The Headbox plays an important role in pulp supply system with sheet forming in paper making process. The air cushion headbox is a nonlinear & strong coupling system. In the air cushion headbox system there were two important parameters which include total head and the stock level for improving pulp product quality. These two parameters make this system MIMO output system so for this a decoupling controls strategy was required for interaction between these two control loops. In this paper fuzzy tuned PID control scheme is proposed for controlling the nonlinear control problem in air cushion headbox after the system being decoupled. An attempt has been made for comparison between classical (PID) and fuzzy tuned PID controller. It concludes that the fuzzy tuned PID controller is found most suitable for MIMO system in terms of obtaining steady state properties. The effects of disturbances are studied through computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink toolbox.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Tuning PI controllers for stable processes with specifications on gain and ph...ISA Interchange
In industrial practice, controller designs are performed based on an approximate model of the actual process. It is essential to design a control system which will exhibit a robust performance because the physical systems can vary with operating conditions and time. Gain and phase margins are well known parameters for evaluating the robustness of a control system. This paper presents a tuning algorithm to design and tune PI controllers for stable processes with a small dead time while meeting specified gain and phase margins. Simulation examples are given to demonstrate that the proposed design method can result, in a closed-loop system, in better performances than existing design methods which are also based on user-specified gain and phase margins.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Tuning PI controllers for stable processes with specifications on gain and ph...ISA Interchange
In industrial practice, controller designs are performed based on an approximate model of the actual process. It is essential to design a control system which will exhibit a robust performance because the physical systems can vary with operating conditions and time. Gain and phase margins are well known parameters for evaluating the robustness of a control system. This paper presents a tuning algorithm to design and tune PI controllers for stable processes with a small dead time while meeting specified gain and phase margins. Simulation examples are given to demonstrate that the proposed design method can result, in a closed-loop system, in better performances than existing design methods which are also based on user-specified gain and phase margins.
Why Digital Control?
Advantages of Digital Control System
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL
The structure of a digital control system
Examples of digital control systems
Closed-loop drug delivery system
Computer control of an aircraft turbojet engine
On the fragility of fractional-order PID controllers for FOPDT processesISA Interchange
This paper analyzes the fragility issue of fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative controllers applied to integer first-order plus-dead-time processes. In particular, the effects of the variations of the controller parameters on the achieved control system robustness and performance are investigated. Results show that this kind of controllers is more fragile with respect to the standard proportional-integral-derivative controllers and therefore a significant attention should be paid by the user in their tuning.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Introduction, Feature of Control System, Requirement of Good Control System, Types of Control System, Open-loop control system, Closed-loop control system, Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control System, Signal flow graph, Conversion of Block Diagrams into Signal Flow Graphs, and Questions.
This work shows the design and tuning procedure of a discrete PID controller for regulating buck boost converter circuits. The buck boost converter model is implemented using Simscape Matlab library without having to derive a complex mathematical model. A new tuning process of digital PID controllers based on identification data has been proposed. Simulation results are introduced to examine the potentials of the designed controller in power electronic applications and validate the capability and stability of the controller under supply and load perturbations. Despite controller linearity, the new approach has proved to be successful even with highly nonlinear systems. The proposed controller has succeeded in rejecting all the disturbances effectively and maintaining a constant output voltage from the regulator.
Non integer order controller based robust performance analysis of a conical t...Editor Jacotech
The design of robust controller for any non linear process is a
challenging task because of the presence of various types of
uncertainties. In this paper, various design methods of robust
PID controller for the level control of conical tank are
discussed. Uncertainties are of different types, among that
structured uncertainty of 30% is introduced to the nominal
plant for analysing the robustness. As a first step, the control
of level is done by using conventional integer order controller
for both nominal and uncertain system. Then, the control is
done by means of Fractional Order Proportional Integral
Derivative (FOPID) controller for achieving robustness. With
the help of time series parameters, a comparison is made
between conventional PID and FOPID with respect to the
simulated output using MATLAB and also analyzed the
robustness.
This slide show contains a detailed explanation of the following topics from Control System:
1. Open loop & Closed loop
2. Mathematical modeling
3. f-v and f-i analogy
4. Block diagram reduction technique
5. Signal flow graph
This presentation gives the information about introduction to control systems
Subject: Control Engineering as per VTU Syllabus of Aeronautical Engineering.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Disclaimer:
The contents used in this presentation are taken from the text books mentioned in the references. I do not hold any copyrights for the contents. It has been prepared to use in the class lectures, not for commercial purpose.
