FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER TUNING BASED ON IMC IJITCA Journal
In this work, a class of fractional order controller (FOPID) is tuned based on internal model control
(IMC). This tuning rule has been obtained without any approximation of time delay. Moreover to show
usefulness of fractional order controller in comparison with classical integer order controllers, an
industrial PID controller tuned in a similar way, is compared with FOPID and then robust stability of both
controllers is investigated. Robust stability analysis has been done to find maximum delayed time
uncertainty interval which results in a stable closed loop control system. For a typical system, robust
stability has been done to find maximum time constant uncertainty interval of system. Two clarify the
proposed control system design procedure, three examples have been given.
This paper presents an adaptive functional-based Neuro-fuzzy-PID incremental (NFPID) controller structure that can be tuned either offline or online according to required controller performance. First, differential membership functions are used to represent the fuzzy membership functions of the input-output space of the three term controller. Second, controller rules are generated based on the discrete proportional, derivative, and integral function for the fuzzy space. Finally, a fully differentiable fuzzy neural network is constructed to represent the developed controller for either offline or online controller parameter adaptation. Two different adaptation methods are used for controller tuning, offline method based on controller transient performance cost function optimization using Bees Algorithm, and online method based on tracking error minimization using back-propagation with momentum algorithm. The proposed control system was tested to show the validity of the controller structure over a fixed PID controller gains to control SCARA type robot arm.
This paper presents an enhanced nonlinear PID (NPID) controller to follow a preselected speed profile of brushless DC motor drive system. This objective should be achieved regardless the parameter variations, and external disturbances. The performance of enhanced NPID controller will be investigated by comparing it with linear PID control and fractional order PID (FOPID) control. These controllers are tested for both speed regulation and speed tracking. The optimal parameters values of each control technique were obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on a certain cost function. Results shows that the proposed NPID controller has better performance among other techniques (PID and FOPID controller).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Digital Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Real Time Position Contr...IOSR Journals
Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) systems have emerged as one of the most promising areas for
Industrial Applications. The highly growth of fuzzy logic applications led to the need of finding efficient way to
hardware implementation. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is the most important tool for hardware
implementation due to low consumption of energy, high speed of operation and large capacity of data storage.
In this paper, instead of an introduction to fuzzy logic control methodology, we have demonstrated the
implementation of a FLC through the use of the Very high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description
Language (VHDL) code. FLC is designed for position control of BLDC Motor. VHDL has been used to develop
FLC on FPGA. A Mamdani type FLC structure has been used to obtain the controller output. The controller
algorithm developed synthesized, simulated and implemented on FPGA Spartan 3E board.
FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER TUNING BASED ON IMC IJITCA Journal
In this work, a class of fractional order controller (FOPID) is tuned based on internal model control
(IMC). This tuning rule has been obtained without any approximation of time delay. Moreover to show
usefulness of fractional order controller in comparison with classical integer order controllers, an
industrial PID controller tuned in a similar way, is compared with FOPID and then robust stability of both
controllers is investigated. Robust stability analysis has been done to find maximum delayed time
uncertainty interval which results in a stable closed loop control system. For a typical system, robust
stability has been done to find maximum time constant uncertainty interval of system. Two clarify the
proposed control system design procedure, three examples have been given.
This paper presents an adaptive functional-based Neuro-fuzzy-PID incremental (NFPID) controller structure that can be tuned either offline or online according to required controller performance. First, differential membership functions are used to represent the fuzzy membership functions of the input-output space of the three term controller. Second, controller rules are generated based on the discrete proportional, derivative, and integral function for the fuzzy space. Finally, a fully differentiable fuzzy neural network is constructed to represent the developed controller for either offline or online controller parameter adaptation. Two different adaptation methods are used for controller tuning, offline method based on controller transient performance cost function optimization using Bees Algorithm, and online method based on tracking error minimization using back-propagation with momentum algorithm. The proposed control system was tested to show the validity of the controller structure over a fixed PID controller gains to control SCARA type robot arm.
This paper presents an enhanced nonlinear PID (NPID) controller to follow a preselected speed profile of brushless DC motor drive system. This objective should be achieved regardless the parameter variations, and external disturbances. The performance of enhanced NPID controller will be investigated by comparing it with linear PID control and fractional order PID (FOPID) control. These controllers are tested for both speed regulation and speed tracking. The optimal parameters values of each control technique were obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on a certain cost function. Results shows that the proposed NPID controller has better performance among other techniques (PID and FOPID controller).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Digital Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Real Time Position Contr...IOSR Journals
Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) systems have emerged as one of the most promising areas for
Industrial Applications. The highly growth of fuzzy logic applications led to the need of finding efficient way to
hardware implementation. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is the most important tool for hardware
implementation due to low consumption of energy, high speed of operation and large capacity of data storage.
