Abstract: The research was designed to unveil out how academic libraries have assisted institutions in bring up candidates to work in industrial capabilities towards the achievement of competitiveness and sustainable economic growth in society. This study was drawn from the extensive literature review and case studies to discuss the following economic value of accessing information using the library; innovation and services in academic libraries; initiatives, resources and activities that facilitate access to information in the library; FUTO Library and library responding to academic programmes. The following research questions helped ascertain what has made the academic libraries tick in this direction and to find answers to them; what status of people does the library have? To what extent material resources is provided and used by the library patrons? What ICT services are been offered by the library and of what purpose are they offered? What strategy development implied by the library to meet patron’s needs? What are the obstacles the library may encounter in the process to achieve competitiveness and sustainability to serve library patrons? Frequency and percentages were deployed for the study due is within the study environment area. Collection of Data was through the use of questionnaire developed by the researchers. Ninety-five copies of the questionnaires were distributed to staff of FUTO Library, out of which 85 were returned and found useful. Finding was analyzed and results ascertained. Keyword: Library, growth, process, ICT, resources, services, innovation
This document provides background information on a study examining factors that have led to the success of the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) and how those success factors could be applied to library consortiums in developing countries like Uganda.
The study aims to compare CARLI's leadership, responsibilities, funding structures, and resource sharing to Uganda's Consortium of Uganda University Libraries (CUUL). While CUUL has achieved some successes, it has not realized its full objectives due to a lack of committed leadership and cooperation among members, rather than solely a lack of funding. Identifying leadership-related success factors from CARLI may help improve CUUL's operations by applying those factors in a local context.
The literature
Availability and Accessibility of Information Resources by the University Stu...YogeshIJTSRD
The study examined the availability and accessibility of information resources by the students in Ekiti State University Library. The purpose of the study is to determine the various types of information resources available, the various forms of information resources and to find out the extent in which the library improve on the accessibly and availability of information resources to its users. Descriptive survey research design was adopted in this study. Questionnaire was employed for this study. The population consisted of all the students of Ekiti State University which include both male and female students from 100 to 500 levels. The sample of the study consisted of 180 students from all the nine 9 Faculties in Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State from the total population of 1,500 students who were regular library users. The data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS . Based on the findings of this study some recommendations were made that the library must sustain and maintain the current level of the information resources available in the library. Library orientation should be organized on the importance of using the library and mostly how to access the available materials. The library authority should be given more attention as certain percentage should be allocated for the library development to enable the students to access the needed resources. The study concluded that effectiveness of any library depends on the full availability and accessibility of the information resources. Therefore, proper steps for availability and accessibility of the information resources should be the focal point of the library management and staff in order to meet the demand of the users at the right time. Adepoju Eunice Olayinka "Availability and Accessibility of Information Resources by the University Students in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd38727.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/education/38727/availability-and-accessibility-of-information-resources-by-the-university-students-in-ekiti-state-university-adoekiti-southwest-nigeria/adepoju-eunice-olayinka
This document discusses the planning and implementation of library automation using RFID technology at the Central Library of Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar in Assam, India. It outlines the 12 step process they followed, including acquiring knowledge, conducting a market survey and feasibility study, selecting hardware and software, getting project approval, issuing a tender, monitoring implementation, trial services, training users, and final implementation. The systematic planning approach allowed the project to be completed without major problems. The steps provide guidance for other libraries automating their systems.
This study examines income generation in three academic libraries in southwest Nigeria. It finds that the main source of income for the libraries is government funding. The libraries also generate some income from fines and fees. However, inadequate funding from the government poses a major challenge. Other challenges include improper policies and high inflation. Potential prospects for income generation include implementing better policies and charging fees for certain services to supplement government funding. The study recommends that libraries explore additional income sources and that the government and institutions provide more support to alleviate financial issues.
This document analyzes usage data from 2010 for The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL) database at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. 340 consultations were analyzed. The analysis found that the most consulted journal title was Agronomy at 14.1% of consultations. The most consulted article title was Economic and Development at 30.6% of consultations. The most used year range for publications consulted was 2008-2010 at 55.6% of consultations. The study aims to identify opportunities to increase usage of the TEEAL database through workshops, seminars and other advocacy efforts.
1. The document proposes an efficient knowledge management model for Iran's agricultural sector that uses a systems approach to connect all relevant players and organizations.
2. It analyzes the current situation which includes illiteracy among farmers, lack of coordination between organizations, and disconnection between farmers and the agricultural system.
3. The suggested model aims to create connections between different levels of knowledge - from local to national to global - using organizations, libraries, and ICTs to facilitate knowledge sharing.
A supervised e smart based learning & population study in eastern trai re...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Due to rapid advancement in information technology, digital revolution creates a new era & scope in technology based learning system (TBLS). Considering the scenario a place which is extremely poor in every aspect of human development index (HDI) so called TRAI region of eastern Uttar Pradesh. New portable and electronic devices take place of old text books in this region. In this study we introduced some key questions with novel emerging e-Smart based learning environment. Smart based learning simply means that learning and teaching by electronic devices. Our study also established some key findings especially in human quality based development (HQBD) in this region such as thinking ability, living standered, human value, future based life planning etc. We also observe during our study, living standered are significantly improve and also this things create a new space to eradicate the poverty allevation in trai region. For our study we take data of 800 hundred students from different colleges of this region as well as concerned demographic data of rural areas. During study we also focus & delineate to ask people about what are the changes they observe or found when they adopt new way of learning.
Keywords: TBLS, HDI, HQBD, Trai Region, Smart Learning etc.
Status of public libraries’ automation in assam: an evaluative study on some ...dbpublications
The present paper is based on the current status of the public libraries in some selected District Libraries of Assam. The tremendous development in Information Communication Technology and their application in the libraries have opened a new door for the libraries and users alike. In the age of Information Technology, there is a large change in the methods and techniques of seeking the information and way of information dissemination on the other hand. The Public Library System is a type of information system which allows the information seeker to use the resources of its end user. But, unfortunately the public libraries of Assam are not fully automated, due to the lack of efficient IT infrastructure as well as insufficient library staffs. So that Public Libraries of are not able to satisfy there users.