This paper presents an enhanced nonlinear PID (NPID) controller to follow a preselected speed profile of brushless DC motor drive system. This objective should be achieved regardless the parameter variations, and external disturbances. The performance of enhanced NPID controller will be investigated by comparing it with linear PID control and fractional order PID (FOPID) control. These controllers are tested for both speed regulation and speed tracking. The optimal parameters values of each control technique were obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on a certain cost function. Results shows that the proposed NPID controller has better performance among other techniques (PID and FOPID controller).
Embedded intelligent adaptive PI controller for an electromechanical systemISA Interchange
In this study, an intelligent adaptive controller approach using the interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN) is presented. The proposed controller consists of a lower level proportional - integral (PI) controller, which is the main controller and an upper level IT2FNN which tuning on-line the parameters of a PI controller. The proposed adaptive PI controller based on IT2FNN (API-IT2FNN) is implemented practically using the Arduino DUE kit for controlling the speed of a nonlinear DC motor-generator system. The parameters of the IT2FNN are tuned on-line using back-propagation algorithm. The Lyapunov theorem is used to derive the stability and convergence of the IT2FNN. The obtained experimental results, which are compared with other controllers, demonstrate that the proposed API-IT2FNN is able to improve the system response over a wide range of system uncertainties.
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
Why Digital Control?
Advantages of Digital Control System
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL
The structure of a digital control system
Examples of digital control systems
Closed-loop drug delivery system
Computer control of an aircraft turbojet engine
On the fragility of fractional-order PID controllers for FOPDT processesISA Interchange
This paper analyzes the fragility issue of fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative controllers applied to integer first-order plus-dead-time processes. In particular, the effects of the variations of the controller parameters on the achieved control system robustness and performance are investigated. Results show that this kind of controllers is more fragile with respect to the standard proportional-integral-derivative controllers and therefore a significant attention should be paid by the user in their tuning.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Introduction, Feature of Control System, Requirement of Good Control System, Types of Control System, Open-loop control system, Closed-loop control system, Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control System, Signal flow graph, Conversion of Block Diagrams into Signal Flow Graphs, and Questions.
This work shows the design and tuning procedure of a discrete PID controller for regulating buck boost converter circuits. The buck boost converter model is implemented using Simscape Matlab library without having to derive a complex mathematical model. A new tuning process of digital PID controllers based on identification data has been proposed. Simulation results are introduced to examine the potentials of the designed controller in power electronic applications and validate the capability and stability of the controller under supply and load perturbations. Despite controller linearity, the new approach has proved to be successful even with highly nonlinear systems. The proposed controller has succeeded in rejecting all the disturbances effectively and maintaining a constant output voltage from the regulator.
Non integer order controller based robust performance analysis of a conical t...Editor Jacotech
The design of robust controller for any non linear process is a
challenging task because of the presence of various types of
uncertainties. In this paper, various design methods of robust
PID controller for the level control of conical tank are
discussed. Uncertainties are of different types, among that
structured uncertainty of 30% is introduced to the nominal
plant for analysing the robustness. As a first step, the control
of level is done by using conventional integer order controller
for both nominal and uncertain system. Then, the control is
done by means of Fractional Order Proportional Integral
Derivative (FOPID) controller for achieving robustness. With
the help of time series parameters, a comparison is made
between conventional PID and FOPID with respect to the
simulated output using MATLAB and also analyzed the
robustness.
This slide show contains a detailed explanation of the following topics from Control System:
1. Open loop & Closed loop
2. Mathematical modeling
3. f-v and f-i analogy
4. Block diagram reduction technique
5. Signal flow graph
This presentation gives the information about introduction to control systems
Subject: Control Engineering as per VTU Syllabus of Aeronautical Engineering.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Disclaimer:
The contents used in this presentation are taken from the text books mentioned in the references. I do not hold any copyrights for the contents. It has been prepared to use in the class lectures, not for commercial purpose.
This paper presents an enhanced nonlinear PID (NPID) controller to follow a preselected speed profile of brushless DC motor drive system. This objective should be achieved regardless the parameter variations, and external disturbances. The performance of enhanced NPID controller will be investigated by comparing it with linear PID control and fractional order PID (FOPID) control. These controllers are tested for both speed regulation and speed tracking. The optimal parameters values of each control technique were obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on a certain cost function. Results shows that the proposed NPID controller has better performance among other techniques (PID and FOPID controller).
