. The head is longer and heavier.
Production traits:
milk yield 1200 to 1500 kg per lactation.
The inter-calving period ranges from 450 and 550 days.
Ade of first calving: 42.5 months
2.2.13.Nagpuri:
Distribution: The breeding tract of this breed is Nagpur, Akola and Amrawati districts of Maharashtra.
This is also called as Ellichpuri or Barari. Description: The horns are long, flat and curved, bending
backwards on each side of the back almost to shoulders. The face is long and thin. The neck is somewhat
long, the limbs are light. The tail is comparatively short reaching a little blow hocks.
Production traits
Milk yield:700 to 1,200 kg per lactation.
first calving age: 45 to 50 months
inter calving period:450 to 550 days.
The bullocks are good for heavy
trotting work but slow in movement.
2.2.14. Toda:
Distribution:the Toda buffalo is a unique breed and a genetically isolated population, confined to the
Nilgiri hills of Tamilnadu. These buffaloes are reared mainly by the Toda tribes who are among the most
aboriginal inhabitants of this country. Discription: Toda buffaloes are ash grey coloured. In growing
calves, at about 2-3 months, the fawn color changes to ash grey. The horns are quite large, set wide apart,
outward, upward to form a characteristics semi-circle. Tail is long and slim extending beyond hock joint
and the switch is generally black. Udder is small and not so prom
Production traits:
Average 305 day lactation milk yield (kg):501±10.6

Average daily milk yield (kg): 2.53±0.062.53±0.44 Peak milk yield (kg):6.65Average Fat%:8.27% rang
(4.8 to 14%)Clean and Hygienic Milking Avoid Contamination; Keep cows clean, Maintainsanitation at
barn, Reduce dirt, Develop cleanliness sense in milker, Correct use of milking machine, Get the cow
ready, Keeping milking machine clean, Clean out smelly feed, Haul manure daily, Control the insects and
pests, Lime the barn floor daily, Kill the flies daily, The milk pails must be cleaned, Straining done to
remove the dirt After milking, milk should preferably be cooled, Herd must be zoonosis free e.g. TB
3. Management of dairy animals:
3.1. Management of Dairy Bull:
Used for Breeding, Meat and Draught, For breeding; true breed, known pedigree, selection on basis of
records and free of venerally transmittable disease, BULL IS HALF OF HERD, Purchasing bull is
expensive ,Disbudding at 10 days age, For rearing, feed properly, Separate at 3-4 months, Barns must be
in good conditions, Provide exercise to bull, Management of Dairy Bull, Gently speak while approaching,
Give something for eating, Never beat the animal, Never take stick with u, Take some green fodder with
you, Always approach from front, Always use halter to restrain animal, NEVER TRUST BULL. Ring
bull at 1 year age, Handle dairy animals safely.
3.2. Management of newly burn calves:
Management starts from the first day of life and is is life time period. management of early calf is
difficult because of High mortality,As a manager we must be ready for special care , it must be started
prior to calving, Downcalves: the animals which would calves on next month or after few days.The
animals which would calves on next 3-4 days show sign of dropping of ligaments on tail head.
Management of downcalves: Segregation of down calves, Shifting into maternal pens, Proper bedding
should be provided in the maternity pens,Ventilation, clean air, attended should be present. Hook in the
roof: in torsion case uterus made turned. Provide veterinary care. Now calves on the ground:clean the
mucous around the nostrils,let the dam to lick the calve as a result the blood circulation will
increase.Check breathing. Let the dam to lick the calf,and help the mother, if not breath properly press the
chest. Wash teat with hot water and make depullaging of teat, Clostrum feeding contain Abs, always gift
Abs from mother to calves.Weigh the calf.Disinfect the naval cord with tincture iodine.
3.3. Clostrum / milk feeding schedule:
Buffalo BW = 35, cow BW= 25 at the time of birth. Clostrum should be 10% of body weight means for
buffalo3.5 lit and for cow 2.5 lit. Absorption of Antibodies maximum in 1st
half hour then getting
decreased. Milk feeding is 8% of body weight. 60% at evening ( of 8%). 40% morning( of 8%). Provide
the lush green fodder from 1st
day ( sir says). Calf cage feeding shouldbe done due to sucking habit of
calves. Mortality rate is highest in 1st
week due to milk temp or when make bucket feeding. As manager
note temp morning as well as evening. Within first month tattooing should be done. The temperature of
milk given to calf is 40*C which given to calf because mortality rate is highest in 1st
week due to milk
temp, when calf suck the teat as a result the release of oxytocin which help in placental movement after
calving.
3.4. Management of Milk feeding
Male’s calf in buffalo case is mostly died. More than 40% mortality rate. PAMCO (Pakistan agriculture
milking corporation) DR Hamid was the first CO of PAMCO.Milk feeding: milk is directly income

