The document summarizes research on VLSI based induction motor speed control using an auto-tune PID controller. It discusses using a VLSI chip to implement PID control algorithms and auto-tuning of the PID parameters using the successive approximation method. This would provide a standalone speed control solution for induction motors. The proposed approach aims to reduce costs and improve flexibility compared to existing motor control systems that require separate hardware and software platforms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents an enhanced nonlinear PID (NPID) controller to follow a preselected speed profile of brushless DC motor drive system. This objective should be achieved regardless the parameter variations, and external disturbances. The performance of enhanced NPID controller will be investigated by comparing it with linear PID control and fractional order PID (FOPID) control. These controllers are tested for both speed regulation and speed tracking. The optimal parameters values of each control technique were obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on a certain cost function. Results shows that the proposed NPID controller has better performance among other techniques (PID and FOPID controller).
Reviews of Cascade Control of Dc Motor with Advance Controllerijsrd.com
The proportional- integral-derivative (PID) control is the most used algorithm to regulate the armature current and speed of cascade Control system in motor drives. The controller uses two PID controllers. One PI controller is for speed control and second PID controller for current control in cascade structure. Inner loop is for the current control which is faster than the outer loop. Outer loop is for speed control. The output of the encoder is compared with a preset reference speed. The output of the PI controller is summed and is given as the input to the current controller.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents an enhanced nonlinear PID (NPID) controller to follow a preselected speed profile of brushless DC motor drive system. This objective should be achieved regardless the parameter variations, and external disturbances. The performance of enhanced NPID controller will be investigated by comparing it with linear PID control and fractional order PID (FOPID) control. These controllers are tested for both speed regulation and speed tracking. The optimal parameters values of each control technique were obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on a certain cost function. Results shows that the proposed NPID controller has better performance among other techniques (PID and FOPID controller).
Reviews of Cascade Control of Dc Motor with Advance Controllerijsrd.com
The proportional- integral-derivative (PID) control is the most used algorithm to regulate the armature current and speed of cascade Control system in motor drives. The controller uses two PID controllers. One PI controller is for speed control and second PID controller for current control in cascade structure. Inner loop is for the current control which is faster than the outer loop. Outer loop is for speed control. The output of the encoder is compared with a preset reference speed. The output of the PI controller is summed and is given as the input to the current controller.
Design of Fuzzy PID controller to control DC motor with zero overshootIJERA Editor
Most of the real time operation based physical system, digital PID is used in field such as servo-motor/dc
motor/temperature control system, robotics, power electronics etc. need to interface with high speed constraints,
higher density PLD’s such as FPGA used to integrate several logics on single IC. There are some limitations in
it to overcome these limitations Fuzzy logic is introduced with PID and Fuzzy PID is formed. This paper
explains experimental design of Fuzzy PID controller. We aimed to make controller power efficient, more
compact, and zero overshoot. MATLAB is used to design PID controller to calculate and plot the time response
of the control system and Simulink to generate a set of coefficients.
Fuzzy gain scheduling control apply to an RC Hovercraft IJECEIAES
The Fuzzy Gain Scheduling (FGS) methodology for tuning the ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) traditional controller parameters by scheduling controlled gains in different phases, is a simple and effective application both in industries and real-time complex models while assuring the high achievements over pass decades, is proposed in this article. The Fuzzy logic rules of the triangular membership functions are exploited on-line to verify the Gain Scheduling of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller gains in different stages because it can minimize the tracking control error and utilize the Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) minima criterion of the controller design process. For that reason, the controller design could tune the system model in the whole operation time to display the efficiency in tracking error. It is then implemented in a novel Remote Controlled (RC) Hovercraft motion models to demonstrate better control performance in comparison with the PID conventional controller.
Optimised control using Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller tuned usi...IJECEIAES
Time delays are generally unavoidable in the designing frameworks for mechanical and electrical systems and so on. In both continuous and discrete schemes, the existence of delay creates undesirable impacts on the underthought which forces exacting constraints on attainable execution. The presence of delay confounds the design structure procedure also. It makes continuous systems boundless dimensional and also extends the readings in discrete systems fundamentally. As the Proportional-IntegralDerivative (PID) controller based on internal model control is essential and strong to address the vulnerabilities and aggravations of the model. But for an real industry process, they are less susceptible to noise than the PID controller.It results in just one tuning parameter which is the time constant of the closed-loop system λ, the internal model control filter factor. It additionally gives a decent answer for the procedure with huge time delays. The design of the PID controller based on the internal model control, with approximation of time delay using Pade’ and Taylor’s series is depicted in this paper. The first order filter used in the design provides good set-point tracking along with disturbance rejection.