Embedded intelligent adaptive PI controller for an electromechanical systemISA Interchange
In this study, an intelligent adaptive controller approach using the interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN) is presented. The proposed controller consists of a lower level proportional - integral (PI) controller, which is the main controller and an upper level IT2FNN which tuning on-line the parameters of a PI controller. The proposed adaptive PI controller based on IT2FNN (API-IT2FNN) is implemented practically using the Arduino DUE kit for controlling the speed of a nonlinear DC motor-generator system. The parameters of the IT2FNN are tuned on-line using back-propagation algorithm. The Lyapunov theorem is used to derive the stability and convergence of the IT2FNN. The obtained experimental results, which are compared with other controllers, demonstrate that the proposed API-IT2FNN is able to improve the system response over a wide range of system uncertainties.
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
A Review: Welding Of Dissimilar Metal Alloys by Laser Beam Welding & Friction...IJERA Editor
Welding of dissimilar metals has attracted attention of the researchers worldwide, owing to its many advantages and challenges. There is no denial in the fact that dissimilar welded joints offer more flexibility in the design and production of the commercial and industrial components. Many welding techniques have been analyzed to join dissimilar metal combinations. The objective of this paper is to review two such techniques – Laser welding and Friction stir welding. Laser beam welding, a high power density and low energy-input process, employs a laser beam to produce welds of dissimilar materials. Friction stir welding, a solid-state joining process, is also successfully used in dissimilar welding applications like aerospace and ship building industries. This paper summarizes the trends and advances of these two welding processes in the field of dissimilar welding. Future aspects of the study are also discussed.
A report on Groundwater quality studies in Malwa region of Punjab, MUKTSARIJERA Editor
Punjab is the most cultivated state in India with the highest consumption of fertilizers. Muktsar district is one of them. Economy of the district is based on the Agriculture crops and 80% population of the district is engaged in Agriculture. Sri Muktsar Sahib is situated in the cotton belt of Punjab. Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane, Oilseeds, Pulses and vegetables are also cultivated in this area. This paper highlights the analysis of groundwater quality parameters and compares its suitability for irrigation and drinking purpose. Water samples were collected from hand-pumps at different depth in October 2010. . Water samples were analysed for almost all major cations, anions, dissolved heavy metals and turbidity. parameters like total hardness, EC, magnesium ratio, were calculated on the basis of chemical data. A questionnaire was also used to investigate perception of villagers on taste and odour. The heavy metals studied in industrial area of Muktsar were Mercury, arsenic and lead. Comparison of the concentration of the chemical constituents with WHO (world health organization) drinking water standards of 2004 , ICMR limits and various classifications show that present status of groundwater in Muktsar is not suitable for drinking. Higher totalhardness (TH) and total dissolved solids at numerous places indicate the unsuitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation. Results obtained in this forms baseline data for the utility of groundwater. No clear correlation between the quality parameters studied here and perceived quality in terms of satisfactory taste response were obtained at electrical conductivity values higher than the threshold minimum acceptable value.
Adsorptive Removal Of Dye From Industrial Dye Effluents Using Low-Cost Adsorb...IJERA Editor
Industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities of humans have affected the environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as global warming and the generation of wastewater containing high concentration of pollutants. As water of good quality is a precious commodity and available in limited amounts, it has become highly imperative to treat wastewater for removal of pollutants. In addition, the rapid modernization of society has also led to the generation of huge amount of materials of little value that have no fruitful use. Such materials are generally considered as waste, and their disposal is a problem. The utilization of all such materials as low-cost adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater may make them of some value. An effort has been made to give a brief idea about the low-cost alternative adsorbents with a view to utilizing these waste/low-cost materials in the treatment of wastewater.