In this paper, instead of an introduction to fuzzy logic control methodology, we have demonstrated the
implementation of a FLC through the use of the Very high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description
Language (VHDL) code. FLC is designed for position control of BLDC Motor. VHDL has been used to develop
FLC on FPGA. A Mamdani type FLC structure has been used to obtain the controller output. The controller
algorithm developed synthesized, simulated and implemented on FPGA Spartan 3E board.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fuzzy gain scheduling control apply to an RC Hovercraft IJECEIAES
The Fuzzy Gain Scheduling (FGS) methodology for tuning the ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) traditional controller parameters by scheduling controlled gains in different phases, is a simple and effective application both in industries and real-time complex models while assuring the high achievements over pass decades, is proposed in this article. The Fuzzy logic rules of the triangular membership functions are exploited on-line to verify the Gain Scheduling of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller gains in different stages because it can minimize the tracking control error and utilize the Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) minima criterion of the controller design process. For that reason, the controller design could tune the system model in the whole operation time to display the efficiency in tracking error. It is then implemented in a novel Remote Controlled (RC) Hovercraft motion models to demonstrate better control performance in comparison with the PID conventional controller.
Optimised control using Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller tuned usi...IJECEIAES
Time delays are generally unavoidable in the designing frameworks for mechanical and electrical systems and so on. In both continuous and discrete schemes, the existence of delay creates undesirable impacts on the underthought which forces exacting constraints on attainable execution. The presence of delay confounds the design structure procedure also. It makes continuous systems boundless dimensional and also extends the readings in discrete systems fundamentally. As the Proportional-IntegralDerivative (PID) controller based on internal model control is essential and strong to address the vulnerabilities and aggravations of the model. But for an real industry process, they are less susceptible to noise than the PID controller.It results in just one tuning parameter which is the time constant of the closed-loop system λ, the internal model control filter factor. It additionally gives a decent answer for the procedure with huge time delays. The design of the PID controller based on the internal model control, with approximation of time delay using Pade’ and Taylor’s series is depicted in this paper. The first order filter used in the design provides good set-point tracking along with disturbance rejection.
Design of Controllers for Liquid Level ControlIJERA Editor
The liquid level control system is commonly used in many process control applications. The aim of the process
is to keep the liquid level in the tank at the desired value. The conventional proportional-integral-derivative
(PID) controller is simple, reliable and eliminates the error rate but it cannot handle complex problems. Fuzzy
logic controllers are rule based systems which simulates human behavior of the process. The fuzzy controller is
combined with the PID controller and then applied to the tank level control system. This paper proposes Inverse
fuzzy with fuzzy logic controller for controlling liquid level system for a plant. This paper also compares the
transient response as well as error indices of PID, Fuzzy logic controller, inverse fuzzy controllers. The
responses of the controllers are verified through simulation. From the simulation results, it is observed that
inverse fuzzy-PID controller gives the superior performance than the other controllers. The inverse fuzzy-PID
controller gives better performance than the PID and fuzzy controller in terms of overshoot and settling time.
Performance analysis is carried out with Liquid Flow Control System Design with Fuzzy logic controller.
Results are evaluated by comparing the response time of conventional PID, fuzzy logic and Inverse fuzzy
controller. Comparative analysis of the performance of different controllers is done in MATLAB and Simulink.
Design of Fuzzy PID controller to control DC motor with zero overshootIJERA Editor
Most of the real time operation based physical system, digital PID is used in field such as servo-motor/dc
motor/temperature control system, robotics, power electronics etc. need to interface with high speed constraints,
higher density PLD’s such as FPGA used to integrate several logics on single IC. There are some limitations in
it to overcome these limitations Fuzzy logic is introduced with PID and Fuzzy PID is formed. This paper
explains experimental design of Fuzzy PID controller. We aimed to make controller power efficient, more
compact, and zero overshoot. MATLAB is used to design PID controller to calculate and plot the time response
of the control system and Simulink to generate a set of coefficients.
Tuning of PID controllers for integrating systems using direct synthesis methodISA Interchange
A PID controller is designed for various forms of integrating systems with time delay using direct synthesis method. The method is based on comparing the characteristic equation of the integrating system and PID controller with a filter with the desired characteristic equation. The desired characteristic equation comprises of multiple poles which are placed at the same desired location. The tuning parameter is adjusted so as to achieve the desired robustness. Tuning rules in terms of process parameters are given for various forms of integrating systems. The tuning parameter can be selected for the desired robustness by specifying Ms value. The proposed controller design method is applied to various transfer function models and to the nonlinear model equations of jacketed CSTR to show its effectiveness and applicability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Decentralized supervisory based switching control for uncertain multivariable...ISA Interchange
In this paper, the design of decentralized switching control for uncertain multivariable plants is considered. In the proposed strategy, the uncertainty region is divided into smaller regions with a nominal model and specific control structure. The underlying design is based on the quantitative feedback theory (QFT). It is assumed that a MIMO-QFT controller exists for robust stability and performance of the individual uncertain sets. The proposed control structure is made up by these local decentralized controllers, which commute among themselves in accordance with the decision of a high level decision maker called the supervisor. The supervisor makes the decision by comparing the local models’ behaviors with the one of the plant and selects the controller corresponding to the best fitted model. A hysteresis switching logic is used to slow down the switching to guarantee the overall closed loop stability. It is shown that this strategy provides a stable and robust adaptive controller to deal with complex multivariable plants with input–output pairing changes during the plant operation, which can facilitate the development of a reconfigurable decentralized control. Also, the multirealization technique is used to implement a family of controllers to achieve bumpless transfer. Simulation results are employed to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fuzzy gain scheduling control apply to an RC Hovercraft IJECEIAES
The Fuzzy Gain Scheduling (FGS) methodology for tuning the ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) traditional controller parameters by scheduling controlled gains in different phases, is a simple and effective application both in industries and real-time complex models while assuring the high achievements over pass decades, is proposed in this article. The Fuzzy logic rules of the triangular membership functions are exploited on-line to verify the Gain Scheduling of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller gains in different stages because it can minimize the tracking control error and utilize the Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) minima criterion of the controller design process. For that reason, the controller design could tune the system model in the whole operation time to display the efficiency in tracking error. It is then implemented in a novel Remote Controlled (RC) Hovercraft motion models to demonstrate better control performance in comparison with the PID conventional controller.