This document provides background information on a study examining factors that have led to the success of the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) and how those success factors could be applied to library consortiums in developing countries like Uganda.
The study aims to compare CARLI's leadership, responsibilities, funding structures, and resource sharing to Uganda's Consortium of Uganda University Libraries (CUUL). While CUUL has achieved some successes, it has not realized its full objectives due to a lack of committed leadership and cooperation among members, rather than solely a lack of funding. Identifying leadership-related success factors from CARLI may help improve CUUL's operations by applying those factors in a local context.
The literature
Availability and Accessibility of Information Resources by the University Stu...YogeshIJTSRD
The study examined the availability and accessibility of information resources by the students in Ekiti State University Library. The purpose of the study is to determine the various types of information resources available, the various forms of information resources and to find out the extent in which the library improve on the accessibly and availability of information resources to its users. Descriptive survey research design was adopted in this study. Questionnaire was employed for this study. The population consisted of all the students of Ekiti State University which include both male and female students from 100 to 500 levels. The sample of the study consisted of 180 students from all the nine 9 Faculties in Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State from the total population of 1,500 students who were regular library users. The data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS . Based on the findings of this study some recommendations were made that the library must sustain and maintain the current level of the information resources available in the library. Library orientation should be organized on the importance of using the library and mostly how to access the available materials. The library authority should be given more attention as certain percentage should be allocated for the library development to enable the students to access the needed resources. The study concluded that effectiveness of any library depends on the full availability and accessibility of the information resources. Therefore, proper steps for availability and accessibility of the information resources should be the focal point of the library management and staff in order to meet the demand of the users at the right time. Adepoju Eunice Olayinka "Availability and Accessibility of Information Resources by the University Students in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd38727.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/education/38727/availability-and-accessibility-of-information-resources-by-the-university-students-in-ekiti-state-university-adoekiti-southwest-nigeria/adepoju-eunice-olayinka
This document discusses the planning and implementation of library automation using RFID technology at the Central Library of Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar in Assam, India. It outlines the 12 step process they followed, including acquiring knowledge, conducting a market survey and feasibility study, selecting hardware and software, getting project approval, issuing a tender, monitoring implementation, trial services, training users, and final implementation. The systematic planning approach allowed the project to be completed without major problems. The steps provide guidance for other libraries automating their systems.
This study examines income generation in three academic libraries in southwest Nigeria. It finds that the main source of income for the libraries is government funding. The libraries also generate some income from fines and fees. However, inadequate funding from the government poses a major challenge. Other challenges include improper policies and high inflation. Potential prospects for income generation include implementing better policies and charging fees for certain services to supplement government funding. The study recommends that libraries explore additional income sources and that the government and institutions provide more support to alleviate financial issues.
This document analyzes usage data from 2010 for The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL) database at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. 340 consultations were analyzed. The analysis found that the most consulted journal title was Agronomy at 14.1% of consultations. The most consulted article title was Economic and Development at 30.6% of consultations. The most used year range for publications consulted was 2008-2010 at 55.6% of consultations. The study aims to identify opportunities to increase usage of the TEEAL database through workshops, seminars and other advocacy efforts.
1. The document proposes an efficient knowledge management model for Iran's agricultural sector that uses a systems approach to connect all relevant players and organizations.
2. It analyzes the current situation which includes illiteracy among farmers, lack of coordination between organizations, and disconnection between farmers and the agricultural system.
3. The suggested model aims to create connections between different levels of knowledge - from local to national to global - using organizations, libraries, and ICTs to facilitate knowledge sharing.
A supervised e smart based learning & population study in eastern trai re...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Due to rapid advancement in information technology, digital revolution creates a new era & scope in technology based learning system (TBLS). Considering the scenario a place which is extremely poor in every aspect of human development index (HDI) so called TRAI region of eastern Uttar Pradesh. New portable and electronic devices take place of old text books in this region. In this study we introduced some key questions with novel emerging e-Smart based learning environment. Smart based learning simply means that learning and teaching by electronic devices. Our study also established some key findings especially in human quality based development (HQBD) in this region such as thinking ability, living standered, human value, future based life planning etc. We also observe during our study, living standered are significantly improve and also this things create a new space to eradicate the poverty allevation in trai region. For our study we take data of 800 hundred students from different colleges of this region as well as concerned demographic data of rural areas. During study we also focus & delineate to ask people about what are the changes they observe or found when they adopt new way of learning.
Keywords: TBLS, HDI, HQBD, Trai Region, Smart Learning etc.
Status of public libraries’ automation in assam: an evaluative study on some ...dbpublications
The present paper is based on the current status of the public libraries in some selected District Libraries of Assam. The tremendous development in Information Communication Technology and their application in the libraries have opened a new door for the libraries and users alike. In the age of Information Technology, there is a large change in the methods and techniques of seeking the information and way of information dissemination on the other hand. The Public Library System is a type of information system which allows the information seeker to use the resources of its end user. But, unfortunately the public libraries of Assam are not fully automated, due to the lack of efficient IT infrastructure as well as insufficient library staffs. So that Public Libraries of are not able to satisfy there users.
This document discusses health, safety, and environmental hazards associated with shot blasting processes in foundries. It identifies several key hazards including aluminum dust emissions which can cause respiratory issues if inhaled, musculoskeletal problems from vibration, noise exposure leading to hearing loss, and potential for dust explosions. The document proposes methods for assessing and improving safety in shot blasting machines, such as installing dust collection systems, proper personal protective equipment, and maintenance of equipment.
The document discusses the implications and challenges of using coal as an energy source. It estimates that from 1700 to 2011, 175 billion tonnes of coal were consumed, emitting approximately 643 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It also estimates that total coal reserves on Earth before the industrial revolution were around 1 trillion tonnes. The increasing consumption of coal and emission of carbon dioxide poses challenges for the environment and climate.