Digital Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Real Time Position Contr...IOSR Journals
Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) systems have emerged as one of the most promising areas for
Industrial Applications. The highly growth of fuzzy logic applications led to the need of finding efficient way to
hardware implementation. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is the most important tool for hardware
implementation due to low consumption of energy, high speed of operation and large capacity of data storage.
In this paper, instead of an introduction to fuzzy logic control methodology, we have demonstrated the
implementation of a FLC through the use of the Very high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description
Language (VHDL) code. FLC is designed for position control of BLDC Motor. VHDL has been used to develop
FLC on FPGA. A Mamdani type FLC structure has been used to obtain the controller output. The controller
algorithm developed synthesized, simulated and implemented on FPGA Spartan 3E board.
An adaptive PID like controller using mix locally recurrent neural network fo...ISA Interchange
Being complex, non-linear and coupled system, the robotic manipulator cannot be effectively controlled using classical proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. To enhance the effectiveness of the conventional PID controller for the nonlinear and uncertain systems, gains of the PID controller should be conservatively tuned and should adapt to the process parameter variations. In this work, a mix locally recurrent neural network (MLRNN) architecture is investigated to mimic a conventional PID controller which consists of at most three hidden nodes which act as proportional, integral and derivative node. The gains of the mix locally recurrent neural network based PID (MLRNNPID) controller scheme are initi- alized with a newly developed cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) based optimization method rather than assuming randomly. A sequential learning based least square algorithm is then investigated for the on- line adaptation of the gains of MLRNNPID controller. The performance of the proposed controller scheme is tested against the plant parameters uncertainties and external disturbances for both links of the two link robotic manipulator with variable payload (TL-RMWVP). The stability of the proposed controller is analyzed using Lyapunov stability criteria. A performance comparison is carried out among MLRNNPID controller, CSA optimized NNPID (OPTNNPID) controller and CSA optimized conventional PID (OPTPID) controller in order to establish the effectiveness of the MLRNNPID controller.
This paper presents an adaptive functional-based Neuro-fuzzy-PID incremental (NFPID) controller structure that can be tuned either offline or online according to required controller performance. First, differential membership functions are used to represent the fuzzy membership functions of the input-output space of the three term controller. Second, controller rules are generated based on the discrete proportional, derivative, and integral function for the fuzzy space. Finally, a fully differentiable fuzzy neural network is constructed to represent the developed controller for either offline or online controller parameter adaptation. Two different adaptation methods are used for controller tuning, offline method based on controller transient performance cost function optimization using Bees Algorithm, and online method based on tracking error minimization using back-propagation with momentum algorithm. The proposed control system was tested to show the validity of the controller structure over a fixed PID controller gains to control SCARA type robot arm.
Due to extensive use of motion control system in industry, there has been growing research on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. DC motors are widely used various areas of industrial applications. The aim of this paper is to implement efficient method for controlling speed of DC motor using a PID controller based. Proposed system is implemented using arduino microcontroller and PID controller. Motor speed is controlled through PID based revolutions per minute of the motor. This encoder data will be send through microcontroller to Personal Computer with PID controller implemented in MATLAB. Results shows that PID controllers used provide efficient controlling of DC motor.
Integrated fuzzylogic controller for a Brushless DC Servomotor systemEhab Al hamayel
This presentation discusses the designing and simulation of "Integrated fuzzylogic controller for a Brushless DC Servomotor system" using Matlab simulink
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
The traffic light sequence works on the specific switching of Red, Green and Yellow lights in a particular way with stipulated time form. The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and coordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and that pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads [1].This Traffic Light sequence is generated using a specific switching mechanism which will help to control a traffic light system on a road in a specified sequence. This paper focuses on the fact that the traffic lights can be varied in the day and night mode depending on the intensity of the traffic. It plays a vital role in supervising and running the metropolitan traffic and evade the possibilities of any unfortunate mishaps happening in and around the cities. It is a sequential machine to be scrutinized as per the requirements and programmed through a multistep development process. The methods that are used in this project are proposing the circuit, write a code, simulate, synthesis and implement on the hardware [8]. In this project, XILINX Software was chosen to devise a schematic using schematic edit, write a code using Verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language) text editor and implements the circuit on Programmable Logic Device [PLD].The system has been successfully tested and implemented in hardware using Nexys 2 Digilent FPGA.