Optimised control using Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller tuned usi...IJECEIAES
Time delays are generally unavoidable in the designing frameworks for mechanical and electrical systems and so on. In both continuous and discrete schemes, the existence of delay creates undesirable impacts on the underthought which forces exacting constraints on attainable execution. The presence of delay confounds the design structure procedure also. It makes continuous systems boundless dimensional and also extends the readings in discrete systems fundamentally. As the Proportional-IntegralDerivative (PID) controller based on internal model control is essential and strong to address the vulnerabilities and aggravations of the model. But for an real industry process, they are less susceptible to noise than the PID controller.It results in just one tuning parameter which is the time constant of the closed-loop system λ, the internal model control filter factor. It additionally gives a decent answer for the procedure with huge time delays. The design of the PID controller based on the internal model control, with approximation of time delay using Pade’ and Taylor’s series is depicted in this paper. The first order filter used in the design provides good set-point tracking along with disturbance rejection.
Design of Controllers for Liquid Level ControlIJERA Editor
The liquid level control system is commonly used in many process control applications. The aim of the process
is to keep the liquid level in the tank at the desired value. The conventional proportional-integral-derivative
(PID) controller is simple, reliable and eliminates the error rate but it cannot handle complex problems. Fuzzy
logic controllers are rule based systems which simulates human behavior of the process. The fuzzy controller is
combined with the PID controller and then applied to the tank level control system. This paper proposes Inverse
fuzzy with fuzzy logic controller for controlling liquid level system for a plant. This paper also compares the
transient response as well as error indices of PID, Fuzzy logic controller, inverse fuzzy controllers. The
responses of the controllers are verified through simulation. From the simulation results, it is observed that
inverse fuzzy-PID controller gives the superior performance than the other controllers. The inverse fuzzy-PID
controller gives better performance than the PID and fuzzy controller in terms of overshoot and settling time.
Performance analysis is carried out with Liquid Flow Control System Design with Fuzzy logic controller.
Results are evaluated by comparing the response time of conventional PID, fuzzy logic and Inverse fuzzy
controller. Comparative analysis of the performance of different controllers is done in MATLAB and Simulink.
Design of Fuzzy PID controller to control DC motor with zero overshootIJERA Editor
Most of the real time operation based physical system, digital PID is used in field such as servo-motor/dc
motor/temperature control system, robotics, power electronics etc. need to interface with high speed constraints,
higher density PLD’s such as FPGA used to integrate several logics on single IC. There are some limitations in
it to overcome these limitations Fuzzy logic is introduced with PID and Fuzzy PID is formed. This paper
explains experimental design of Fuzzy PID controller. We aimed to make controller power efficient, more
compact, and zero overshoot. MATLAB is used to design PID controller to calculate and plot the time response
of the control system and Simulink to generate a set of coefficients.