This document summarizes the results of a simulation study measuring the performance of different medium access control configurations in a wireless local area network. It finds that enabling the point coordination function reduces delay and increases throughput by reducing collisions. Having more stations participate in the contention-free period when PCF is enabled further reduces delay. Fragmentation increases delay due to the additional processing needed to fragment and reassemble frames. Enabling PCF on all stations had the lowest delay, while only enabling it on two stations and using fragmentation had the highest delay.
This document describes an AC to DC converter for low voltage small scale generators. The proposed converter is a single-stage design that directly boosts the low AC voltage output of a micro-generator to a usable DC voltage level, achieving higher efficiency than conventional two-stage converters. It utilizes a dual polarity boost converter configuration with a startup circuit to provide initial power. Voltage doublers are also integrated to further boost the low input voltage. Mathematical equations are presented to calculate the input power, output power accounting for losses, and rms current values for analysis and design of the converter.
1) The document discusses security issues in computer networks and proposes contemporary solutions. It covers topics like cryptography, secure data access, intrusion detection, and secure routing.
2) The literature review discusses previous research on wireless sensor network security including common attacks, requirements, and defenses. It also examines security issues that arise from the unique characteristics of wireless networks.
3) The document proposes that more research is still needed on topics like quantifying security costs and benefits, data integrity, survivability, and security for data-centric wireless sensor networks. A holistic security model is needed that integrates solutions at each network layer.
1) The document discusses an experimental study on vibration control of rotating beams using semi-fluids.
2) In the experiment, different grades of grease were embedded between aluminum plates to form a sandwich beam structure. This was tested on a setup with a stepper motor that could rotate the beam at varying RPM.
3) Vibration responses measured using an accelerometer were plotted using LabVIEW software. Results showed that beams with higher viscosity grease embedded had greater vibration attenuation capacity compared to ones with lower viscosity grease or no grease.
Evaluation of long-term vegetation trends for northeastern of Iraq: Mosul, Ki...IOSR Journals
This document describes a study on the laying performance of 10,000 Babcock-380 brown commercial laying hens in Kelantan, Malaysia. The key findings are:
1) Hens reached peak egg production at 21 weeks of age, producing on average 6.0743 eggs per hen per day. Production was stable until 44 weeks.
2) Egg production gradually declined with age after 44 weeks, falling to 4.3094 eggs per hen per day by 69-80 weeks.
3) A regression model found that 87.5% of the variation in weekly hen-housed egg production could be explained by hen age alone, but including feed consumption increased the explanation to 90.5%.
Wireless Sensor Grids Energy Efficiency Enrichment Using Quorum TechniquesIOSR Journals
This document proposes a Quorum-based Medium Access Control (QMAC) protocol to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. QMAC enables sensor nodes to sleep longer under light traffic loads by only waking up during assigned "quorum time frames". Each node selects one row and column from a grid as its quorum set. This ensures any two nodes' quorums will intersect at some time, allowing communication while keeping individual duty cycles low. Results show QMAC conserves more energy and maintains low latency compared to existing protocols that require nodes to wake up at every time frame regardless of traffic.
This document presents the simulation results of a single-phase photovoltaic inverter without a transformer or batteries. A boost converter raises the voltage from the PV module to the desired level. An inverter with PWM switching converts the DC to AC. Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink shows the PV output of 96V and 6.5A is boosted to 320V DC. The inverter produces a 230V AC output at 50Hz with less than 1% THD, eliminating the need for batteries or transformers. The proposed design aims to directly and efficiently convert solar power to AC without intermediate components to reduce costs.
The document describes a static stress analysis and normal mode analysis of the horizontal tail structure of an aircraft using analysis software. It discusses using carbon fiber composite material to replace aluminum alloy 2124 for constructing the horizontal tail to reduce weight. The analysis found that replacing the aluminum alloy with carbon fiber composite for the upper and lower skins resulted in a 54.73% reduction in the total structural weight of the horizontal tail. The normal mode analysis determined the resonance frequency of the horizontal tail was 0.981 Hz, showing it is safe as the aircraft's frequency is 10 Hz.
The document analyzes the computational performance of a prototype implementation of the Bingo electronic voting protocol. Bingo is an end-to-end verifiable voting protocol that provides coercion resistance through the use of zero-knowledge proofs and commitments. The analysis focuses on four main operations: initialization of cyclic groups, generation of dummy votes, zero-knowledge proofs of fair vote distribution, and zero-knowledge proofs of receipt correctness. The performance of these operations was affected by factors like the cyclic group order, number of candidates, and number of voters. The cyclic group order in particular had a significant impact on computation time for commitments.
This document discusses image reconstruction techniques for detecting and segmenting tumor cells in brain images. It begins with an introduction to image reconstruction and its applications in medicine. The existing methods for brain tumor detection using MRI are reviewed. The proposed method involves preprocessing MRI images, enhancing contrast, dividing images into quadrants, analyzing pixel intensities and entropy to identify the quadrant most likely containing a tumor, applying thresholding and segmentation techniques like watershed to that quadrant to identify and mark the tumor boundaries, and analyzing features of detected tumors. Results are shown of tumor detection and segmentation using watershed segmentation, morphological operators, and feature identification to classify tumors as benign or malignant. The conclusion is that the proposed method provides faster and more targeted tumor detection compared to existing
The document describes a study that uses a hybrid particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm (hPSO-GA) to optimize PID controller parameters for automatic generation control of a four-area interconnected power system. The hPSO-GA is applied to obtain optimal PID parameters for controlling frequency deviations and tie-line power deviations following a 1% load perturbation in any single area. Simulation results show the hPSO-GA approach provides better dynamic responses than using PSO or GA alone, with faster settling times, smaller overshoots and undershoots.