Design of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Speed Regulation of BLDC motor using MATLABijsrd.com
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors drives are one of the electrical drives that are rapidly gaining popularity, due to their high efficiency, good dynamic response and low maintenance. The design and development of a BLDC motor drive for commercial applications is presented. The aim of paper is to design a simulation model of inverter fed PMBLDC motor with Fuzzy logic controller. Fuzzy logic controller is developed using fuzzy logic tool box which is available in Matlab. FIS editor used to create .FIS file which contains the Fuzzy Logic Membership function and Rule base. And membership functions of desired output. After creating .FIS file it is implemented in the Matlab Simulink. And the BLDC motor is run satisfactorily using the Fuzzy logic controller.
Design of Fuzzy PID controller to control DC motor with zero overshootIJERA Editor
Most of the real time operation based physical system, digital PID is used in field such as servo-motor/dc
motor/temperature control system, robotics, power electronics etc. need to interface with high speed constraints,
higher density PLD’s such as FPGA used to integrate several logics on single IC. There are some limitations in
it to overcome these limitations Fuzzy logic is introduced with PID and Fuzzy PID is formed. This paper
explains experimental design of Fuzzy PID controller. We aimed to make controller power efficient, more
compact, and zero overshoot. MATLAB is used to design PID controller to calculate and plot the time response
of the control system and Simulink to generate a set of coefficients.
Fuzzy gain scheduling control apply to an RC Hovercraft IJECEIAES
The Fuzzy Gain Scheduling (FGS) methodology for tuning the ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) traditional controller parameters by scheduling controlled gains in different phases, is a simple and effective application both in industries and real-time complex models while assuring the high achievements over pass decades, is proposed in this article. The Fuzzy logic rules of the triangular membership functions are exploited on-line to verify the Gain Scheduling of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller gains in different stages because it can minimize the tracking control error and utilize the Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) minima criterion of the controller design process. For that reason, the controller design could tune the system model in the whole operation time to display the efficiency in tracking error. It is then implemented in a novel Remote Controlled (RC) Hovercraft motion models to demonstrate better control performance in comparison with the PID conventional controller.
Optimised control using Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller tuned usi...IJECEIAES
Time delays are generally unavoidable in the designing frameworks for mechanical and electrical systems and so on. In both continuous and discrete schemes, the existence of delay creates undesirable impacts on the underthought which forces exacting constraints on attainable execution. The presence of delay confounds the design structure procedure also. It makes continuous systems boundless dimensional and also extends the readings in discrete systems fundamentally. As the Proportional-IntegralDerivative (PID) controller based on internal model control is essential and strong to address the vulnerabilities and aggravations of the model. But for an real industry process, they are less susceptible to noise than the PID controller.It results in just one tuning parameter which is the time constant of the closed-loop system λ, the internal model control filter factor. It additionally gives a decent answer for the procedure with huge time delays. The design of the PID controller based on the internal model control, with approximation of time delay using Pade’ and Taylor’s series is depicted in this paper. The first order filter used in the design provides good set-point tracking along with disturbance rejection.
Digital Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Real Time Position Contr...IOSR Journals
Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) systems have emerged as one of the most promising areas for
Industrial Applications. The highly growth of fuzzy logic applications led to the need of finding efficient way to
hardware implementation. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is the most important tool for hardware
implementation due to low consumption of energy, high speed of operation and large capacity of data storage.
In this paper, instead of an introduction to fuzzy logic control methodology, we have demonstrated the
implementation of a FLC through the use of the Very high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description
Language (VHDL) code. FLC is designed for position control of BLDC Motor. VHDL has been used to develop
FLC on FPGA. A Mamdani type FLC structure has been used to obtain the controller output. The controller
algorithm developed synthesized, simulated and implemented on FPGA Spartan 3E board.