commodity for farmers. Milk price increasing day by day.Milk replacer available in powder farm. i.e.
spray of, dunca milk How to prepare milk replacer: 1 gram milk powder: 9 gram water. ratio is 1:9. Price
of milk replacer is half of milk. Most mortality occur in feeding of milk replacer. Protein= 20% in milk
replacer, nature of protein in milk replacer is of animal origin. Nature of calf starter protein is of vegetable
origin. In milk replacer fat = 6-8%. In calf starter fat % = 0. Keep the hygienic level at high. Utensils of
milk replacer are thoroughly clean with detergent because fat residues are present. And fat residues are
the main source of infection. Then wash with warm water. Use hand gloves, then sundry the utensils. In
hot season air dry. Maintain milk temperature: keep the milk temp at required level at 40*C if temp is
below e.g. at 25*C then the calf will suffer from diarrhea and death may occur. Use antibiotic powder in
milk. Function: It check bacterial growth Act as growth promoter. Check rectal temp twice a day and
keep record: sub-normal temp means that calf not feed, if temp is more then it mean that there is
infection. Recommended mortality in calf is 10% . After above mentioned level the mortality rate
decrease from 10% to 1-2 %.Quality of milk /milk replacer to be fed:
Ist week 8 %of BW
2nd
10% of BW
3rd
8% of BW
4th
6% of BW
5th
5%of BW
6th
5%of BW
Time of milk feeding: at 15th
day of age offer lush green fodder & calf starter( it is solid diet)
Calf starter Milk replacer
CP CP = 60
TDN TDN=> 80%
Solid in diet Liquid in diet
Protein in vegetable form Protein is of animal origin
Fat= 6-8% Equal to zero
When calf start feeding 600-800g/d calf starter then stop one time milk feeding. When calf start feeding
1000-1200g/d calf starter then stop both time feeding. Rennin solidify the milk in abomasum because the
others parts are not functional. Give coarse grains to make the rumen functional as early as possible.
VEAL: it is a calf that grows only on milk feeding then slaughtered; its meat is very soft.
Things to consider when formulating the milk starter:CP, TDN, Cost of feed/economic, Cotton seed
cake, Coyabean meal, canola meal. In calf starter we have to use cake because more fiber present in it.
Energy: Energy comes from the cereal grains i.e. maize. Maize= king of fodder & king of cereal Rice
polish; have oil content 8-10% most outer covering of rice=husk under husk rice, Molasses.
Calf starter
Maize 45%
Cotton seed cake 15%
Soya bean meal 15%
Wheat bran 8.5%