This document proposes using an enhanced suffix tree approach to measure semantic similarity between multiple documents. It involves preprocessing documents by removing stop words, special characters, and converting to lowercase. Phrases are extracted and used to construct a suffix tree, where internal nodes represent phrases shared across documents. Term frequency-inverse document frequency (tf-idf) is used to calculate weights for internal nodes. Cosine, Dice, and Hellinger similarity measures are then applied to calculate pairwise similarities between documents based on the weighted internal nodes. The approach aims to efficiently and accurately measure semantic similarity between documents.
This document presents an adaptive steganography technique based on an enhanced cipher hiding method for secure data transfer. It combines cryptography and audio steganography. The secret message is first encrypted using a modified least significant bit algorithm and 2's complement operations. The encrypted data is then embedded into the least significant bits of an audio file. Keys are generated and sent with the stego audio to the receiver. The receiver uses the keys to extract the encrypted data from the audio and decrypt it back to the original message. The technique aims to provide better security for data transmission over unsecured networks by taking advantage of both cryptography and steganography.
Eigenvalues for HIV-1 dynamic model with two delaysIOSR Journals
This document presents a new approach to solve the characteristic equation of an HIV-1 infection dynamical system with two delays. The authors develop a series expansion to approximate the eigenvalues (roots) of the nonlinear characteristic equation. They derive the characteristic equation for the linearized HIV-1 model and nondimensionalize the equation. This allows them to express the eigenvalues as a perturbation of the logarithm of a parameter and derive an equation for the perturbation term. The goal is to make the truncated series more computationally efficient for evaluating the eigenvalues.
Antimicrobial Screening of Vanga Vennai and Mathan Thailam for Diabetic Foot ...IOSR Journals
Siddha medicine is one of the ancient traditional science which is specialized in external medicines (Pura marunthukal). Diabetic patients develop foot ulcers as a major complication of Diabetes mellitus due to high susceptibility to infection which often leads to amputation. Diabetic foot infection is a combination of both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Thus there is a need for effective and selective treatment strategies. This article focuses on antimicrobial screening of Vanga vennai (VV), Mathan Thailam (MT) and combination of both (VV+MT) which are the classical Siddha preparations. The methodology involved in the study is Agar well dilution method for anti microbial activity. Thus it paves a new way in treating infections of Diabetic foot ulcers. This preliminary study reveals these Siddha formulations as an effective therapeutic strategy for the management of Diabetic foot ulcer.
This document presents an improved asymmetric key encryption algorithm using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to asymmetric key cryptography and the RSA cryptosystem. It then describes a modified RSA algorithm using multiple public and private keys to increase security. Next, it explains how to implement RSA using the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reduce computational time. The document implements the original, modified, and CRT-based RSA algorithms in MATLAB and analyzes computation time versus number of prime numbers. It concludes the modified and CRT-based approaches provide more security than the original RSA algorithm with reduced computational time.
This document discusses enhancing the flight time of multirotors using solar energy. It proposes a circuit with a secondary battery system powered by a small solar panel. The secondary battery charges continuously from the solar panel and provides additional power to the main battery during flight. Calculations are shown for designing a hexacopter model using this dual battery system. It was estimated that the solar-powered system could increase flight time by 16-30% compared to using the main battery alone. A prototype was tested and found to increase flight time by 40% compared to the non-solar model. The system allows continuous charging without removing batteries from the frame, improving usability for long-distance flights.
The document provides an overview of the design process for orthopedic implants. It discusses the main stages as follows:
1) Feasibility which includes design inputs, commercial aspects, planning, and regulatory requirements.
2) Design reviews to evaluate requirements and identify problems.
3) Design including concept design, detail design, design verification through methods like finite element analysis and risk analysis, and rapid prototyping.
4) Manufacture and ensuring processes are repeatable.
5) Design validation through mechanical testing, clinical evidence, and investigations.
6) Design transfer including finalizing instructions, training, and packaging.
7) Design changes after market release to ensure safety based on feedback.
Awareness and utilization of ict based library services case study of a niger...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated awareness and utilization of ICT-based library services at a Nigerian private university. The study aimed to determine the level of awareness of ICT services among postgraduate students and factors needed for sustainability. A survey was conducted among postgraduate students. The results showed high awareness of internet services but low awareness of services like OPAC and document delivery. Availability of internet and power were seen as most important for sustainability. Overall, there is a need for more awareness programs to improve student utilization of ICT library services.
The Requirement For Worthy Attribute of Library Staff in Tertiary Institution...AJHSSR Journal
: This study focuses on the requirement for worthy attribute of library staff in tertiary institutions’
library services so as to be more relevant in the new information age. This is based on the fact that institutions’
libraries are set up now to extend services beyond their physical walls, provide materials accessible by
electronic means and at the same time to provide unrestricted access to information. Invariably, to effectively
cope with their changing roles in the library system, Librarians need to avail themselves to training and
retraining programmes local, regional and international so as to keep pace with the development in the
Information Communication Technologies in the 21st Century to provide optimum services for library
users/clienteles. The study concludes that individuals must be preparing to make personal sacrifices towards
upgrading themselves. Similarly, tertiary institutions/ organisations should as a matter of obligation develop
people; it has no choice. It either helps them grow or it stunts them. It either forms them or it deforms them as
opine by Drucker, Peter F (1990). This training and retraining programmes is imperative in this new Information
Communication Technology dispensation as far as librarianship is concerned
This document discusses health, safety, and environmental hazards associated with shot blasting processes in foundries. It identifies several key hazards including aluminum dust emissions which can cause respiratory issues if inhaled, musculoskeletal problems from vibration, noise exposure leading to hearing loss, and potential for dust explosions. The document proposes methods for assessing and improving safety in shot blasting machines, such as installing dust collection systems, proper personal protective equipment, and maintenance of equipment.