An adaptive PID like controller using mix locally recurrent neural network fo...ISA Interchange
Being complex, non-linear and coupled system, the robotic manipulator cannot be effectively controlled using classical proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. To enhance the effectiveness of the conventional PID controller for the nonlinear and uncertain systems, gains of the PID controller should be conservatively tuned and should adapt to the process parameter variations. In this work, a mix locally recurrent neural network (MLRNN) architecture is investigated to mimic a conventional PID controller which consists of at most three hidden nodes which act as proportional, integral and derivative node. The gains of the mix locally recurrent neural network based PID (MLRNNPID) controller scheme are initi- alized with a newly developed cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) based optimization method rather than assuming randomly. A sequential learning based least square algorithm is then investigated for the on- line adaptation of the gains of MLRNNPID controller. The performance of the proposed controller scheme is tested against the plant parameters uncertainties and external disturbances for both links of the two link robotic manipulator with variable payload (TL-RMWVP). The stability of the proposed controller is analyzed using Lyapunov stability criteria. A performance comparison is carried out among MLRNNPID controller, CSA optimized NNPID (OPTNNPID) controller and CSA optimized conventional PID (OPTPID) controller in order to establish the effectiveness of the MLRNNPID controller.
This paper presents an adaptive functional-based Neuro-fuzzy-PID incremental (NFPID) controller structure that can be tuned either offline or online according to required controller performance. First, differential membership functions are used to represent the fuzzy membership functions of the input-output space of the three term controller. Second, controller rules are generated based on the discrete proportional, derivative, and integral function for the fuzzy space. Finally, a fully differentiable fuzzy neural network is constructed to represent the developed controller for either offline or online controller parameter adaptation. Two different adaptation methods are used for controller tuning, offline method based on controller transient performance cost function optimization using Bees Algorithm, and online method based on tracking error minimization using back-propagation with momentum algorithm. The proposed control system was tested to show the validity of the controller structure over a fixed PID controller gains to control SCARA type robot arm.
Due to extensive use of motion control system in industry, there has been growing research on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. DC motors are widely used various areas of industrial applications. The aim of this paper is to implement efficient method for controlling speed of DC motor using a PID controller based. Proposed system is implemented using arduino microcontroller and PID controller. Motor speed is controlled through PID based revolutions per minute of the motor. This encoder data will be send through microcontroller to Personal Computer with PID controller implemented in MATLAB. Results shows that PID controllers used provide efficient controlling of DC motor.
Integrated fuzzylogic controller for a Brushless DC Servomotor systemEhab Al hamayel
This presentation discusses the designing and simulation of "Integrated fuzzylogic controller for a Brushless DC Servomotor system" using Matlab simulink
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
The traffic light sequence works on the specific switching of Red, Green and Yellow lights in a particular way with stipulated time form. The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and coordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and that pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads [1].This Traffic Light sequence is generated using a specific switching mechanism which will help to control a traffic light system on a road in a specified sequence. This paper focuses on the fact that the traffic lights can be varied in the day and night mode depending on the intensity of the traffic. It plays a vital role in supervising and running the metropolitan traffic and evade the possibilities of any unfortunate mishaps happening in and around the cities. It is a sequential machine to be scrutinized as per the requirements and programmed through a multistep development process. The methods that are used in this project are proposing the circuit, write a code, simulate, synthesis and implement on the hardware [8]. In this project, XILINX Software was chosen to devise a schematic using schematic edit, write a code using Verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language) text editor and implements the circuit on Programmable Logic Device [PLD].The system has been successfully tested and implemented in hardware using Nexys 2 Digilent FPGA.
Design of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Speed Regulation of BLDC motor using MATLABijsrd.com
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors drives are one of the electrical drives that are rapidly gaining popularity, due to their high efficiency, good dynamic response and low maintenance. The design and development of a BLDC motor drive for commercial applications is presented. The aim of paper is to design a simulation model of inverter fed PMBLDC motor with Fuzzy logic controller. Fuzzy logic controller is developed using fuzzy logic tool box which is available in Matlab. FIS editor used to create .FIS file which contains the Fuzzy Logic Membership function and Rule base. And membership functions of desired output. After creating .FIS file it is implemented in the Matlab Simulink. And the BLDC motor is run satisfactorily using the Fuzzy logic controller.
A simple, widely used control method. This presentation will provide an introduction to PID controllers, including demonstrations, and practise tuning a controller for a simple system.
From the Un-Distinguished Lecture Series (http://ws.cs.ubc.ca/~udls/). The talk was given Mar. 30, 2007.