Tuning of PID controllers for integrating systems using direct synthesis methodISA Interchange
A PID controller is designed for various forms of integrating systems with time delay using direct synthesis method. The method is based on comparing the characteristic equation of the integrating system and PID controller with a filter with the desired characteristic equation. The desired characteristic equation comprises of multiple poles which are placed at the same desired location. The tuning parameter is adjusted so as to achieve the desired robustness. Tuning rules in terms of process parameters are given for various forms of integrating systems. The tuning parameter can be selected for the desired robustness by specifying Ms value. The proposed controller design method is applied to various transfer function models and to the nonlinear model equations of jacketed CSTR to show its effectiveness and applicability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Decentralized supervisory based switching control for uncertain multivariable...ISA Interchange
In this paper, the design of decentralized switching control for uncertain multivariable plants is considered. In the proposed strategy, the uncertainty region is divided into smaller regions with a nominal model and specific control structure. The underlying design is based on the quantitative feedback theory (QFT). It is assumed that a MIMO-QFT controller exists for robust stability and performance of the individual uncertain sets. The proposed control structure is made up by these local decentralized controllers, which commute among themselves in accordance with the decision of a high level decision maker called the supervisor. The supervisor makes the decision by comparing the local models’ behaviors with the one of the plant and selects the controller corresponding to the best fitted model. A hysteresis switching logic is used to slow down the switching to guarantee the overall closed loop stability. It is shown that this strategy provides a stable and robust adaptive controller to deal with complex multivariable plants with input–output pairing changes during the plant operation, which can facilitate the development of a reconfigurable decentralized control. Also, the multirealization technique is used to implement a family of controllers to achieve bumpless transfer. Simulation results are employed to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Comparison of Tuning Methods of PID Controllers for Non-Linear Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Modern days have seen vast developments in the field of controller’s .There are various controllers developed these days with various different specifications. But the only drawback is that, there is no fixed method for the tuning of these controllers, which is necessary for controlling of the system based on the variation of the input or for the changes in the system. In order to overcome this drawback, in this paper we have compared various tuning methods of PID controller for non-linear system. As a non-linear system we have taken the dc motor as a system. For the particular DC motor controller transfer function has been determined and control parameters such as Proportional Gain, Integral Time and Derivative time are identified. They are numerous methods of developing a Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) Controller, amongst them some methods are adopted in this paper and Comparisons of Time Domain specifications of those controllers has been carried out.
Performance based Comparison between Various Z-N Tuninng PID and Fuzzy Logic ...ijsc
The objective of this paper is to compare the time specification performance between conventional controller and Fuzzy Logic controller in position control system of a DC motor. The scope of this research is to apply direct control technique in position control system. Two types of controller namely PID and fuzzy logic PID controller will be used to control the output response. This paper was written to reflect on the work done on the implementation of a fuzzy logic PID controller. The fuzzy controller was used to control the position of a motor which can be considered for a general basis in any project design containing logic control. Motor parameters were taken from a datasheet with respect to a real motor and a simulated model was developed using Matlab Simulink Toolbox. The fuzzy control was also designed using the Fuzzy Control Toolbox provided within Matlab, with each rule consisting of fuzzy sets conditioned to provide appropriate response times with regards to the limitations of our chosen motor. The Fuzzy Inference Engine chosen for our control was the Mamdani Minimum Inference engine. The results of the control provided response times suitable for our application.
Performance Based Comparison Between Various Z-N Tuninng PID And Fuzzy Logic ...ijsc
The objective of this paper is to compare the time specification performance between conventional
controller and Fuzzy Logic controller in position control system of a DC motor. The scope of this research
is to apply direct control technique in position control system. Two types of controller namely PID and
fuzzy logic PID controller will be used to control the output response. This paper was written to reflect on
the work done on the implementation of a fuzzy logic PID controller. The fuzzy controller was used to
control the position of a motor which can be considered for a general basis in any project design
containing logic control. Motor parameters were taken from a datasheet with respect to a real motor and a
simulated model was developed using Matlab Simulink Toolbox. The fuzzy control was also designed using
the Fuzzy Control Toolbox provided within Matlab, with each rule consisting of fuzzy sets conditioned to
provide appropriate response times with regards to the limitations of our chosen motor. The Fuzzy
Inference Engine chosen for our control was the Mamdani Minimum Inference engine. The results of the
control provided response times suitable for our application.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hybrid controller design using gain scheduling approach for compressor systemsIJECEIAES
The automatic control system plays a crucial role in industries for controlling the process operations. The automatic control system provides a safe and proper controlling mechanism to avoid environmental and quality problems. The control system controls pressure flow, mass flow, speed control, and other process metrics and solves robustness and stability issues. In this manuscript, The Hybrid controller approach like proportional integral (PI) and proportional derivative (PD) based fuzzy logic controller (FLC) using with and without gain scheduling approach is modeled for the compressor to improve the robustness and error response control mechanism. The PI/PD-based FLC system includes step input function, the PI/PD controller, FLC with a closed-loop mechanism, and gain scheduler. The error signals and control response outputs are analyzed in detail for PI/PD-based FLC’s and compared with conventional PD/PID controllers. The PD-based FLC with the Gain scheduling approach consumes less overshoot time of 74% than the PD-based FLC without gain scheduling approach. The PD-based FLC with the gain scheduling approach produces less error response in terms of 7.9% in integral time absolute error (ITAE), 7.4% in integral absolute error (IAE), and 16% in integral square error (ISE) than PD based FLC without gain scheduling approach.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL PID CONTROLLER AND FUZZY CONTROLLER WIT...IJITCA Journal
All the real systems exhibits non-linear nature,conventional controllers are not always able to provide good and accurate results. Fuzzy Logic Control is used to obtain better response. A model for simulation is designed and all the assumptions are made before the development of the model. An attempt has been made to analyze the efficiency of a fuzzy controller over a conventional PID controller for a three tank level control system using fuzzification & defuzzification methods and their responses are compared. Analysis is done through computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink toolbox. This study shows that the application of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) gives the best response with triangular membership function and centroid defuzzification method.