The document discusses the implications and challenges of using coal as an energy source. It estimates that from 1700 to 2011, 175 billion tonnes of coal were consumed, emitting approximately 643 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It also estimates that total coal reserves on Earth before the industrial revolution were around 1 trillion tonnes. The increasing consumption of coal and emission of carbon dioxide poses challenges for the environment and climate.
This document summarizes the results of a simulation study measuring the performance of different medium access control configurations in a wireless local area network. It finds that enabling the point coordination function reduces delay and increases throughput by reducing collisions. Having more stations participate in the contention-free period when PCF is enabled further reduces delay. Fragmentation increases delay due to the additional processing needed to fragment and reassemble frames. Enabling PCF on all stations had the lowest delay, while only enabling it on two stations and using fragmentation had the highest delay.
This document describes an AC to DC converter for low voltage small scale generators. The proposed converter is a single-stage design that directly boosts the low AC voltage output of a micro-generator to a usable DC voltage level, achieving higher efficiency than conventional two-stage converters. It utilizes a dual polarity boost converter configuration with a startup circuit to provide initial power. Voltage doublers are also integrated to further boost the low input voltage. Mathematical equations are presented to calculate the input power, output power accounting for losses, and rms current values for analysis and design of the converter.
1) The document discusses security issues in computer networks and proposes contemporary solutions. It covers topics like cryptography, secure data access, intrusion detection, and secure routing.
2) The literature review discusses previous research on wireless sensor network security including common attacks, requirements, and defenses. It also examines security issues that arise from the unique characteristics of wireless networks.
3) The document proposes that more research is still needed on topics like quantifying security costs and benefits, data integrity, survivability, and security for data-centric wireless sensor networks. A holistic security model is needed that integrates solutions at each network layer.
1) The document discusses an experimental study on vibration control of rotating beams using semi-fluids.
2) In the experiment, different grades of grease were embedded between aluminum plates to form a sandwich beam structure. This was tested on a setup with a stepper motor that could rotate the beam at varying RPM.
3) Vibration responses measured using an accelerometer were plotted using LabVIEW software. Results showed that beams with higher viscosity grease embedded had greater vibration attenuation capacity compared to ones with lower viscosity grease or no grease.
Evaluation of long-term vegetation trends for northeastern of Iraq: Mosul, Ki...IOSR Journals
This document describes a study on the laying performance of 10,000 Babcock-380 brown commercial laying hens in Kelantan, Malaysia. The key findings are:
1) Hens reached peak egg production at 21 weeks of age, producing on average 6.0743 eggs per hen per day. Production was stable until 44 weeks.
2) Egg production gradually declined with age after 44 weeks, falling to 4.3094 eggs per hen per day by 69-80 weeks.
3) A regression model found that 87.5% of the variation in weekly hen-housed egg production could be explained by hen age alone, but including feed consumption increased the explanation to 90.5%.
Wireless Sensor Grids Energy Efficiency Enrichment Using Quorum TechniquesIOSR Journals
This document proposes a Quorum-based Medium Access Control (QMAC) protocol to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. QMAC enables sensor nodes to sleep longer under light traffic loads by only waking up during assigned "quorum time frames". Each node selects one row and column from a grid as its quorum set. This ensures any two nodes' quorums will intersect at some time, allowing communication while keeping individual duty cycles low. Results show QMAC conserves more energy and maintains low latency compared to existing protocols that require nodes to wake up at every time frame regardless of traffic.
This document presents the simulation results of a single-phase photovoltaic inverter without a transformer or batteries. A boost converter raises the voltage from the PV module to the desired level. An inverter with PWM switching converts the DC to AC. Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink shows the PV output of 96V and 6.5A is boosted to 320V DC. The inverter produces a 230V AC output at 50Hz with less than 1% THD, eliminating the need for batteries or transformers. The proposed design aims to directly and efficiently convert solar power to AC without intermediate components to reduce costs.
The document describes a static stress analysis and normal mode analysis of the horizontal tail structure of an aircraft using analysis software. It discusses using carbon fiber composite material to replace aluminum alloy 2124 for constructing the horizontal tail to reduce weight. The analysis found that replacing the aluminum alloy with carbon fiber composite for the upper and lower skins resulted in a 54.73% reduction in the total structural weight of the horizontal tail. The normal mode analysis determined the resonance frequency of the horizontal tail was 0.981 Hz, showing it is safe as the aircraft's frequency is 10 Hz.
The document analyzes the computational performance of a prototype implementation of the Bingo electronic voting protocol. Bingo is an end-to-end verifiable voting protocol that provides coercion resistance through the use of zero-knowledge proofs and commitments. The analysis focuses on four main operations: initialization of cyclic groups, generation of dummy votes, zero-knowledge proofs of fair vote distribution, and zero-knowledge proofs of receipt correctness. The performance of these operations was affected by factors like the cyclic group order, number of candidates, and number of voters. The cyclic group order in particular had a significant impact on computation time for commitments.
This document discusses image reconstruction techniques for detecting and segmenting tumor cells in brain images. It begins with an introduction to image reconstruction and its applications in medicine. The existing methods for brain tumor detection using MRI are reviewed. The proposed method involves preprocessing MRI images, enhancing contrast, dividing images into quadrants, analyzing pixel intensities and entropy to identify the quadrant most likely containing a tumor, applying thresholding and segmentation techniques like watershed to that quadrant to identify and mark the tumor boundaries, and analyzing features of detected tumors. Results are shown of tumor detection and segmentation using watershed segmentation, morphological operators, and feature identification to classify tumors as benign or malignant. The conclusion is that the proposed method provides faster and more targeted tumor detection compared to existing
The document describes a study that uses a hybrid particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm (hPSO-GA) to optimize PID controller parameters for automatic generation control of a four-area interconnected power system. The hPSO-GA is applied to obtain optimal PID parameters for controlling frequency deviations and tie-line power deviations following a 1% load perturbation in any single area. Simulation results show the hPSO-GA approach provides better dynamic responses than using PSO or GA alone, with faster settling times, smaller overshoots and undershoots.