Implementation of PID Controller PWM Module on FPGAijtsrd
A technique for designing an Intelligent PID controller using Very Large Scale Integrated circuits VLSI is presented. The PID controller parameters are optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization PSO algorithm, which identifies errors and controls the system with multiple iterations of different parameters. The optimization process focuses on parameters such as gain, delay, lag, and various times to solve problems. To evaluate the systems performance, a new function that includes system adjusting time, rise time, overshoot, and system error is defined. The circuits are tested and implemented as intelligent PID controllers on VLSI devices in a laboratory plant. The algorithm applied to the PID controller reduces iterations and enables rapid control action, resulting in improved system time delay and performance. The optimization technique is applied to improve the systems response. Finally, the Intelligent PID controller is implemented in FPGA. C. Sinduja | Mrs. P. Thenmozhi "Implementation of PID Controller PWM Module on FPGA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59966.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/59966/implementation-of-pid-controller-pwm-module-on-fpga/c-sinduja
Adaptive proportional integral derivative deep feedforward network for quadr...IJECEIAES
When the controlled system is subject to parameter variations and external disturbances, a fixed-parameter proportional integral derivative (PID) controller cannot ensure its stabilization. In this case, its control requires online parameter adjustment. Specifically, as the quadrotor is a multi-input multi-output, nonlinear, and underactuated system, robust control is necessary to ensure efficient trajectory tracking flights. In this paper, an adaptive proportional integral derivative (APID) controller is proposed to control the quadrotor systems. This APID-based control strategy uses a two hidden layer deep feedforward network (DFN), where the one-step secant algorithm is chosen for initializing the DFN parameters. All the design steps of the proposed adaptive controller are described. The multidimensional particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for tuning the DFN parameters. Then, using two simulation efficiency tests, a comparison between the proposed PSO-based APID-DFN, the (non-optimized) APID-DFN, the feedforward network APID, and the fixed-parameter PID controllers proves much efficiency of the proposed adaptive controller. The results illustrate that the proposed PSO-based APID-DFN controller can ensure good quadrotor system stabilization and achieve minimum overshoot and faster convergence speed for all quadrotor motions. Thus, the proposed control strategy could be considered an additional intelligent method-based adaptive control for unmanned aerial vehicles.
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The Rapid Growth of Different Controllers for BLDC Brushless DC Motor- A Reviewijtsrd
This paper presents the different strategies for regulating the speed of BLDC motor with the help of some higher and forward looking controllers. The BLDC motor is fresh trend in the advanced technical marketing because of its superlative performance. Therefore, to control the speed of motor, some progressive controllers are necessary. In this paper, various control techniques of fuzzy logic are described for brushless dc motor to study speed performance. These various control techniques are designed as a controller for procuring appropriate controlling actions to run the motor. Kumar Abhinay | Pramod Kumar Rathore "The Rapid Growth of Different Controllers for (BLDC) Brushless DC Motor- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49513.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49513/the-rapid-growth-of-different-controllers-for-bldc-brushless-dc-motor--a-review/kumar-abhinay
In this paper, the closed loop speed controller parameters are optimized for the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive on the basis of the indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) technique. In this derive system under study, the speed and current controllers are implemented using the fractional order proportional, integral, and derivative (FOPID) controlling technique. FOPID is considered as efficient techniques for ripple minimization. The hybrid grey wolf optimizer (HGWO) is applied to obtain the optimal controllers in case of implementing conventional PID as well as FOPID controllers in the derive system. The optimal controller parameters tend to enhance the drive response as ripple content in speed and current, either during steady state time or transient time. The drive system is modeled and tested under various operating condition of load torque and speed. Finally, the performance for PID and FOPID are evaluated and compared within MATLAB/Simulink environment. The results attain the efficacy of the operating performance with the FOPID controller. The result shows a fast response and reduction of ripples in the torque and the current.
Design of a model reference adaptive PID control algorithm for a tank system IJECEIAES
This paper describes the design of an adaptive controller based on model reference adaptive PID control (MRAPIDC) to stabilize a two-tank process when large variations of parameters and external disturbances affect the closed-loop system. To achieve that, an innovative structure of the adaptive PID controller is defined, an additional PI is designed to make sure that the reference model produces stable output signals and three adaptive gains are included to guarantee stability and robustness of the closed-loop system. Then, the performance of the model reference adaptive PID controller on the behaviour of the closed-loop system is compared to a PI controller designed on MATLAB when both closed-loop systems are under various conditions. The results demonstrate that the MRAPIDC performs significantly better than the conventional PI controller.