6. performance analysis of pd, pid controllers for speed control of dc motork srikanth
Aim of this paper different Proportional-Integral- Derivative (PID) controller fine-tuning techniques are investigated for speed control of DC motor. At the start PID controller parameters for different tuning techniques are involved and then applied to the DC motor model for motion (speed) control. Simulation results are display, using these controllers, objective of this paper, the performance of a choose dc motor controlled by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is below the similar transient conditions and performances are compared.
Modeling and Control of MIMO Headbox System Using Fuzzy LogicIJERA Editor
The Headbox plays an important role in pulp supply system with sheet forming in paper making process. The air cushion headbox is a nonlinear & strong coupling system. In the air cushion headbox system there were two important parameters which include total head and the stock level for improving pulp product quality. These two parameters make this system MIMO output system so for this a decoupling controls strategy was required for interaction between these two control loops. In this paper fuzzy tuned PID control scheme is proposed for controlling the nonlinear control problem in air cushion headbox after the system being decoupled. An attempt has been made for comparison between classical (PID) and fuzzy tuned PID controller. It concludes that the fuzzy tuned PID controller is found most suitable for MIMO system in terms of obtaining steady state properties. The effects of disturbances are studied through computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink toolbox.
To design and implementation of variable and constant with no load for induction motor (IM) that is the goal in this work. This paper was including three parts, first the simulation model with no load for IM, Second the simulation model with constant load for IM, Third the simulation model with variable load for IM. In addition, this work includes comparative between two different controllers (PI and fuzzy logic control (FLC). The simulation results clearly the implementation of variable and constant with no load for IM. The simulation response of the system achieves better results when choosing to use type fuzzy-PI controller technique comparison with conventional PI controller and improve the performance of the system at different operation conditions.
Lecture 28 360 chapter 9_ power electronics inverters
Ge2310721081
1. Atul Kumar Dewangan, Durga Sharma, Shikha Mishra/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp.1073-1081
1073 | P a g e
PID Controller Based Chopper-Fed DC Motor Drive Using Fuzzy Logic Atul Kumar Dewangan*, Durga Sharma**, Shikha Mishra*** *Department of Electrical Engineering, Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai Chhattisgarh India **Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bilaspur, India *** Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bilaspur, India
ABSTRACT Tuning the parameters of a PID controller is very important in PID control. Ziegler and Nichols proposed the well-known Ziegler-Nichols method to tune the coefficients of a PID controller. This tuning method is very simple, but cannot guarantee to be always effective. For this reason, this paper investigates the design of self tuning for a PID controller. The controller includes two parts: conventional PID controller and fuzzy logic control (FLC) part, which has self tuning capabilities in set point tracking performance. The proportional, integral and derivate (KP, KI, KD) gains in a system can be self-tuned on-line with the output of the system under control. The conventional PI controller (speed controller) in the Chopper-Fed DC Motor Drive is replaced by the self tuning PID controller, to make them more general and to achieve minimum steady-state error, also to improve the other dynamic behavior (overshoot). Computer Simulation is conducted to demonstrate its performance and results show that the proposed design is success over the conventional PID controller. Keywords - PID controller, Fuzzy logic control, Self tuning controller, Chopper fed-DC motor drive
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic control (FLC) is one of the most successful applications of fuzzy set theory, introduced by L.A Zadeh in 1973 and applied (Mamdani 1974) in an attempt to control system that are structurally difficult to model. Since then, FLC has been an extremely active and fruitful research area with many industrial applications reported [1].In the last three decades, FLC has evolved as an alternative or complementary to the conventional control strategies in various engineering areas. Fuzzy
control theory usually provides non-linear controllers that are capable of performing different complex non- linear control action, even for uncertain nonlinear systems. Unlike conventional control, designing a FLC does not require precise knowledge of the system model such as the poles and zeroes of the system transfer functions. Imitating the way of human learning, the tracking error and the rate of the error are two crucial inputs for the design of such a fuzzy control system [2][3]. Despite a lot of research and the huge number of different solutions proposed, most industrial control systems are base on conventional PID (Proportional- Integral-Derivative) regulators. Different sources estimate the share taken by PID controllers is between 90% and 99%. Some of the reasons for this situation may be given as follows [4]: 1. PID controllers are robust and simple to design. 2. There exists a clear relationship between PID and system response parameters. As a PID controller has only three parameters, plant operators have a deep knowledge about the influence of these parameters and the specified response characteristics on each other. 3. Many PID tuning techniques have been elaborated during recent decades, which facilities the operator's task. 4. Because of its flexibility, PID control could benefit from the advances in technology.