This document proposes using an enhanced suffix tree approach to measure semantic similarity between multiple documents. It involves preprocessing documents by removing stop words, special characters, and converting to lowercase. Phrases are extracted and used to construct a suffix tree, where internal nodes represent phrases shared across documents. Term frequency-inverse document frequency (tf-idf) is used to calculate weights for internal nodes. Cosine, Dice, and Hellinger similarity measures are then applied to calculate pairwise similarities between documents based on the weighted internal nodes. The approach aims to efficiently and accurately measure semantic similarity between documents.
This document presents an adaptive steganography technique based on an enhanced cipher hiding method for secure data transfer. It combines cryptography and audio steganography. The secret message is first encrypted using a modified least significant bit algorithm and 2's complement operations. The encrypted data is then embedded into the least significant bits of an audio file. Keys are generated and sent with the stego audio to the receiver. The receiver uses the keys to extract the encrypted data from the audio and decrypt it back to the original message. The technique aims to provide better security for data transmission over unsecured networks by taking advantage of both cryptography and steganography.
Eigenvalues for HIV-1 dynamic model with two delaysIOSR Journals
This document presents a new approach to solve the characteristic equation of an HIV-1 infection dynamical system with two delays. The authors develop a series expansion to approximate the eigenvalues (roots) of the nonlinear characteristic equation. They derive the characteristic equation for the linearized HIV-1 model and nondimensionalize the equation. This allows them to express the eigenvalues as a perturbation of the logarithm of a parameter and derive an equation for the perturbation term. The goal is to make the truncated series more computationally efficient for evaluating the eigenvalues.
Antimicrobial Screening of Vanga Vennai and Mathan Thailam for Diabetic Foot ...IOSR Journals
Siddha medicine is one of the ancient traditional science which is specialized in external medicines (Pura marunthukal). Diabetic patients develop foot ulcers as a major complication of Diabetes mellitus due to high susceptibility to infection which often leads to amputation. Diabetic foot infection is a combination of both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Thus there is a need for effective and selective treatment strategies. This article focuses on antimicrobial screening of Vanga vennai (VV), Mathan Thailam (MT) and combination of both (VV+MT) which are the classical Siddha preparations. The methodology involved in the study is Agar well dilution method for anti microbial activity. Thus it paves a new way in treating infections of Diabetic foot ulcers. This preliminary study reveals these Siddha formulations as an effective therapeutic strategy for the management of Diabetic foot ulcer.
This document presents an improved asymmetric key encryption algorithm using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to asymmetric key cryptography and the RSA cryptosystem. It then describes a modified RSA algorithm using multiple public and private keys to increase security. Next, it explains how to implement RSA using the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reduce computational time. The document implements the original, modified, and CRT-based RSA algorithms in MATLAB and analyzes computation time versus number of prime numbers. It concludes the modified and CRT-based approaches provide more security than the original RSA algorithm with reduced computational time.
This document discusses enhancing the flight time of multirotors using solar energy. It proposes a circuit with a secondary battery system powered by a small solar panel. The secondary battery charges continuously from the solar panel and provides additional power to the main battery during flight. Calculations are shown for designing a hexacopter model using this dual battery system. It was estimated that the solar-powered system could increase flight time by 16-30% compared to using the main battery alone. A prototype was tested and found to increase flight time by 40% compared to the non-solar model. The system allows continuous charging without removing batteries from the frame, improving usability for long-distance flights.
The document provides an overview of the design process for orthopedic implants. It discusses the main stages as follows:
1) Feasibility which includes design inputs, commercial aspects, planning, and regulatory requirements.
2) Design reviews to evaluate requirements and identify problems.
3) Design including concept design, detail design, design verification through methods like finite element analysis and risk analysis, and rapid prototyping.
4) Manufacture and ensuring processes are repeatable.
5) Design validation through mechanical testing, clinical evidence, and investigations.
6) Design transfer including finalizing instructions, training, and packaging.
7) Design changes after market release to ensure safety based on feedback.
Awareness and utilization of ict based library services case study of a niger...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated awareness and utilization of ICT-based library services at a Nigerian private university. The study aimed to determine the level of awareness of ICT services among postgraduate students and factors needed for sustainability. A survey was conducted among postgraduate students. The results showed high awareness of internet services but low awareness of services like OPAC and document delivery. Availability of internet and power were seen as most important for sustainability. Overall, there is a need for more awareness programs to improve student utilization of ICT library services.
The Requirement For Worthy Attribute of Library Staff in Tertiary Institution...AJHSSR Journal
: This study focuses on the requirement for worthy attribute of library staff in tertiary institutions’
library services so as to be more relevant in the new information age. This is based on the fact that institutions’
libraries are set up now to extend services beyond their physical walls, provide materials accessible by
electronic means and at the same time to provide unrestricted access to information. Invariably, to effectively
cope with their changing roles in the library system, Librarians need to avail themselves to training and
retraining programmes local, regional and international so as to keep pace with the development in the
Information Communication Technologies in the 21st Century to provide optimum services for library
users/clienteles. The study concludes that individuals must be preparing to make personal sacrifices towards
upgrading themselves. Similarly, tertiary institutions/ organisations should as a matter of obligation develop
people; it has no choice. It either helps them grow or it stunts them. It either forms them or it deforms them as
opine by Drucker, Peter F (1990). This training and retraining programmes is imperative in this new Information
Communication Technology dispensation as far as librarianship is concerned
The document discusses a study on the use of social media technologies (SMT) among academic librarians in South-West Nigeria. It aims to examine how academic librarians use SMT to provide library and information services to patrons, as well as for their own professional development. The study will utilize the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model to understand factors influencing SMT usage. It identifies gaps in existing research and proposes to contribute new insights through a theory-driven analysis of SMT adoption among academic librarians in Nigeria. The researcher plans to survey academic librarians in South-Western Nigeria to address the research questions and hypotheses.