Hybrid fuzzy-PID like optimal control to reduce energy consumptionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The electric motor is one of the appliances that consume considerable energy. Therefore, the control method which can reduce energy consumption with better performance is needed. The purpose of this research is to minimize the energy consumption of the DC motor with maintaining the performance using Hybrid Fuzzy-PID. The input of the Fuzzy system is the error and power of the system. Where error is correlated with matric Q and power is correlated with matric R. Therefore, adjusting the fuzzy rule on error and power is like adjust matrices Q and R in LQR method. The proposed algorithm can reduce energy consumption. However, system response is slightly decrease shown from ISE (Integral Square Error). The energy reduction average is up to 5.58% while the average of ISE increment is up to 1.89%. The more speed variation in the system, the more energy can be saved by the proposed algorithm. While in terms of settling time, the proposed algorithm has the longest time due to higher computation time in the fuzzy system. This performance can be increased by tuning fuzzy rules. This algorithm offers a solution for a complex system which difficult to be modeled.
Digital Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Real Time Position Contr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) systems have emerged as one of the most promising areas for Industrial Applications. The highly growth of fuzzy logic applications led to the need of finding efficient way to hardware implementation. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is the most important tool for hardware implementation due to low consumption of energy, high speed of operation and large capacity of data storage. In this paper, instead of an introduction to fuzzy logic control methodology, we have demonstrated the implementation of a FLC through the use of the Very high speed integrated circuits Hardware Description Language (VHDL) code. FLC is designed for position control of BLDC Motor. VHDL has been used to develop FLC on FPGA. A Mamdani type FLC structure has been used to obtain the controller output. The controller algorithm developed synthesized, simulated and implemented on FPGA Spartan 3E board. Keywords – BLDC Motor, FLC, Hardware Implementation, Spartan3 FPGA, VHDL
IRJET- Analysis of 3-Phase Induction Motor with High Step-Up PWM DC-DC Conver...
Ijetae 0912 43
1. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2012)
VLSI based Induction Motor Speed Control using Auto Tune
PID controller
Gade S S1, Shendge S B2, Uplane M D3
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, BIGCE Solapur, Maharashtra
2
Computer Engineering department, PVPIT Budhgaon, Sangli, Maharashtra
3
Department of Electronics Shivaji University, Kolahpur, Maharashtra
Abstract— this is the review work for VLSI based Speed control of IM can be done using techniques like V
Induction Motor Speed Control using Auto Tune PID to F ratio control, Frequency control, and vector control
controller. The present paper suggested stand alone control [2]. Among all, V/F ratio control is most popular. The
device for industrial induction motor speed control. PID vector control consists of three PID controllers for control
tuning is proposed using successive approximation method
action. IM has quite complicated system dynamics and
with hardware and software approach. The interdependency
of two approaches certainly makes precise controlling of rigorous to find out relation between current and speed of
various rated induction motor. IM. IM is working on the principle of transformer action
and so that it is also called as rotating transformer, hence
Keywords—Induction motor, PID controller, PID tuning, the flux developed due to supply current plays very
successive approximation method, Very Large Scale important role to demine the behaviour of IM. Magnetic
Integration, field which is produced in IM, affects the overall
performance of IM and due to this the speed control of IM
I. INTRODUCTION becomes a bit complicated. The speed control of IM is
Today, advances in science and technology leads the suggested using auto tune PID controller in order to have
researchers to think on optimized and precise solution of smooth control action.
problems. In this regard, control system problems have Advent in the field of semiconductor technology and
been attracted to many researchers to control a system for Integrated Circuit (IC) fabrication gives the sophisticated
desired outcome. The desired output is known as Set Point embedded solutions of many industrial and non-industrial
(SP) and the system output is known as Process Value problems. Millions of active and passive devices can be
(PV). On line, PV is continuously monitored by controller fabricated on single silicon chip and it is possible due to the
to achieve the desired output. The performance of control recent developments in IC technology. Very Large Scale
action depends on system dynamics and nature of Integration (VLSI) is now able to provide single embedded
controller. However, many types of controller are solution of the IM speed control. VLSI based IM control
suggested in the literature. So it is very difficult to select auto tune PID controller will acts as handheld controlling
appropriate controller for the given system. Various tools. Next section reviews the work done by researchers in
controllers are suggested like ON-OFF, Proportional (P), the field of auto tune PID and VLSI implementation of PID
Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivative controller.