Analysis of Seismic Performance of Rock Block Structures with STAAD ProIJERA Editor
From olden days until now in our construction filed unreinforced masonry blocks of rocks is used as foundation and super structure wall as load bearing structure. In which blocks are stacked, sometimes being mortared with various cements. Ancient civilizations used locally available rocks and cements to construct rock block columns, walls and edifices for residences, temples, fortifications and infrastructure. Monuments still exist as testaments to the high quality construction by historic cultures, despite the seismic and other potentially damaging geo-mechanical disturbances that threaten them. Conceptual failure modes under seismic conditions of rock block structures, observed in the field or the laboratory, are presented. Our proposed work is analytically is carried out with rock block of 1m by 1m with 200 mm rock block under seismic loading to find out the damaged caused by the Mw 6.7 and 6.0 earthquakes on that block subject to dynamic load. Finally graphical output has generated and suggested for safe construction with more seismic load on rock blocks.
in September 2014, the Buffalo History Museum unveiled its first exhibit of Hispanic history in the Buffalo, NY area. Here are the exhibit panels. Many thanks to Casimiro Rodriguez and the Hispanic Heritage Council.
A review paper on Optimization of process parameter of EDM for air hardening ...IJERA Editor
EDM is now more economical non convectional machining process. It is used widely used on small scale as well major industries. EDM process is affect by so many process parameter which are electrical and non electrical. In this project work the rotating tool is used to improve the Metal removal rate (MRR) and to observe its effect on surface finish. I am using Taguchi’s method as a design of experiments and response surface methodology for analysis and optimization. The machining parameters selected as a variables are pulse off time, pulse on time, servo voltage. The output measurement include MRR and surface roughness.
Green Roofs and Green Building Rating SystemsIJERA Editor
The environmental benefits for green building from the Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED)
and Ecology, Energy, Waste, and Health (EEWH) rating systems have been extensively investigated; however,
the effect of green roofs on the credit-earning mechanisms is relatively unexplored. This study is concerned with
the environmental benefits of green roofs with respect to sustainability, stormwater control, energy savings, and
water resources. We focused on the relationship between green coverage and the credits of the rating systems,
evaluated the credits efficiency, and performed cost analysis. As an example, we used a university building in
Keelung, Northern Taiwan. The findings suggest that with EEWH, the proposed green coverage is 50–75%,
whereas with LEED, the proposed green coverage is 100%. These findings have implications for the application
of green roofs in green building.
To design and implementation of variable and constant with no load for induction motor (IM) that is the goal in this work. This paper was including three parts, first the simulation model with no load for IM, Second the simulation model with constant load for IM, Third the simulation model with variable load for IM. In addition, this work includes comparative between two different controllers (PI and fuzzy logic control (FLC). The simulation results clearly the implementation of variable and constant with no load for IM. The simulation response of the system achieves better results when choosing to use type fuzzy-PI controller technique comparison with conventional PI controller and improve the performance of the system at different operation conditions.
In recent times, fractional order controllers are gaining more interest. There are several fractional order controllers are available in literature. Still, tuning of these controllers is one of the main issues which the control community is facing. In this paper, online tuning of five dierent fractional order controllers is discussed viz. tilted proportional-integral-derivative (T-PID) controller, fractional order proportional-integral (FO-PI) controller, fractional order proportional-derivative (FO-PD) controller, fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FO-PID) controller. A reference tracking method is proposed for tuning of fractional order controllers. First order with dead time (FOWDT) system is used to check feasibility of the control strategy.
FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER TUNING BASED ON IMC IJITCA Journal
In this work, a class of fractional order controller (FOPID) is tuned based on internal model control
(IMC). This tuning rule has been obtained without any approximation of time delay. Moreover to show
usefulness of fractional order controller in comparison with classical integer order controllers, an
industrial PID controller tuned in a similar way, is compared with FOPID and then robust stability of both
controllers is investigated. Robust stability analysis has been done to find maximum delayed time
uncertainty interval which results in a stable closed loop control system. For a typical system, robust
stability has been done to find maximum time constant uncertainty interval of system. Two clarify the
proposed control system design procedure, three examples have been given.
Improving Structural Limitations of Pid Controller For Unstable ProcessesIJERA Editor
PID controllers have structural limitations which make it impossible for a good closed-loop performance to be achieved. A step response with high overshoot and oscillations always results. In controlling processes with resonances, integrators and unstable transfer functions, the PI-PD controller provides a satisfactory closed-loop performance. In this paper, a simple approach to extracting parameters of a PI-PD controller from parameters of the conventional PID controller is presented so that a good closed-loop system performance is achieved. Simulated results from this formation are carried out to show the efficacy of the technique proposed.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL PID CONTROLLER AND FUZZY CONTROLLER WIT...IJITCA Journal
All the real systems exhibits non-linear nature,conventional controllers are not always able to provide good and accurate results. Fuzzy Logic Control is used to obtain better response. A model for simulation is designed and all the assumptions are made before the development of the model. An attempt has been made to analyze the efficiency of a fuzzy controller over a conventional PID controller for a three tank level control system using fuzzification & defuzzification methods and their responses are compared. Analysis is done through computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink toolbox. This study shows that the application of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) gives the best response with triangular membership function and centroid defuzzification method.