Interactive Poll to determine needs of researchersReed Elsevier
An unusual survey method is used to determine the needs of researchers and research students. The aim is to find potential areas for collaboration across academic divisions to holistically improve research support.
This document discusses the importance of information literacy for higher education in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistani university libraries currently lack formal information literacy policies and programs. The author proposes establishing a National Committee on Information Literacy to develop an information literacy framework, train library staff, advocate for information literacy, and integrate it into university curricula and examinations. Recommendations include surveying user needs, using new technologies, and improving collaboration between libraries and educational authorities to further the development of information literacy in Pakistan.
There has been a need to expand library career opportunities given the small growth of libraries and information centers in developing countries like Nigeria. The present economic realities and the challenges in labor market in Nigeria also justify the need to equip undergraduates with the basic entrepreneurial skills that would enable them to be self-employed after graduation. Moreover, users of library no longer see the need to visit the library because library services are not attractive and packaged in ways preferred by them. There is therefore, the need to make library services attractive and profitable; this will require turning library services into marketable products that can be put up for sale to generate income for the library, this is also expected to attract more users into the library. Marketing of library services and entrepreneurship education in Nigerian library schools, are faced with issues like product repackaging, pricing, funding raising for entrepreneurship training, lobbying, advocacy strategies by the library etc,. All these must be addressed by any library or library school that wishes to engage in marketing of its services and adding entrepreneurship education in it curriculum.
Competencies of Librarians as a Factor Affecting Information, Service Deliver...SubmissionResearchpa
This study investigated the competencies of librarians as a factor affecting information service delivery in Delta state university (DELSU) library and Federal university of petroleum resources (FUPRE) library. The main objective of the study was to determine the extent to which information and competencies of librarians in DELSU and FUPRE affect their information service delivery. The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire. A descriptive survey design was used in this study. A total of 61 librarians were selected using the total enumeration sampling technique since the total population was manageable. A total of 52 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved and analyzed using simple percentage, mean score, and standard deviation. The findings of this study show that: the majority of the respondents possess high extent of the ICT skills, majority have high extent of customer-service competency, and most librarians possess high extent of competency in interpersonal communication. It was concluded that these skills, though basic are a good platform that increases the effect of relevant information service delivery in the library. A minor but regular training was said to be what will do the magic by Ogagaoghene Uzezi IDHALAMA, Afebuameh James AIYEBELEHIN and Onomiroro OKOBO 2020. Competencies of Librarians as a Factor Affecting Information, Service Delivery in Selected University Libraries in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 92-102. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.693 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/693/653 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/693
This document provides background information on a study of the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) and the Consortium of Uganda University Libraries (CUUL). The study aims to identify factors that have led to CARLI's success and how those factors could be applied to improve resource sharing among libraries in Uganda. The document outlines challenges facing universities in Uganda like inadequate resources and increasing student enrollment. While funding is often cited as the main barrier to collaboration in Africa, the study contends that leadership and cooperation among members may be more important factors. The literature review found little research on applying success factors from developed countries to developing countries.
This document provides background information on a study examining factors that have led to the success of the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) and how those success factors could be applied to library consortiums in developing countries like Uganda.
The study aims to compare CARLI's leadership, responsibilities, funding structures, and resource sharing to Uganda's Consortium of Uganda University Libraries (CUUL). While CUUL has achieved some successes, it has not realized its full objectives due to a lack of committed leadership and cooperation among members, rather than solely a lack of funding. Identifying leadership-related success factors from CARLI may help improve CUUL's operations by applying those factors in a local context.
The literature
Resource sharing in e-environment: A Study of P.M.N.M. Dental College and Hos...Vijaykumar2014
To introduce practical experiences of some important resource sharing activities in the PMNMDCH Library by focusing on digital activities and the HELINET Consortium of Rajiv Gandhi Health Sciences, University.
The METU Library is a pilot institution in Turkey's Performance-based Budgeting Project. It aims to increase user satisfaction by providing modern library services. To do so, it is developing a 5-year strategic plan with goals like improving its electronic collections, digitizing theses, and enhancing technical infrastructure and user services. It conducts surveys and uses standards like LibQUAL+ and E-Metrics to measure performance and user satisfaction before and after implementing its strategic plan.
Welcome Speech At The Libsense Regional Open Science Policy Development WorkshopElvis Muyanja
The document discusses strengthening research in African universities. It recommends:
1) Developing regional research centers of excellence and declaring national centers in key disciplines.
2) Requiring research experience and outputs like publications and grants for promotion to positions like senior lecturer, associate professor and professor.
3) Universities should focus on select disciplines, decrease undergraduate enrollment, and establish research institutes to free up academics for research.
Open Access and the Evolving Scholarly Communication EnvironmentIryna Kuchma
This document discusses open access and the evolving scholarly communication environment. It provides information on:
1. EIFL's achievements in establishing over 400 open access repositories and 2,600 open access journals in partner countries.
2. The benefits of open access for researchers, institutions, publishers, and libraries by increasing visibility and usage of scholarly works.
3. Recommendations from workshops and surveys that emphasize adopting open access policies, providing advocacy and training, and retaining author rights to published works.
4. Actions researchers, research managers, and libraries can take to further promote open access, such as self-archiving works and establishing open access journals and repositories.
Influence of Strategic Communication on Growth of Students’ Population in Sel...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The study sought to investigate the influence of
strategic communication on the growth of students’
population in selected private universities in Kenya. The study
was guided by resource-based theory. The study utilized
descriptive research design. Random sampling technique was
used to select research respondents. The study targeted
private universities in north rift, south rift and Nyanza region
of Kenya. The unit of observations was staff and students in
various departments and faculties existing in the institutions.
The study used purposive sampling to select research
respondents. Questionnaire was the main instrument for data
collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of
SPSS version 23.0 were used to analyze collected data and
presented using frequency distribution tables and bar graphs.