Molasses 10%
Rice polish 5%
Vitamins minerals 0.2%
Mineral minerals 1%
CaCo3 0.3%
Maize grain should be in the ground farm,1 gram should have 10 parts or particles otherwise maize grain
will be bypassed as such. Wheat bran =8.5% give less than 10 % because of its increase fiber. Molasses
not less than 10% because it is purgative in nature. Rice polish contain oil , so there is a chances of
rancidity. Rumen synthesizes all essential Vit itself but calf rumen not fully functional. give CaCo3 in
powder farm. Maize is Ca deficient and for milk synthesis Ca is important
3.5. Management of replacement heifer
Management of heifer is most neglected & ignorable area of management because they are in non-
productive stage.Consequences on future mother due to neglection: Delay puberty, Body condition
score (BCS)will be poor, Low production life, More reproduction disorder, Hidden economic loss,
Generation interval, In 1st
1-2 year of age most highest growth occur. Investment during non-productive
stage can be compensated by the income of 1st
lactation field and the profit in calf. Replacement should
be 30% in the herd. 1st
calf heifer, heifer then calf 1st
time, heifer after calving is called cow, cattle = 3
years, buffalo= 3.5-4 years. if feeding management is good then in cattle heifer age of puberty, cattle= 20-
24 months, buffalo 24-26 months methodology: Selection of animals 9-12 months. feed management:
At 9-12 month of age the body weight is normally 100-120 kg. DM =3kg/d of which 2/3 from roughages
and 1/3 from concentrates. ME= m6Mcal/dCP= 12-13%, RUP=110g/d, Ca=20g/d, P=10g/d, Growth/day
should never be less than 500g/d, TMR= total mixed ration is called growing ration, At 10-12 month the
animal should be 100kg , Traditionally: Ad libidum = free to eat, Greeen fodder=10% of BW, Wheat
bran=1% of BW, Concentrate supplement= 1-1.5% of BWStair step feeding: feeding at intervals
Purpose: to prevent the heifer from over-fattening, due to over-fattening reproduction disorders will
beincreases. 3 month good feeding-----then stop-------- good feeding----------- then 3 month good feeding
then stop and so on. Note: 88% of the feeding standard of NRC may be suitable for local breeds under
local condition.
Growing ration:
CP requirenent is 12-13%
CSK 20%
protein
15 20×15/100=3 16 20×16/100=3.2
Canola meal
35% p
10 3.5 0 3.5
Maize
gluten30%P
10 3 -
Wheat
bran2%P
14 2.3 25 3.0
Maize10%P 20 2 22 2.2
Rice polish12-
14%P
09 1.1 10 1.2
Molasses 0%P 15 - 16 -

Minerals0%P 02 - 0.2 -
Total 14.9 13.1
Puberty: there are two things to which it depends. Age, Weight ( if animal obtained /active 2/3 wt of
adult ( 66% or 280 kg)
DM=7.5kg, ME= 15-17 mcal/d, CP= 14-15 % , RUP= 291g/d, P= 209 , Ca= 40g
3.5.1.Cotton seed cake:
cause gossipol (antinutritional factor) give less to male because it cause reproductive disorders.All meals
are heat treated, the ingredients which is heat treated its rate of bypass is increased.20-30% of the CP will
be by-pass protein.
3.6. Effect of management on buffalo milk yield and reproduction
Milk yield in buffaloes decreases with high ambient temperature. The daily milk yield was improved from
0.75 to 1.00 kg by splashing water twice daily before milking (Sinha and Minett, 1947). Splashing water
reduced the body temperature by 0.4o
C. Providing wet screens around the shed improved the feed
consumption and milk yield by 44 and 29%, respectively. In India, the conception of buffaloes has been
reported as 63 per cent, much lower than cows. Buffaloes in India and Pakistan are characterized by
seasonal pattern of calving. The peak calving season is from August to October.The marked seasonality
of buffalo milk production may be attributed to the scarcity of green fodder during Summer (April to
June). High environmental temperature shorten the estrous period in buffaloes. In India, the average daily
milk yield of buffaloes is usually 7-10 kg. The dry matter intake in lactating buffaloes is 90-125 g per kg
wt
4. Calendar of activities for day-to-day operations
4.1. Birth
Cleaning of calf, Ligation of navel cord, Protective measures against cold, Hoof trimming, Feeding of
colostrum @ of 10% of calf’s body weight on day zero with about 500 ml being fed within 30 minutes of
its birth without waiting for the expulsion of placenta. The remaining volume to be divided in four parts
and given at an interval of six hours, Check for the passage of meconium
4.2. Week 1-2
Feeding of colostrum/transition milk to be continued @ 1-1½ kg per day in two-three divided doses from
2nd
day onwards for 3-4 days for protection against calf scours and pneumonia
Deworming on day 7 with piperazine hydrate @ 3g/10kg body weight mixed in feed or water for
protection against ascariasis after withdrawing feed and water for 12 hrs prior to administration
Protection against cold or heat stress. Dehorning as soon as horn button is visible. Identification mark
using tattooing or ear implantable RFID microchip/transponder
4.3. Week 3-4
Feeding whole milk at 7% of body weight along with addition of clean water at 3% of body weight. The
milk and water in two divided doses given in morning and evening. Repeat deworming with piperazine
hydrate at 3 weeks of age. Feeding of small amount of crushed grains. Addition of 5-10 g mineral mixture
to concentrate, once a week
4.4. Week 5-2 months