Tuning PID Controller Parameters for Load Frequency Control Considering Syste...IJERA Editor
In this paper, parameters of PID controller and bias coefficient for Load Frequency Control (LFC) are designed using a new approach. In the proposed method, the power system uncertainties and nonlinear limitations of governors and turbines ,i.e. Valve Speed Limit (VSL)and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), are taken into account in designing. Variations of uncertain parameters are considered between -40% and +40% of nominal values with 5% step .In order to design the proposed PID controller ,a new objective function is defined. MATLAB codes are developed for GA based PID controller tuning, the results of which are used to study the system step response. All these are through in Simulink based background.
Mathematical Modeling and Fuzzy Adaptive PID Control of Erection MechanismTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes an application of fuzzy adaptive PID controller to erection mechanism.
Mathematical model of erection mechanism was derived. Erection mechanism is driven by electrohydraulic
actuator system which is difficult to control due to its nonlinearity and complexity. Therefore fuzzy
adaptive PID controller was applied to control the system. Simulation was performed in Simulink software
and experiment was accomplished on laboratory equipment. Simulation and experiment results of erection
angle controlled by fuzzy logic, PID and fuzzy adaptive PID controllers were respectively obtained. The
results show that fuzzy adaptive PID controller can effectively achieve the best performance for erection
mechanism in comparison with fuzzy logic and PID controllers.
Enhanced self-regulation nonlinear PID for industrial pneumatic actuatorIJECEIAES
The present article describes the improvement of Self-regulation Nonlinear PID (SN-PID) controller. A new function is introduced to improve the system performance in terms of transient without affecting the steady state performance. It is used to optimize the nonlinear function available on this controller. The signal error is reprocessed through this function, and the result is used to tune the nonlinear function of the controller. Furthermore, the presence of the dead zone on the proportional valve is solved using Dead Zone Compensator (DZC). Simulations and experiments were carried out on the pneumatic positioning system. Comparisons between the existing methods were examined and successfully demonstrated.
The aim of this paper is to prove that fuzzy logic algorithm is a suitable control technique for fast processes such as electrical machines. This theory has been experimented on different kinds of electrical machines such as stepping motors, dc motors and induction machines (with 6 phases) and the experimental results show that the proposed fuzzy logic algorithm is the most suitable control technique for electrical machines since this algorithm is not time consuming and it is also robust between plant parameters variations.
This paper aims to design the pitch angle control based on proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller combined with fuzzy logic for small-scale wind turbine systems. In this control system, the pitch angle is controlled by the PID controller with their parameter is tuned by the fuzzy logic controller. This control system can compensate for the nonlinear characteristic of the pitch angle and wind speed. A comparison between the fuzzy-PID-controller with the conventional PID controller is carried out. The effectiveness of the method is determined by the simulation results of a small wind turbine using a permanent magnet generator (PMSG).
Similar to Modeling and Control of MIMO Headbox System Using Fuzzy Logic (20)
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
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Modeling and Control of MIMO Headbox System Using Fuzzy Logic
1. Deepak Parashar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 3), December 2014, pp.118-123
www.ijera.com 118 | P a g e
Modeling and Control of MIMO Headbox System Using Fuzzy
Logic
Deepak Parashar1
Aseem Chandel(SMIEEE)2
Girijapati sharma3
Divya
Parashar4
Department of Electrical Engineering, B.S.A. College of Engineering & Technology
Mathura, UP, INDIA
Abstract:
The Headbox plays an important role in pulp supply system with sheet forming in paper making process. The air
cushion headbox is a nonlinear & strong coupling system. In the air cushion headbox system there were two
important parameters which include total head and the stock level for improving pulp product quality. These two
parameters make this system MIMO output system so for this a decoupling controls strategy was required for
interaction between these two control loops. In this paper fuzzy tuned PID control scheme is proposed for
controlling the nonlinear control problem in air cushion headbox after the system being decoupled. An attempt
has been made for comparison between classical (PID) and fuzzy tuned PID controller. It concludes that the
fuzzy tuned PID controller is found most suitable for MIMO system in terms of obtaining steady state
properties. The effects of disturbances are studied through computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink toolbox.
