Garden City Concept, Definition, Components of garden city, Features of garden city, Concept of garden City, garden city Principles, Three magnets, Conceptual layout, Examples of different cities like sustainable, eco, zero emission, livable etc.

1. Samirsinh P. Parmar
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad
Mail: spp.cl@ddu.ac.in, samirddu@gmail.com
CL-410: Town Planning
Lecture-13

2. • “A Garden City is a town designed for
industry and healthy living; of a size that
makes possible a full measure of social life,
but not larger; surrounded by a permanent
belt of rural land; the whole of the land
being in public ownership or held in trust for
the community.”
-C.B. Purdom, 1919
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4. Main components of Howard’s Garden city movement
1) Planned Dispersal : The organized outward migration of industries and people to towns of
sufficient size to provide the services, variety of occupations and level of culture needed by a
balanced cross – section of modern society.
2) Limit of Town Size: The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their inhabitants may live
near work, shops, social centers and each other and also near open country.
3) Amenities : The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit of houses with private
gardens, adequate space for schools and other functional purposes, and pleasant parks and
parkways.
4) Town and Country Relationship : The town area to be defined and a large area around it
reserved permanently for agriculture; thus enabling the farm people to be assured of a nearby
market and cultural center, and the town people to have the benefit of a country situation.
5) Planning Control : Pre – planning of the whole town framework, including the road – scheme
and functional zoning; the fixing of maximum densities; the control of building as to quality and
design, but allowing for individual variety; skillful planting and landscape garden design.
6) Neighborhoods : The town to be divided into wards, each to some extent a developmental and
social entity. Two garden cities were built using Howard’s garden city movement concept are
Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, both in Hertfordshire, England.
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5. • Strong vision, leadership and community engagement
• Land value capture for the benefit of the community
• Community ownership of land and long-term stewardship of assets
• Mixed-tenure homes and housing types that are affordable for ordinary people
• Beautifully and imaginatively designed homes with gardens in healthy communities
• A strong local jobs offer in the Garden City itself and within easy commuting distance
• Opportunities for residents to grow their own food, including allotments
• Generous green space, including: surrounding belt of countryside to prevent unplanned
sprawl; well connected and biodiversity-rich public parks; high quality gardens; tree-lines
streets; and open spaces
• Strong cultural, recreational and shopping facilities in walkable neighborhoods
• Integrated and accessible transport systems
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6. • The book ‘Garden cities of to-morrow’ by Howard offered a vision of towns
free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as
opportunity
, amusement and good wages) and country (such as
beauty
, fresh air and low rents).
• He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram which
addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being
'T
own', 'Country' or 'T
own-Country'.
• It proposed the creation of new suburban towns of limited size,
planned in advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt of
agricultural land.
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7. • Howard believed that such Garden Cities
were the perfect blend of city and
nature.
• The towns would be largely independent,
managed by the citizens who had an
economic interest in them, and financed
by ground rents on the Georgist model.
• The land on which they were to be built
was to be owned by a group of trustees
and leased to the citizens.
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8. • The dwellings for all classes of people should be distributed about a
large central court in which public buildings would be located.
• The Shopping Centre to be located on the edge of the town.
• The employment facilities for all the people to be provided by starting a variety of
industries.
• The industries to be located on the outskirts of the town.
• The city should have max. population of 30 to 35 thousand people in an
are of 1000 acres.
• The city should have the advantage of both rural life such as fresh air, gardens,
playfields, cottages etc. and amenities of urban life such as schools, theaters,
hospitals, recreational centers etc.
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9. • To eliminate the private ownership,
whole of the land is to brought
under co-operative basis or held in
trust for the community in order to
have the control on finance and the
profit gained thereby be utilized for
uplifting the community.
• The city should be surrounded by
a permanent belt of agricultural
land of 3 to 5 thousand acres.
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10. • In trying to understand and represent the
attraction of the city he compared each city to a
magnet, with individuals represented as needles
drawn to the city.