Continue feeding of whole milk at 7% of body weight along with addition of clean water at 3% of body
weight. Removal of extra teats before 6 weeks of age. Showering of water twice a day during hot days.
Provision of drinking water ad libitum
4.5. 2-3 months
Stoppage of milk feeding at 3 months of age. Provide green fodder @ 0.1-0.4 kg per day. Deworming
with albendazole (2.5% w/v)@ 20-30 ml/100 kg at 2 and 3 months of age. Amprolium and
sulphamethazine@ 5mg kg-1 and 35 mg kg-1 in feed for 15-20 days are good coccidiostats. Showering of
water, twice daily, during summer season. Provision of drinking water ad libitum
4.6. 4th
-6th
month
Vaccination against FMD, HS and BQ at 4 months of age. Deworming with albendazole (2.5% w/v)@
20-30 ml/100 kg at 5 months of age. Examination for coccidiosis/Eimeria spp. oocysts at 4th
, 5th
and 6th
months of age and administration of amprolium and sulphamethazine@ 10 mg kg-1
and 140 mg kg-1
respectively, orally daily for 3-5 days in the event of infection . Screening for brucellosis and vaccination
of serologically negative female calves at 6 months of age
4.7. 7th
-12th
month
Feed green fodder, dry fodder, concentrate and mineral mixture @ 10 kg, 0.5 kg, 1-1.5 kg and 25-30 g per
day.Deworming with ivermectin oral liquid @ 200 mg/kg body weight at 7 months of age.Regular
examination for coccidiosis and administration of Amprolium and sulphamethazine@ 10 mg kg-1
and
140 mg kg-1
respectively orally daily for 3-5 days in the event of infection. Booster of FMD, HS and BQ
vaccines at 9 months of age.
5. Diseases related to bovine animals and there control.
5.1. Bacterial diseases
Bovine brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Paratuberculosis, Haemorrhagic septicaemia, Chlamydiosis,
leptospirosis, Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Anthrax,Tetanus
5.2. Viral Diseases:
Foot-and-mouth disease, Rinderpest,Malignant catarrhal fever,Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis,Blue tongue,Bovine viral diarrhea, Rabies,Ephemeral Fever, Buffalo
pox.
5.3. Parasitic diseases:
Trypanosomiasis,Ascaridiosis,Fasciolosis,Babesiosis,Theileriosis,Strongilosis,Coccidiosis,Echinococ
cosis/hydatidosis, Mange
5.4. Blood in Milk:
It is state of physiological hyperemia of the mammary gland that is occasionally seen towards the end of
gestation and for a short period just after parturition.
5.5. Seasonal management of diseases:
5.5.1.Winter:
In winter there should be budding for calf, deep or dense straw bedding help reduce heat loss, In winter
calf require additional energy and it should be supplied by giving additional milk,Feeding should be three

times I severe winter and warm water should be given one time/d, If calf show any disorder sign, itshould
be transferred to closed rooom, blanked should be provided and room has all facilities. Incidence of
Cryptosporidium spp. infection as well as mange is high during the month of January. In case of
infestation, application of ivermectin @ 0.2 mg per kg or 1 ml per 50 kg b. wt. gives satisfactory results.
5.5.2.Summer:
Construction and ventilation system of calf barn should be done by keeping the geographical location and
the pattern of maximum and minimum temperature of that area in mind. The calf barn should be
constructed by reminding the air movement, clean water should be provided. During summer flyies and
ticks (insects) are the main problem, clean the barn area and other measure should be taken. Crevices and
cracks in the walls which are the major hide-outs for ticks should be sprayed with acaricides, However,
after application of acaricides, the calves should be kept in shade for few days,
5.6. Major diseases and their control:
The most common diseases undoubtedly fall under the general heading of ‘Scours’ and ‘Pneumonia’. It is
fair to say that neither of these disease complexes can be considered as straightforward and predictable.
The calves are frequently infected by the organisms known to be associated with scours or pneumonia and
yet will show no clinical symptoms of the disease. Equally, buffalo calf may incubate pathogenic
organisms for days or weeks without harm and then suddenly as a result of environmental stress, fall sick.
These important diseases are best considered as a complex interaction between the host, parasite and the
environment. Here the host is buffalo calf, the parasite may be one or more of a whole range of micro-
organisms and the environment may include anything that may affect the magnitude defense against that
challenge.
5.7. Summary of common ailments of buffalo calves:
Calf Pneumonia/Enzootic bronchitis, Diarrhoea/calf scours/enteritis, Constipation, Navel-ill,
Ectoparasites(Lice/Ticks/mites), Endoparasites(Round worms, tape worms, lung worms, strongyles,)
Tympany/Bloat, Anemia,Hypomagnesemia, Lead poisoning
5.8. Deworming:
The farmers in field usually do not follow any recommended schedule for deworming. Most of them
resort to deworming only when the calf is off-feed or when worms are observed in the faeces. The
farmers are required to understand the importance of deworming and follow a recommended schedule for
same. Three most common endoparasitic problems of buffalo calves are ascariasis, strongyloidosis
coccidiosis and ectoparasites
6. Role of Nutrition in Health Management
Disease is not always caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. Disease can also result from nutritional
deficiency. A lack of the necessary minerals, vitamins and other nutrients may also inhibit the body's