Keywords: Multi-input multi-output (MIMO), Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC), Relative gain array (RGA)
I. INTRODUCTION
In the present trend, the most of the industries are
controlled with the help of advance process control
strategies. It includes artificial intelligence, adaptive,
optimal, & robust control. In this paper, artificial
intelligence approach has been taken, particularly
fuzzy logic control strategy. Fuzzy logic control is
found most suitable for complex system, ill defined &
nonlinear system. The air cushion headbox is the
subsystem of paper making process. It delivers the
pulp over the conveyor belt in cross & machine
direction. There are various parameters like level of
stock, total head, flow of pulp, speed of conveyor
belt, air pressure inside the headbox, flow of dilution
water associated with it. So, it is not possible to
control individually parameters. Due to all these
parameters, headbox is complex system [1]. The
dispersion degree of fiber in the head box and the
regularity of pulp flow in the stock inlet of air cushion
headbox decided the sheet quality of finished paper.
In the headbox system there were two important
parameters which include total head and the stock
level for improving pulp product quality. The existing
single loop control strategy could not perform
adequately due to interaction between the two control
loops. A decoupling control strategy was required for
interaction between these two control loops [6]. In the
proposed work, Systems with more than one actuating
control input and more than one sensor output may be
considered as multivariable systems or MIMO. The
control objective for multivariable systems is to
obtain a desirable behavior of several output variables
by simultaneously manipulating several input
channels. A possible approach to multivariable
Controller design is to reduce the problem to a series
of single loop controller design problems. There are
several MIMO systems but here air cushion type
headbox used as a MIMO system.
II. DESIGN ASPECTS OF FLC
In the proposed work fuzzy logic controller is
designed for tuning the parameters of PID controllers
(Kp Ki Kd) in order to control the output of MIMO
system.
Structure of Fuzzy Logic Controller
The fuzzy logic controller consists three main
stages fuzzification, rule base and defuzzification
Fig- 1.
REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Deepak Parashar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 3), December 2014, pp.118-123
www.ijera.com 119 | P a g e
Fig 1: Fuzzy logic controller
III. FUZZY PID SELF TUNING
The basic structure of the PID controller is
described in the following equations
=Kpe+ (1)
= Kp (e+ (2)
Where e is the error. Conventional PID controller is
the sum of three different control actions. A PID
controller has three adjustable or tuning parameters:
Kp, Ki, Kd. The Proportional action can reduce the
steady state error, Integral action will eliminate the
steady state and Derivative action will improve the
closed loop stability. The relationships between these
three control parameters are:
Ki=Kp/ (3)
Kd=Kp* (4)
Where and are integral time and derivative time
respectively. In this work the controller has two
inputs and three outputs for tuning the PID controller
using Fuzzy logic approach. For the controller
design, error and rate of change of error are used as
an input to the self tuning and gains are as outputs.
The fuzzy logic is adding to the conventional PID
controller to tune the parameters of the PID controller
on line according to change of error and rate of
change of the error.
The proposed fuzzy self tuning PID [4] controller
which is designed for controlling the process of the
plant is shown in Figure 2.
Fig 2: Fuzzy tuned PID controller
IV. HEADBOX MIMO MODEL
The head box with rectifier rolls and without over
flow in a multi grade paper machine is chosen for
control purpose. Stock is fed to the head box with a
fan pump which is also used as main control device
for the total head. The stock level in the pond is
controlled using an air caution is adjusted with a
constant speed air pump and four control valves. Over
all transfer function is given by Nissinen et al [2].
Figure 3 shows MIMO configuration for control of
total head and stock level in a head box control
system in a paper mill.
Fig 3: Pressurized air cushioned head box
Y1= u1 + u2
(5)
AIR SUPPLY
SLICE
S.P
.
TO ATMOSPHERE
P
H
DRAG S.P.
(-)
LIQUID LEVEL
CONTROLLERD/P
DRAG
CONTROLLER
D/P
S.P.