• He set about comparing the ‘town and country
magnets’ but decided that neither were suitable
attractors for his utopian vision.
• Instead he believed that “Human society and the
beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed
together” – hence giving his solution “the two
magnets must be made one.”
• "Town and country must be united, and out of
this joyous union, will spring a new hope, a new
life, a new civilization."
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11. The three magnets
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12. COMBINA
TION OF BOTH ASPECTS
Beauty of nature- peace all-over the places.
Social opportunity- cumulative growth.
Fields and parks of easy access- equal chances.
Low rents- high wages.
Low rates- plenty to do.
Low prices- no sweating.
Field for enterprise- flow of capital.
Pure air and water- good drainage.
Bright homes & gardens- no smoke, no slums.
Freedom- Co-operation.
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13. • Circular city growing in a radial manner or
pattern.
• Divided into six equal wards, by six main
Boulevards that radiated from the central
park/garden.
• Civic institutions (T
own Hall, Library,
Hospital, Theatre, Museum etc. ) are
placed around the central garden.
• The central park enclosed by a crystal
palace acts as an arcade for indoor
shops and winter gardens.
THE ORIGINAL GARDEN CITY CONCEPT
BY EBENEZER HOWARD, 1902.
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14. • Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km .
• A 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which
run in the center of concentric rings , houses the
schools and churches and acts as a continuous
public park.
• The streets for houses are formed by a series of
concentric ringed tree lined avenues.
• All the industries, factories and warehouses
were placed at the peripheral ring of the city.
• The municipal railway was placed in another ring
closer to the industrial ring , so that the pressure of
excess transport on the city streets are reduced
and the city is connected to the rest of the nation.
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15. • Welwyn – It was the second Garden City founded by Sir
Ebenzer Howard and designed by Louis De Soissions in 1920
and was located 20 miles from Kings Cross. It was designed for
a 4000 population in 2400 acres. It was a town visually
pleasing and was efficient technically and was human in scale.
• It started with area of 2400 acres and 4000 population
• Had a parkway, almost a mile long central mall
• Town laid out along tree-lined boulevards with Neo Georgian town center
• Every road had a wide grass verge
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16. Louis de Soissons,
Welwyn Garden City is arguably one of
the most beautiful and certainly the best
planned towns in England. The man
responsible for the much of what we see
in the City was Louis de Soissons,
its Chief Architect and Town Planner for
42 years – from its inception in 1920 till
his death in 1962.
Ref: https://www.wgc100.org/news/welwyn-garden-citys-famous-town-plan/
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17. CL-410,
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18. CL-410,
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19. CL-410,
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20. Commercial Area
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21. Green Zone- Recreational Area
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22. Residential Area
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23. Letchworth Garden City
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24. CL-410,
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25. • Letchworth is the world’s first Garden City,
created as a solution to the slum and
poverty of urban life in Britain in the late
19th Century. Based on the ideas of
Ebenezer Howard as published in his book
of
1898 “T
omorrow: A Peaceful Path to
Reform”
. Letchworth Garden City inspired
town planning across
the globe.
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26. CL-410,
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27. • Howard’s company- First Garden City Ltd
began construction in 1903.
• The company appointed architects Barry
Parker and Raymond Unwin to design the
masterplan for the new community.
• This Garden City is located in North
Hertfordshire, 35 miles north
of London which is spread over an area of
approx. 5000 acres.
• Designed for a population of 35,000 people.
• Having reserved green belt of 1,300
acres.
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28. • The first garden city developed in 1903 by Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin after
having won the competition to build the first garden city.
• It is 34 miles away from London.
• It has an area of 5000 acres with 3000 acres of green belt.
• It had an agricultural strip at its periphery to check the invasion of urban areas i.e.
the sprawling.
• It showed Howard’s general principles, including the communal ownership of the
land and the permanent green belt has been carried through.