Most of the classical industrial controllers have been provided with special procedures to automate the adjustment of their parameters (tuning and self-tuning). However, PID controllers cannot provide a general solution to all control problems. The processes involved are in general complex and time-variant, with delays and non-linearity, and often with poorly defined dynamics. When the process becomes too complex to be described by analytical models, it is unlikely to be efficiently controlled by conventional approaches. In this case a classical control methodology can in many cases simplify the plant model, but does not provide good performance. Therefore, an operator is still
2. Atul Kumar Dewangan, Durga Sharma, Shikha Mishra/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp.1073-1081
1074 | P a g e
needed to have control over the plant. Human control is
vulnerable, and very dependent on an operator's
experience and qualification, and as a result many PID
controllers are poorly tuned in practice. A quite obvious
way to automate the operator's task is to employ an
artificial intelligence technique. Fuzzy control,
occupying the boundary line between artificial
intelligent and control engineering, can be considered
as an obvious solution, which is confirmed by
engineering practice. According to the survey of the
Japanese control technology industry conducted by the
Japanese Society of Instrument and Control
Engineering, fuzzy and neural control constitute one of
the fastest growing areas of control technology
development, and have even better prospects for future
[4]. Because PID controllers are often not properly
tuned (e.g., due to plant parameter variations or
operating condition changed), there is a significant need
to develop methods for the automatic tuning of PID
controllers. While there exist many conventional
methods for the automatic tuning of PID controllers,
including hand tuning, Ziegler-Nichols tuning,
analytical method, by optimization or, pole placement
[5]. If a mathematical model of the plant can be
derived, then it is possible to apply various design
techniques for determining parameters of the controller
that will meet the transient and steady state
specification, of the closed-loop system. However, if
the plant is so complicated that its mathematical model
cannot be easily obtained, then an analytical approach
to design of a PID controller is not possible. Then we
must resort to experimental approaches to tuning PID
controller [6].
2. FUZZY PID SELF TUNING
The basic structure of the PID controller is first
described in the flowing equations as well as fig.1.
dt
de t
U K e K edt KPID P I D
( )
(1)
dt
de t
edt T
T
U K e D
I
PID P
1 ( )
(
(2)
Where e is the tracking error, conventional PID control
is a sum of three different control actions. The
proportional gain KP, integral gain KI, and derivative
gain KD, represent the strengths of different control
action. Proportional action can reduce the steady-state
error, but too much of it can cause the stability to
deteriorate. Integral action will eliminate the steady
state. Derivative action will improve the closed loop
stability. The relationships between these control
parameters are:
I P I K K K
D P d K K K (3)
Where I T and D T are integral time and derivative time
respectively [1].
Fig.1: PID control in the closed loop.
This paper proposed two inputs-three outputs self
tuning of a PID controller. The controller design used
the error and change of error as inputs to the self-tuning,
and the gains 1 1 1 , , P I D K K K as outputs. The
FLC is adding to the conventional PID controller to
adjust the parameters of the PID controller on-line
according to the change of the signals error and change
of the error. The controller proposed also contain a
scaling gains inputs e e K K , as shown in fig.2, to
satisfy the operational ranges (the universe of
discourse) making them more general.
Fig.2: Fuzzy self-tuning proposed
.
3. Atul Kumar Dewangan, Durga Sharma, Shikha Mishra/ International Journal of Engineering
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Now the control action of the PID controller after self
tuning can be describing as:
dt
de t
U K e t K edt KPID P D
( )
( ) 2 12 2 (4)
Where KP2, KI2, and KD2 are the new gains of PID
controller and are equals to:
P P P K K K 2 1 , I I I K K K 2 1 ,
D D D K K K 2 1 (5)
Where KP1, KI1, and KD1 are the gains outputs of
fuzzy control that are varying online with the output of
the system under control. And P I D K ,K ,K are the
initial values of the conventional PID. The general
structure of fuzzy logic control is represented in fig.3
and comprises three principal components [5]:
Fig.3: Fuzzy logic control structure.
1. Fuzzification: This converts input data into
suitable linguistic values. As shown in Fig .4, there are
two inputs to the controller: error and rate change of the
error signals. The error is defined as: e(t) = r(t) - y(t)
Rate of error is defined as it follows:
dt
de t
e t
( )
( )
Where r (t) is the reference input, y (t) is the output, e
(t) is the error signal, and e(t) is the rate of error.
The seventh triangular input and output member ship
functions of the fuzzy self-tuning are shown in the figs.
(4,5). For the system under study the universe of
discourse for both e(t) and e(t) may be normalized
from [-1,1], and the linguistic labels are [Negative Big,
, Negative medium, Negative small, Zero, ,Positive
small, Positive medium, Positive Big }, and are referred
to in the rules bases as {NB,NM,NS,ZE,PS,PM,PB
},and the linguistic labels of the outputs are {Zero,
Medium small, Small, Medium, Big, Medium big, very
big} and refereed to in the rules bases as {Z,.MS, S, M,
B, MB, VB}.
Fig.4: Member ships function of inputs (e, e .)
Fig.5: Member ships functions of outputs
( , , ) P1 I1 D1 K K K .