(PID), fuzzy, and neural network controller. ON-OFF
controller is very simple and easy to implement whereas, II. AN OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE SURVEY
the fuzzy and neural network based controllers are In the history of PID tuning, Ziegler Nicholas was first
complicated in nature. Neural network based controllers who was given optimum settings of PID controller. Step
require more time for training. PID controller is most response and frequency response methods were introduced
popular in industry. In this proposed work PID controller is by Ziegler and Nicholas. In step response method, step
selected in order to control the speed of Induction Motor response of system is calculated and plotted on graph. The
(IM). PID controller has shown very good performance point where the slope of the step response has its maximum
when the PID controller tuned properly. The various value is first determined, and the tangent at this point is
techniques are available to tune the PID. In this proposed drawn. The intersections between the tangent and the
work auto tuning of PID controller is suggested using coordinate axis give the parameters ‗a‘ and ‗L‘.
Successive Approximation Method (SAM) [1].
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2. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2012)
The PID constants are then obtained from ‗a‘ and ‗L‘ Numerical approach is used for the tuning of PID
parameters [3]. In frequency response method, ultimate controller. The SAM is used to tune the PID controller [1].
gain and period is calculated using closed loop response of The work was done using microcontroller platform with the
system, and then the PID constants are calculated using the application program running on windows platform and
recommendations. The settings given by Ziegler Nicholas developed by using visual basic 2005 express edition. The
are improper when the system has large transport delay. experimental arrangement requires a separate personal
The Cohen coon method is suitable for the systems having computer used for the experimentation, hence to develop a
large transport delay. Hence for delayed systems Cohen stand-alone application running without the support of
coon recommendations are used [4]. personal computer VLSI approach should prefer.
The Internal Model Control (IMC) PID tuning rule has A VLSI chip realization concern with required total area
one user-defined tuning parameter that is directly related to for the realization of digital hardware is very small. The
the closed-loop time constant. The IMC-PID controller required area is the functions of the number of Multiply
provides a good set-point tracking but a sluggish Accumulate Cells (MAC), memory cells (registers) and
disturbance response for the process with a small time- signal routing. Design is aimed to use the available
delay [5,6]. hardware resources efficiently.
In relay auto tuning the controller is replaced by a relay Md.Shabiul Islam and other describe the designing of
to find out ultimate gain and frequency. The PID constants PID-type controller based on Fuzzy algorithm using VHDL
are then calculated using ultimate gain and frequency. The to use in transportation cruising system [10]. The cruising
kappa-tau method is a PID design method developed by system with Fuzzy concept has been developed to avoid the
Astrom and Hagglund [5,6]. The method is developed collisions between vehicles on the road. The developed
based on dominant pole design with criterion on the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) provides a reference for
rejection of load disturbance and constraints on the controlling the vehicle speed either increase or decrease.
maximum sensitivity (Ms). The relations between the The behavioral of the PID-type FLC algorithm is simulated
normalized controller parameters and the normalized using VHDL language. The developed and designed Fuzzy
process parameters are calculated and plotted for a batch of based PID-type cruising controller is cheaper in cost
different processes. compare to conventional PID controller system.
In advanced type tuning method, fuzzy logic based PID Burton B. and other suggested an Artificial neural
tuner is implemented to find optimum values of PID networks (ANNs) can be trained continually on-line to
constants. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used for tuning of identify an inverter-fed induction motor and controlling its
PID controller [7,8]. Where the three strings assigned to stator currents [11]. The time to complete one training
each member of the population, these members will be cycle is extremely small. In this work proposed and
comprised of a P, I and a D string that will be evaluated evaluated a new form of the Random Weight Change
throughout the GA processes. An objective function could (RWC) algorithm, which is based on the method of random
be created to find a PID controller that gives the smallest search for the error surface gradient. A VLSI
overshoot, fastest rise time or quickest settling time. Each implementation completes one training cycle in 8 μs.
of chromosomes in the population is passed into the Da Zhang, Hui Li proposed a single FPGA to implement
objective function once at a time and the chromosome is the field-oriented control of induction motor drive based on
evaluated and assigned a number to represent its fitness. stochastic theory and neural network algorithm [12]. A
The chromosomes fitness value is used to create a new stochastic neural network structure is proposed for a feed
population consisting of the fittest members. Thus at the forward neural network to estimate the feedback signals in
every time passes through the Genetic Algorithm selects an induction motor drive. A new stochastic PI speed
the optimum settings of PID controller for greater control controller is developed with anti-windup function to
action. improve the speed control performance. By applying the
In correlation auto tuning, the Pseudo Random Binary stochastic theory and neural network structure, the
Sequence (PRBS) signal is used [9]. This signal is given to proposed algorithms enhance the arithmetic operations of
set point and accordingly measures perturbation in the FPGA, save digital resources, simplify the algorithms,
measured value. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used significantly reduce the cost and provide design flexibility
to transform into the frequency response, the output of FFT and extra fault tolerance for the system.
is dependent on current PID parameters. This gives the FPGA can program to control IM using ANN and
ultimate gain and frequency. The PID parameters are stochastic method. Very little attention was given for
calculated using Ziegler Nichols method. FPGA implementation of IM speed control.