immune response - increasing chances of infection and decreasing the body's ability to combat infection.
The high yielding animals need special care in feeding and management. Certain diseases occur due to
faulty feeding management practices. Sudden portioning of nutrients in excess than supply also causes
certain metabolic disorders. The direct effects of animal diseases on livestock productivity are significant
and include reduced feed intake, changes in digestion and metabolism, increased morbidity and mortality
and decreased rates of reproduction, weight gain and milk production.The metabolic disorders often
encountered are related to production especially in high yielding animals and thus are also called
production diseases. The nutritional and metabolic disorders in cattle and buffaloes include
Indigestion
Acidosis
Tympany
Milk fever
Ketosis
Hypomagnesaemic tetany
Pica
Haemoglobinurea
Rheumati sundrome
Selenium toxicity
Vit A deficiency syndrome
Plant poisoning etc.
The interactions between disease, nutrition and genetic selection emphasize the need to control the effects
of both epidemic and endemic diseases before programs introducing enhanced livestock nutrition and
improved breeds can make an impact. However, productivity and economic gains will not necessarily be
achieved by disease control alone and an integrated approach is required. On the other hand it is now
widely understood that improved feeding and nutrition with careful attention to the animals' seasonal
requirements - has an important role to play in the control of diseases. Simply put, an animal with an
adequate diet is more likely to be healthy than one with a poor diet. It is important to recognize that
better feeding of livestock covers: the quality or types of foods supplied, or given access to, the quantity
of food, as well as adjusting for seasonal requirements Some diseases that an animal can develop are
entirely due to poor diet (rather than infection by bacteria or viruses). This may be because the feed
contains a toxin that harms the animall directly, or it may be because the diet is deficient in a particular
nutrient (energy, vitamin or mineral) and the animal then develops a "deficiency disease". The
development of infectious diseases can also be affected by the animal's diet, as the proper functioning of
the animal's immune system (the system that fights off infectious disease) needs an adequate supply of
protein, vitamins and minerals. Nutrition therefore also plays a key role in the balance of health and
disease, which will decide whether an animal (when exposed to a disease-causing bacterium or virus)
stays healthy or succumbs to disease. When an animal is exposed to a bacterium, virus or other infectious
agent, the animal's immune system mounts a response to fight off that infection. This includes raising
antibodies to fight the infection, as well as using white blood cells and other "killer" cells to attack
anything (such as a virus) that it recognizes as "foreign". To mount this kind of response clearly needs
energy, materials for manufacturing the antibodies and cells, and other factors involved in communicating
messages in the parts of the animal's body involved with fighting infections.
7. Objective of dairy housing:

Provision of healthy and comfortable environment, Provision of desireable working condition, Integrate
housing with feeding, watering, milking and manure handling, Cost effective.
7.1. Planning the farm construction:
Place of farm,Topography,Water and electricity
Drainage,Sun exposure and wind direction
Approach to Market. Importance:
Provide the comfort to animals,Keeping flock
Healthy, Improve the production, Minimize the
stress
7.2. Type of housing:
Conventional Barns (tie animal (stachian or
stall)1)face to face 2) tail to tail)
Loose Housing( open paddock, free animals
except milking), Mixed housing (both type)
7.3. communal Housing:
Favored in large herds, Cheaper ,Easier to manage,
Animal sleep and rest in common area, Feeding and watering trough are common, More common in
migratory flocks, In cold area floor may be wooden
7.4. Roof:
Strong, durable, weather and water proof bad conductor of heat ,Flat roofs are preferred in low and
medium rain,Sloping are preferred in heavy rain ,Angle iron with tiles is less costly, Galvanized
iron/aluminum sheets are light & long life, Pillar required in loose housing , 15 cm galvanized iron may
be used at ease. Roof slope also affects the performance of a naturally ventilated building.
7.5. Building requirement:
Milking bran, Shed for milch/dry anima,s, Materinity pens, Sick animals shed , Calf shed, Young stock
shed, Bull shed, Milk room, Feed cutting and storage room
8. Factor affecting the lactation length and total lactation milk yield:
Sex of calf: The avg lactating length of 305 ±2.57 was found in those of the buffalo which give birth to
male calves and in female calf it is 297 ± 2.51 in female calf. Also the calf sex also affected the lactation
milk field of buffalo and it mean difference is 200-300 kg milk per lactation. Season of calving:It has
non-significant affect on lactation length but the total milk production of buffalo was significantly
decreased. The milk yield was lowest in buffalo which calves in autumn and highest in those which
Calves in spring. Sire:It has significant effect on lactation length and milk production. The lactation
length ranges from 273 ± 19 to 350± 9 for bull. Also it affects the milk yield in daughters.
9. Transportation of animals:
9.1. Guideline:

Know about quarantine guide of local area, Prepare the animal before transportation, Well fitting head
collar & rope, Transport animals in groups separately, Diseased animal require special supervision, Feed
and water your animals 2 hrs before journey, Grains must reduced 48hrs prior to travelling, Watering
arrangement must be checked, Exercise during long journey , First aid arrangement, Seriously injured
must treat as early as possible, Check vehicle for safety and cleanliness, Restrain properly if animal kicks,
hock boots may be arranged, If weather is cold, woolen rug will provide warmth, If hot than summer
sheet is sufficient, Animal must be protected from sun and rain, Ensure ventilation, Remove the dung
frequently, Animal must be vaccinated, Animal must be marked and tagged securely, Arrange ramps,
Proper bedding in vehicle, Fire precaution, Quite and docile must be loaded first and nervous and
troublesome last, Secure your animal inside the trailer. Close all doors and latch or lock them. Hit the
road. Remember to try and avoid highways and to always drive at or slightly below the speed limit.
9.2. Means of transportation:
By Road: Allow plenty of time while loading if shy, Ramp must be leveled, Cover the ramp with non
slip rubber, Bamboo poles can be used to separate animals (8cm), Face animal away from traffic,
Each truck carry 4-6 animals, Speed must not exceed 50km/hr Starting, turning be done slowly, Care
while loading, Allow animal to settle in vehicle, Feed in hands may be handy, Remove poles if
claustrophobia, Hay net may provided By Air: speedy and efficient, Fare no of animals (50), Cost is
disadvantage, Load the animals in boxes, Two animal in a box/pens, Floor protected by wood
shavings with polyethylene sheets, Tranquillizers may administered, Provide hay nets, By Sea:
Inspect the ship for fitting, Ship like shelter deck type, with mechanical ventilation, drainage and
room for exercise, Clean the ships one a day during exercise Time, Face to face lines, Passage in two
rows must not less than 1.5m, Last tri master female animal must not allow to travel
Rumen:
the rumen resemble a large laterally compressed sac, which fill almost the entire left half of the abdomen
and crosses the midline into the right half with the caudoventral portion. It extends from the diaphragm
cranially to the pelvic inlet caudally. The rumen has a parietal surface adjacent to the diaphragm and the
left lateral and ventral adbominal wall and a visceral surface, against the liver, the intestine the omasum,
the abomasum. These surfaces meet in the dorsal curvature, against the roof abdominal cavity and in the
ventral curvature towards the floor of the abdominal cavity.
The rumen is divided into several portion by the inflection of the wall the pillars of the rumen which
projects into the lumen. The ruminal portion are the
 Ventral sac with the ruminal recess
 Dorsal sac
 Cranial sac
 Caudodorsal blind sac
 Caudoventral blind sac
These subdivisions are visible on the external surface as grooves that correspond to the position of all
these folds. The principle ruminal pillars encircle the whole organs dividing it into the ventral and dorsal
major sacs. These are marked externally by the left and right longitudinal grooves. The right longitudinal