MFM
TOTAL HEAD
CONTROLLER
FLOW
CONTROLLER
H
R YPlant
PID
Controller
FUZZY
CONTROL
Ke
Kd
de /dt
Fuzzy Controller
Fuzzi-
fication
Defuzzi
-fication
Rule
Base
Inference
Engine
3. Deepak Parashar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 3), December 2014, pp.118-123
www.ijera.com 120 | P a g e
Y2= u1 – u2
(6)
Where u1 and u2 are two inputs which are fan pump
speed and control air valve respectively and Y1 and
Y2 are the outputs of process which are total head and
stock level respectively.
For determining the interaction between inputs and
outputs, there are several methodologies for the same.
In this paper Relative gain array has been introduced.
A relative gain array (RGA) defines the steady state
open loop gain and closed loop gain, kij.
Equation 5 & 6 results
ζ = -0.017045
As 𝜆11= 𝜆22= 1/1- ζ
𝜆11= 𝜆22= 0.9832
𝜆12= 𝜆21=1- 𝜆
𝜆12= 𝜆21=1-0.9832=0.0167
thus the RGA for 2x2 system is given by
Here 𝜆 is called the relative gain parameter.
So from above calculation the value of 𝜆 tends to 1 so
that opening and closing of loops has no effect on
each other so that 1-1 and 2-2 pairing is
recommended. Therefore, decoupling is required for
MIMO system.
V. DECOUPLING AND DECOUPLER
DESIGN
The above MIMO control problem for total head
and stock level can also be solved by partial or full
decoupling of loops [1]. In this investigation perfect
decoupling has been made as the accurate process
transfer function are available. The transfer functions
can be used to determine the effect of a change in
either u1 or u2 on Y1 and Y2 as under
Y1 = G11(s) u1(s) + G12(s) u2(s) (7)
Y2 = G21(s) u1(s) + G22(s) u2(s) (8)
The decoupling control system for MIMO process is
shown in Fig 4. By adding additional controllers
called decouplers to a conventional multi-loop
configuration, the design objectives of reducing
control loop interaction can be realized. The
decoupler expressions have been described as under
Fig4: A decoupled control system
u1 = V1 + (C12/ C22) V2 (9)
u2 = V2 + (C21/ C11) V1 (10)
Y1 = (G11 +G12 C21/ C11)V1+ (G11 C12/ C22+ G12)V2
(11)
Y2 = (G21 +G22 C21/ C11)V1+ (G21 C12/ C22+ G22)V2 (12)
When V1 affect Y1 and eliminate the effect of V2 on
Y1 , then
(G11 C12/ C22+ G12) = 0
Or C12/ C22 = - G12/ G11 (13)
When V2 affect Y2 and eliminate the effect of V1 on
Y2 , then
(G21 +G22 C21/ C11) = 0
or C21/ C11 = - G21/ G22 (14)
The expressions 13 and 14 are for ideal decoupler.
One can interpret a decoupler as a type of feed
forward controller with an input signal that is
manipulated variable rather than a disturbance
variable. The corresponding two SISO systems can be
obtained by decoupling loops as shown in Fig 5. The
overall transfer function is written as under.
Y1 = (G11 -G12 G21/ G22)V1 (15)
Y2 = (G22 -G12 G21/ G11)V2 (16)
C12/ C22
C21/ C11
C11
C22
4. Deepak Parashar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 3), December 2014, pp.118-123
www.ijera.com 121 | P a g e
Fig 5: Two SISO System for total head and stock
level
The present decoupling appears to be good the
independent tuning of each decoupled loop can be
easily carried out without detrimental to the stability
of the whole system. As the process is approximated
as linear, there is no need of using adaptive decoupler
whose characteristics change as the magnitude and
level of the disturbance imposed upon the system
way.
In the SISO system, the above outputs Y1 and Y2 are
presented as
C12/C22=-G12/G11=
(17)
C21/C11=-G21/G22=
(18)
The above equations are physically unrealizable
owing to prediction term . The reason for this
unfortunate situation is apparent from inspection of
G. Because process gain contains time delay, u2
affects Y1 sooner than u1 does. Thus it is impossible
to eliminate the undesirable interaction between u and
Y completely. The reasonable approximations are as
follows.
C12/C22= -G12/ G11 =
(19)
C21/ C11 = - G21/ G22 =
(20)
If the time delay in prediction terms has been
relatively large, the approximations could result in
poor control.
Decoupled SISO model for total head using fuzzy
tuned PID controller
The decoupled SISO system model has been
designed for controlling the total head of the air
cushioned type head box by using fuzzy tuned PID
controller as shown in Figure 6.