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3. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2012)
By developing FPGA chip for IM speed control, it will
reduce the complicated hardware, overall cost and become DC
more flexible. The auto tune PID controller can be
implemented to control the speed of IM. Power
IM speed control is vital problem in the industrial and
non industrial areas, where the precise control of IM is
needed. The various methods were developed which Key
requires hardware and software platform. The methods are VLSI
Board
complicated and not economical for the small applications.
FPGA IM IM
The stand alone solution of the speed control of IM is the
demand of new technology. In this present work, the speed H/W
Displa Drive
control of IM is suggested using VLSI approach. Platform
y
PID control is used for speed control of IM. The PID
control algorithm is simple to implement. Performance of
PID controller is good after tuned properly. The various
tuning methods are available for tuning of the PID
controller. The recent tuning method is successive
approximation method. In this proposed work tuning of
PID is achieved using successive approximation method. F/B Speed
The stand alone solution for IM speed controller is network Sensor
useful in small as well as complicated applications. The With ADC
present module will be the first module of this kind where
the controller is having auto tuning feature. The present
module is useful for all types and ratings of IM and hence Fig. 1 Block diagram of proposed work
not necessary to design the controller for every ratings of
IM. Algorithm of proposed work
1. Start
III. THE METHODOLOGY OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH. 2. default SP is 255
3. if key press detected then call keyboard algorithm
Fig. 1 shows the basic outline for the proposed work
4. Calculating error, e = SP-PV
consists of various blocks that are field programmable gate
array (FPGA) a VLSI based hardware, IM drive, IM, speed 5. If auto tune is not done then Call auto tune algorithm
6. Call PID algorithm
sensor and signal conditioning, analog to digital converter,
7. Display SP and PV
keyboard , and display. FPGA is the development solution
8. Go to step 3
for realization of digital hardware. The Hardware
Description Language (HDL) is programmed language for Keyboard algorithm
realization of digital hardware. The Verilog Hardware 1. Wait until key release
Description Language (VHDL) is developed by verilog and 2. Read key code
popularly used by developers and researchers. The binary 3. Store key code in memory
image is burning in to FPGA and real time monitoring is 4. Increment key code pointer
possible of realized hardware. In this proposed work, the 5. Convert key code into ASCI and display
PID algorithm, and auto tune SAM algorithm is proposed 6. Is exit key detected then return from subroutine
to implement using VLSI for speed control of IM. Speed of 7. Wait for key press
IM is obtained using suitable speed sensor. IM drive is Auto tune algorithm
designed based on selected IM ratings and properties. The
keyboard and display is used for data or command entry 1. Read the previous value of KP, KI, KD
and display of PV and SP. 2. Use SAM for calculation of KP, KI, and KD
3. Store PID parameters in the memory
4. Return from subroutine
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4. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2012)
PID algorithm [7] O‘ Mahony, T., Downing,C.J. and Klaudiuz, F., ‗Genetic Algorithms
for PID Parameter Optimisation: Minimising Error Criteria‘,
1. Read the value of error, KP, KI, and KD from [online], URL: http://www.pwr.wroc.pl/~i-8zas/kf_glas00.pdf
memory [8] Linkens, D.A., & H.O. Nyongesa, ‗Genetic algorithms for fuzzy
2. Calculate PID output using PID equation control‘, IEE Proc. Control Theory Applications., Vol. 142, No. 3,
3. If output is greater than saturation value then output is pp.161-185
saturation value and reset the integral action [9] Hang, C.C.; Sin, K.K.; , "On-line Auto-tuning Of PID Controllers
Based On Cross Correlation," Industrial Electronics Society, 1988.
4. If output is less than zero then output is zero IECON '88. Proceedings., 14 Annual Conference of , vol.2, no.,
5. Return from subroutine pp.441-446, 24-28 Oct 1988 doi: 10.1109/IECON.1988.665179
[10] Md.Shabiul Islam ,Nowshad Amin , Mukter Zaman , M.S.Bhuyan,
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