pillars split into the 2 branches which encircle the area of right wall of the rumen which is referred as the
ruminal inland the 2 longitudinal grooves are connected cranially and caudally to the transverse grooves.
Lesser coronary pillars mark the caudal blind sac and are visible as groove on the external surface of the
rumen. The most cranial part of the caudal sac form the cranial sac of the rumen, also called the atrium of
the rumen, which has a wide communication with the reticulum through the food passes from the rumen
into the reticulum and viceversa thus playing an important role in remastication.
The division of the rumen from the reticulum is achieved by the ruminoreticular fold. And is an inflection
of the wall similar to the subdivision of the rumen. The ventral ruminal sac is extended cranially to farm
the ruminal recess. The ruminl papillae are not developed over the centre of the roof or the free margins
of the pillars individual papillae show a greater variation in form and size: they vary from the eleviation
through conical and tongue like form to flattened leaves, prominence farm and the density largely
expends upon the diet the animal is fed on. Increasing the amount of rough food result in the shortening of
the papillae whereas increases the energy content of the diet cause the papillae to become larger as seen in
the cow during the lactaiton. Similar adaptive mechanism are also seen in wild ruminants, in which
proliferation and regression of the papillae depends on the season
Digestive system difference:
Stomach of buffalo is larger than the cattle as per unit of the body wt. in-fact the buffalo has a larger
rumen- reticulum wt and smaller small intestine length than the cattle. And larger large intestine
Following difference in the swamp buffalo compare with the crossbred buffalo, fed on rice straw: longer
rumination 25-38% and retain the digesta in the rumen for the shorter time -35% than the cattle. Buffalo
spend 53% more time rumination than cattle and large pool of fed particles in the rumen. Higher urea
transfer from the blood to the rumen and faster passage of particulate digesta through the rumen. The
buffalo also show 30% shorter mean resistance time particularly matter in the fore-stomach than the
cattle. Buffalo were more efficient than propelling chewed particles from the rumen and has greater
proportion of the particles subjected to the ruminative chewing.
Microbial metabolism in the rumen:
In general buffalo have shown higher ruminal ammonia and VFAs concentration than the cattle and
higher microbial protein synthesis. Efficiency of net micribial protein synthesis was higher in buffalo than
the cattle. Higher conc. of bacterial was detected in the rumen of buffalo than the cattle fed on various
feeding system. Buffalo has higher proteolytic and cellulytic bacterial population and the similar
amylolytic sp than cattle. However the specific cellulase activity was significantly was lower in buffalo
than the cattle. Higher conc. of protozoal has been observed in the buffalo fed on roughage and straw as
based feeding system than the cattle. contrarily lower cilia has been observed in buffalo compared to
cattle. Several researches have beef found that the higher proportion of species belonging to the subfamily
diplodiniinea than entodinium sp in buffalo. The endodonium sp utilize starch grains as source of energy
and protozoa diplodiniinae may ingest fragments of plants.

Vaccination schedule
s.no diseases Animal Vaccine Dose immunity Time of vaccine
1 FMD All cloven footed
animals
Polyvalent
EMD vaccine
3ml.
S/C
1 year February and
December
2 Haemorrhagic
septisaemia
Cattle, buffalo HS vaccine 5ml.
S/C
6 months
and 1 year
May-june
3 Black quarter Cattle, buffalo BQ vaccine 5ml.
S/C
6months
and 1 year
May-june
4 Anthrax Sheep, goat Anthrax spore
vaccine
1ml.
S/C
1 year May-june
5 Entero-toxemia Sheep, goat ET
vaccine
5ml.
S/C
1 year May-june
6 CCPP Sheep, goat IVRI vaccine 0.2ml.
S/C
1 year -
7 PPR Sheeep,goat PPR vaccine 1ml.
S/C
3 year -
8 brucella Female cattl, and
buffalo calf age 4-8
months only
Brucella
vaccine
2ml.
S/C
1 year -
9 Theileriosis Cattle and calves
above 2 months of
age
Thelleria
vaccine
3ml.
S/C
1 year -
10 Rabies All species of
animals
Rabies post
bite vaccine
1ml.
S/C
1 year 0,3,7,14,28,90,
days

General buffalo

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