2. Rule base: A decision-making logic, which is,
simulating a human decision process, inters fuzzy
control action from the knowledge of the control rules
and linguistic variable definitions. The basic rule base
of these controllers’ types is given by:
IF e(t) is i E and e(t) is j E then p U is p U ,
1 U is 11 U , and D U is D1 U (6)
Where i E and j E are the linguistic label input, UP,
UI, and UD are the linguistic label output. Tables (1),
(2), and (3) show the control rules that used for fuzzy
self-tuning of PID controller [7].
Table 1: Rule bases for determining the gain P1 K .
e e
NB NS ZE PS PB
NB VB VB VB VB VB
4. Atul Kumar Dewangan, Durga Sharma, Shikha Mishra/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp.1073-1081
1076 | P a g e
NS B B B MB VB
ZE ZE ZE MS S S
PS B B B MB VB
PB VB VB VB VB VB
Table 2: Rule bases for determining the gain I1 K .
e e
NB NS ZE PS PB
NB M M M M M
NS S S S M S
ZE MS MS ZE MS MS
PS S S S S S
PB M M M M M
Table 3: Rule bases for determining the gain D1 K
e e
NB NS ZE PS PB
NB ZE S M MB VB
NS S B MB VB VB
ZE M MB MB VB VB
PS B VB VB VB VB
PB VB VB VB VB VB
3. Defuzzification: This yields a non fuzzy
control action from inferred fuzzy control action. The
most popular method, center of gravity or center of area
is used for defuzzification [8]: Where u(uj) member
ship grad of the element uj, u(nT) is the fuzzy control
output, n is the number of discrete values on the
universe of discourse.
n
j
j
n
j
j j
u u
u u u
u nT
1
1
( )
( )
(7)
3. CHOPPER FED DC MOTOR DRIVE
A DC motor consists of stator and armature winding in
the rotor as in fig.5. The armature winding is supplied
with a DC voltage that causes a DC current to flow in
the winding. This kind of machines is preferred over
AC machines in high power application, because of the
ease control of the speed and the direction of rotation of
large DC-motor. The filed circuit of the motor is
exciting by a constant source. The steady state speed of
the motor can be described as: [9, 10]
b
a a a
K
V I R
(8)
Where b K (is the back emf constant), a R (armature
resistance), a a I V, (armature current & voltage
respectively), and (angular velocity).
Fig.6: Permanent magnet DC motor.
The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by varying
the voltage applied to the terminal. These can be done
by using a pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique as
shown in fig.6, where T is the signal period, td is the
pulse-width, and Vm is the signal amplitude. A filed
voltage signal with varying pulse-width is applied to the
motor terminal. The average voltage is calculated from:
[11, 12]
m m
T
ag V KV
T
td
V t dt
T
V 0
( )
1
(9)
Where K is the duty cycle, it can be mentioned from
these equation that the average DC component of the
voltage signal is linearly related to the pulse-width of
the signal, or the duty cycle of the signal, since the
period is fixed.
5. Atul Kumar Dewangan, Durga Sharma, Shikha Mishra/ International Journal of Engineering
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1077 | P a g e
Fig.7: Pulse width modulation.
The PWM voltage waveform for the motor is to be
obtained by using a special power electronic circuit
called a DC chopper. The action of DC chopper is
applying a train of unidirectional voltage pulses to the
armature winding of the PM-DC motor as shown on
fig.7. If td is varied keeping T constant, the resultant
voltage wave represents a form of pulse width
modulation, and hence the chopper is named as the
PWM chopper [9, 12].
3.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF CHOPPER FED DC
MOTOR DRIVE
The block diagram shown in fig.8 a chopper fed- DC
motor drive in the MATLAB simulation. A DC motor
is fed by a DC source through a chopper, which
consists of GTO thyristor and a freewheeling diode.
The GTO and diode are simulated with the universal
bridge block where the number of arms has been set to
1 and the specified power electronic device is
GTO/Diode. Each switch on the block icon represents a
GTO/ant parallel diode pair. Pulses are sent to the top
GTO1 only. No pulses are sent to the bottom GTO2.
Therefore Diode2 will act as a freewheeling diode The
advantage of using the universal bridge block is that it
can be discretized and allows faster simulation speeds
than with an individual GTO and Diode. Also, when a
purely resistive snubber is used, the commutation from
GTO to Diode is instantaneous and cleaner wave shapes
is obtained for voltage Va. The motor drives a
mechanical load characterized by inertia J, friction
coefficient B, and load torque TL.
The motor uses the discrete DC machine provided in
the Extras/Additional machines library. The hysteresis
current controller compares the sensed current with the
reference and generates the trigger signal for the GTO
thyristor to force the motor current to follow the
reference. The speed control loop uses a proportional-integral
controller, which produces the reference for the
current loop. Current and voltage measurement blocks
provide signals for visualization purpose [13].