• It was a town of homes and gardens with ample open spaces and a spirited
community life.
• A great attention was paid to landscaping and planting.
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29. • Its plan was based on a population of 30000 with a living area
of 1250 acres and 2500 acres of rural green belt.
• Communities ranged from 12000 – 18000 people, small enough
which required no vehicular transportation.
• Industries were connected to the central city by rapid
transportation.
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30. • London (and other cities) in the 19th century were in the throws of
industrialization, and the cities were exerting massive forces on the labour
markets of the time.
• Massive immigration from the countryside to the cities was taking place
with London.
• This situation was unsustainable and political commentators of all parties
sought “how best to provide the proper antidote against the greatest danger of
modern existence” (St. Jame’s Gazette, 1892)
• T
o Howard the cure was simple - to reintegrate people with the
countryside.
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31. • Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it was able to attract manufacturers
through low taxes, low rents and more space.
• Despite Howard’s best efforts, the home prices in this garden city could not remain
affordable for workers to live in.
• Although many viewed Letchworth as a success, it did not immediately inspire
government investment into the next line of garden cities.
• In frustration, Howard bought land at Welwyn to house the second garden city in 1919.
• The Welwyn Garden City Corporation was formed to oversee the construction. But
Welwyn did not become self-sustaining because it was only 20 miles from London.
• Even until the end of the 1930s, Letchworth and Welwyn remained as the only existing
garden cities.
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32. CL-410,
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33. Indian Scenario
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34. Cities - Scenario Abroad
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35. Glimpse of garden City
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36. CL-410,
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37. Examples of
Garden Cities
around the globe,
Source: [The researchers]
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38. Examples of
Green Cities
around the globe, Source: [The
researchers]
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39. Examples of
Sustainable Cities
around the globe, Source:
[The researchers]
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40. Examples of
Eco Cities
around the globe,
Source: [The researchers]
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41. Examples of
Resilient Cities
around the globe,
Source: [The researchers]
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42. The priority actions in many action Plans enabled by the Low
Emissions Development Strategy (Urban-LEDS), project include
 Developing bicycle lanes
 A Bus Rapid Transit system
 An electric car sharing system
 Bus fleet fueled by renewable energy
 Green building certification scheme
 Accelerating light emitting diode lighting
 Renewable energy for public installations
 Recycling
 Waste-to-energy schemes
 Energy efficiency
 Transport, including strategies to reduce emissions from the municipal fleet.
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43. Examples of
Livable Cities
around the world,
Source: [The researchers]
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44. Examples of
Low & Zero carbon Cities
around the globe,
Source: [The researchers]
Several NZE strategies appeared to be the best to
pursue for urban climate, economics, and
regional context, including:
 Reduce the percentage of energy load
 Ensure that the homes are all electric
 Integrate neighborhood scale PV arrays
 Install smart meters and real time energy
consumption displays
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45. Examples of
Zero energy Cities
around the globe,
Source: [The researchers]
Zero energy community has several fundamental
elements should be contained as follow:
1. Sustainable site
2. Sustainable building
3. Site planning
4. Materials
5. Health & well-being
6. Energy
7. Water
8. Waste
9. Mobility
10. Management
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46. Reference:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332159023_U
rbanism_as_it_should_be_An_overview_of_Environmen
tal_Urban_Movements_and_Initiatives_towards_Sustai
nability/figures?lo=1
Urbanism as it should be: An overview of Environmental Urban Movements and Initiatives
towards Sustainability
March 2019
Conference: Second International Conference (Tenth Conference of Sustainable
Environmental Development) 16-20 March 2019At: Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
Walaa A. YakoubWalaa A. YakoubMahmoud F. MahmoudMahmoud F. MahmoudOsama
Mahmoud Abo EleinenOsama Mahmoud Abo EleinenGhada Mohammad ElrayiesGhada
Mohammad Elrayies
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https://www.gardencitiesinstitute.com/gallery/gar
den-cities-around-the-world

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