Fig 6: Decoupled SISO model (simulink) for total
head using Fuzzy tuned PID controller
Decoupled SISO model for Stock Level using fuzzy
tuned PID controller
The decoupled SISO system model has been designed
for controlling the stock level of the air cushioned
type head box by using fuzzy tuned PID controller as
shown in Fig7.
Fig 7: Decoupled SISO model (simulink) for stock
level using Fuzzy tuned PID controller
VI.SIMULATION RESULTS & ANALYSIS
(A)Total Head
The response of decoupled SISO system for the
controlling the total head using Fuzzy tuned PID
controller is shown in Fig 8 in which time is taken on
X-axis and total head as output response is taken on
Y-axis. The obtained response also shows the
variation in Proportional gain, Derivative gain and
Integral gain and the analysis is done by calculating
the rise time, settling time, peak & overshoot which
are shown in table 1.
S.P
.
Controller
S.P Controller
5. Deepak Parashar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 3), December 2014, pp.118-123
www.ijera.com 122 | P a g e
Fig 8: Output response for total head using Fuzzy
tuned PID controller
Table.1 Controller Parameters for total head Using
Fuzzy tuned PID controller & Conventional controller
(B) Stock level
The response of decoupled SISO system for the
controlling the stock level using Fuzzy tuned PID
controller is shown in figure 9 in which time is taken
on X-axis and stock level as output response is taken
on Y-axis. The obtained response also shows the
variation in Proportional gain, Derivative gain and
Integral gain and the analysis is done by calculating
the rise time, settling time, peak & overshoot which
are shown in table 2.
Fig 9: Output response for stock level using Fuzzy
tuned PID controller
Table.2 Controller Parameters for stock level Using
Fuzzy tuned PID controller & Conventional controller
VII.CONCLUSION
The simulation analysis indicates that the control
ability of the nonlinear, multivariable complex system
increases after using the fuzzy tuned PID controller
scheme as compared with classical control approach.
REFRENCES
[1] Kumar Rajesh & A.K.Ray, “Artificial Neural
Network modelling and control of retention
process in the wet end”. International Journal
of Information Technology and Knowledge
Management, July-December 2010,Volume 2,
No. 2, pp. 259-264
[2] A. I Nissinen, H. N Koivo and T. J Huhtelin,
“Headbox control using multivariable PI
controller implemented in distributed
automation system”, in Control Systems '96,
Preprints, Canada: Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association, 1996, pp. 95-98
[3] Zhongjun Xiao et al, “study on the NN
Decoupling control system of Air-cushioned
Headbox” computer and information science
vol.2, no. 3 august 2009 .
[4] Maher M.F. Algreer , Yhya R.M.Kuraz,
“Design fuzzy self tuning of PID controller
for chopper fed DC motor drive”.
[5] Q.Xia et al, “Systematic modeling and
deocoupling control of a pressurized
Headbox” CCECE/CCGEI’93, 07803-1443-
3/93, 1993 IEEE.
[6] J. Fonseca et al, “ Fuzzy logic speed control
of an induction motor” Microprocessors and
Microsystems 22 (1999) 523–534, 1999
Elsevier Science B.V.
[7] Yan Zhao et al, “Design of Adaptive Fuzzy
Controller in Air-cushioned Headbox” , 2010
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Informatics in Control, Automation and
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[8] Francisco Vazquez et al, “Tuning
decentralized PID controllers for MIMO
systems with decouplers”, 15th Triennial
World Congress, Barcelona, Spain
Parameters Fuzzy tuned PID
Rise time(sec) 0.41 1.73
Settling time(sec) 1.64 18
Peak time(sec) 0.67 1.08
Overshoot(%) 14 8.47
Parameters Fuzzy tuned
PID
PID
Rise time(sec) 0.35 1.35
Settling
time(sec)
2.24 4.43
Peak time (sec) 0.65 1.06
Overshoot (%) 7.78 6.48
6. Deepak Parashar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 3), December 2014, pp.118-123
www.ijera.com 123 | P a g e
[9] D.G. Shnrbaro et al, “Multivariable Nonlinear
Control of a Paper Machine Headbox” ,0-
7803-1872-2,1994 IEEE
[10] Dr. S.N. Sivanandam, S. N. Deepa, Dr. S.
Sumathi, “Introduction to Fuzzy Logic using
MATLAB Engineering” , ISBN-10 3-540-
35780-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New
York.