3.2 DEMONSTRATION OF CHOPPER FED-DC MOTOR
DRIVE
Start the simulation and observe the motor voltage a V ,
current a I and speed ( m ) on the scope. The
following observations can be made:
1. 0< t < 0.8 s: Starting and Steady State
Operation:
During this period, the load torque is TL = 5.N.m and
the motor reaches the reference speed (wref = 120
rad/s) given to the speed controller. The initial values of
reference torque and speed are set in the two Step
blocks connected to the TL torque input of the motor.
Notice that during the motor starting the current is
maintained to 30 A, according to the current limit set in
the speed regulator. Zoom in the motor current Ia in
steady state. Observe the current triangular wave shape
varying between 5 A and 7 A, corresponding to the
specified hysteresis of 2 A. The commutation frequency
is approximately 1.5 kHz.
2. t = 0.8 s: Reference Speed Step:
The reference speed is increased from 120 rad/s to 160
rad/s. The speed controller regulates the speed in
approximately 0.25 s and the average current stabilizes
at 6.6 A. During the transient period, current is still
maintained at 30 A.
3. t = 1.5 s: Load Torque Step:
The load torque is suddenly increased from 5 N.m to 25
N.m. The current increases to 23 A, while the speed is
maintained at the 160 rad/s set point [13].
6. Atul Kumar Dewangan, Durga Sharma, Shikha Mishra/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp.1073-1081
1078 | P a g e
Fig.8: Simulation diagram for chopper fed-DC motor
drive (Discrete).
4. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
The Fuzzy self tuning of a PID controller shown in
fig.2 was designed and simulated for chopper fed-DC
motor drive. The example Chosen here for simulation
and comparison are taken from [13], where they were
simulated and compared to the conventional PID
controller. Next step is to replace the conventional PI
controller (speed controller) by fuzzy self tuning of PID
controller. By tuning the gains of the conventional PID
controller and producing the optimum response using
trial and error method, the simulation start with the best
initial gains as the following: P K
=25, I K =0.75 , D K =0.5 and the scaling gain
e K =0.01, e K =0.05. The comparisons between the
conventional and fuzzy self-tuning of PID controller are
shown in the figs. (9.a, 9.b, 9.c) and figs. (10.a, 10.b,
10.c).
Fig.9.a: Motor current a I using conventional PID
controller.
Fig.9.b: Motor voltage a V using conventional PID
controller.
Fig.9.c: Motor speed m using conventional PID
controller.
7. Atul Kumar Dewangan, Durga Sharma, Shikha Mishra/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp.1073-1081
1079 | P a g e
Fig.10.a: Motor current a I using FPID self tuning
controller.
Fig.10.b: Motor voltage a V using FPID self-tuning
controller.
Fig.10.c: Motor speed m using FPID self-tuning
controller.
Figs. (11, 12, and 13) shows how the proportional,
integral and derivate (KP1, KI1, KD1) gains vary
online with the output of the system under control. Figs.
(14, 15, and 16) shows the rule surface viewer of
the P1 K , I1 K and D1 K respectively.
Fig.11: Gain P1 K varies online with the output of the
system under control.
Fig.12: gain I1 K varies online with the output of the
system under control.
Fig.13: gain D1 K varies online with the output of the
system under control.
8. Atul Kumar Dewangan, Durga Sharma, Shikha Mishra/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp.1073-1081
1080 | P a g e
Fig.14: Rule surface viewer of P1 K .
Fig.15: Rule surface viewer of I1 K .
Fig.16: Rule surface viewer of D1 K .
Fig. 17 show the time zooming section for the motor
voltage a V , Figs. (9.b, and 10.b).
Fig.17: Motor voltage a V after zooming.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Two inputs- three outputs self tuning of a PID
controller are designed and used for implementing a
chopper fed-DC motor drive. The controller is
combining the fuzzy technique with the PID technique
to compose the fuzzy self-tuning of a PID controller.
The fuzzy part can be adjusting the three parameters of
PID controller on-line according to the change of e and
e . It is concluded that the fuzzy self tuning controller
as compared with the conventional PID controller, it
provides improvement performance in both transient
and the steady states response, fuzzy self tuning has no
overshoot and has a smaller steady state error compared
to the conventional PID controller. It can be mentioned
here that this controller is able to stack at the stable
region with rigid performance on tracking the reference
signal without need to exceed the accepted safety
limitation range of the DC motor performance , as
armature current (Ia) and armature voltage (Va) that
shown in figures 10.a and 10.b. One can also see in
figures 9.b and 10.b that the maximum overshoot of the
stream pulses that represents armature voltage a V did
not exceed 279Volt. The simulation results show that
fuzzy self-tuning of a PID controller has fairly similar
characteristics to its conventional counterpart and
provides good performance.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, the authors would like to pay their
respectfully thanks to God, their beloved family,
teachers and their admirer supervisor. Special thanks to
Mr. R. K. Patel Head of department of K.G.
Polytechnic, Raigarh for his encouragements. The
9. Atul Kumar Dewangan, Durga Sharma, Shikha Mishra/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp.1073-1081
1081 | P a g e
authors also express their greatly thanks to all persons who had concern to support in preparing this paper.
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