The findings indicated that if strategic communication is
changed by one unit, the growth of student population will
increase by a margin of 0.440. The study concludes that
strategic communication plays a critical role in growing
students’ population in private universities. It is also
recommended that private universities should consider using
professional bloggers to build the publicity of the institution.
Top management of the private universities will get insight on
various strategic issues with regard to student population
through the recommendations of the study. Scholars in the
field of strategic management will find the study useful as it
will form basis of future references.
This document discusses the changing role of university librarians in the digital era and the need for them to develop strong managerial skills. It notes that technological advances and the growth of digital information have significantly impacted users' information needs and expectations. As a result, university librarians must take on roles beyond traditional librarian duties and acquire new competencies to effectively manage libraries and satisfy diverse user demands. The document emphasizes that continuous professional development, including training to strengthen managerial abilities, is crucial for librarians to adapt and provide high-quality services that meet the current and future needs of patrons.
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This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
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This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
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This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
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Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
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data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
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data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
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Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
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Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Academic Libraries: Engine Breed Spuring Innovation for Competitiveness and Sustainable Economic Growth In Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735. Volume 7, Issue 4 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 47-62
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
Academic Libraries: Engine Breed Spuring Innovation for
Competitiveness and Sustainable Economic Growth In Nigeria
1
Osondu, Mary Chinenye (MLS), 2
Ireoeze, Pauline (MLS),
3
Ogueri, Emeka (MLS), 4
Dawodu, Bamidele Friday (MSc)
1
The Library (Ict Unit)/ Federal University Of Technology, Imo State Nigeria
2
The Library (Ict Unit)/ Federal University Of Technology, Imo State Nigeria
3
The Library (Ict Unit) /Federal University Of Technology, Imo State Nigeria
4
Department Of Information Technology/ Federal University Of Technology, Imo State Nigeria
Abstract: The research was designed to unveil out how academic libraries have assisted institutions in bring
up candidates to work in industrial capabilities towards the achievement of competitiveness and sustainable
economic growth in society. This study was drawn from the extensive literature review and case studies to
discuss the following economic value of accessing information using the library; innovation and services in
academic libraries; initiatives, resources and activities that facilitate access to information in the library;
FUTO Library and library responding to academic programmes. The following research questions helped
ascertain what has made the academic libraries tick in this direction and to find answers to them; what status of
people does the library have? To what extent material resources is provided and used by the library patrons?
What ICT services are been offered by the library and of what purpose are they offered? What strategy
development implied by the library to meet patron’s needs? What are the obstacles the library may encounter in
the process to achieve competitiveness and sustainability to serve library patrons? Frequency and percentages
were deployed for the study due is within the study environment area. Collection of Data was through the use of
questionnaire developed by the researchers. Ninety-five copies of the questionnaires were distributed to staff of
FUTO Library, out of which 85 were returned and found useful. Finding was analyzed and results ascertained.
Keyword: Library, growth, process, ICT, resources, services, innovation
I. Introduction
Academic libraries: engine breeds spurring innovation for competitiveness and sustainable economic
growth. This study took a research of Federal University of Technology, Owerri. This was carried out by
thoroughly understanding the nature of academic libraries. And by this, the library has strategized and units
created, that help provide broader outlets for an efficient and effective delivery of information services to meet
with the challenges of the time rather than been myopic. This strategized and units created help provide the
detailed means by which the library was successful [1]. It also highlights the economic value of accessing
information using the library. It ascertained the ability of the library innovation as an example of the seriousness
of activities. In view of the importance of efficient and effective information delivery, documentation and
dissemination of knowledge strategized and units created, it is appropriate to identify with the factors because
they are variables used for analysis of this study. They provided substantive approach of meeting the role of the
academic libraries. Application of initiatives, resources and activities that reflects to academic programmes by
FUTO, Library should be able to address the proper delivery of information services and identification of new
approaches. This study has made relevance to the provision of some credible indices for comparison and for
institutions libraries accreditation, for public / peer review assessment of role of academic libraries. The
assessment is in no doubt a worthy contribution to the efforts of academic libraries and as well parents bodies in
the quest of more rewarding attainments on local and regional recognition. The study and contents of the work
are quite re-assuring as it addresses major aspects of the resources of academic libraries. It took account the
public expectations of library service deliveries relevance in keeping with the information trends. The study
triggers and stimulates positive reflections, stock taking and forward looking re-appraisal of academic libraries
and its contributions to Nigerian society and economic growth empowerment. Academic libraries in Nigeria
seem to have performed their expected roles in the economy by the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge
– based on skilled manpower required for the economic and social transformation and development of the
nation. It has also helped equip the recipient of the institutional education with the necessary tools to be useful
productive and enterprising [2] [3] [4].
Wisdom would always attests that academic libraries are the engine breeds spurring innovation for
competitiveness and sustainable economic growth through provision of an informed knowledge services in an
institutions of learning. Academic libraries has always been looked down on as not been able to provide,
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document and as well provide wider strategies for the dissemination of knowledge that reach out to societies.
Consequently, most academic libraries in Nigeria however, are in a weak position to successfully play their
roles in this regard. Also, the inadequate documentation and strategies for wider dissemination of knowledge
from varieties of graduates researched projects and dissertations to reach out and made use for economic and
development through research activities from institutions which could help transform societies and substances of
overall existence. These have been a constant concern. Institutions of learning known to be centre of excellence
for research and sustainable development built on a tripod of teaching, research, and community service is
surrounded by the world of competitiveness that relies wholesomely on their academic libraries for information
delivery. Documentation and dissemination of knowledge has not yet gained the importance that it should in
institutions in Nigeria, leading to low levels of scientific outputs, low number of patent applications and
trademarks registered and further under-development [6][7]
Economics of the world rely heavily on research activities from the institution for the transformation of
their societies and substance of overall existence while the institution relies wholesomely on their libraries for
information delivery. The role of academic library here cannot be over emphasized. Most libraries are still in a
weak position to successfully play their roles in competitive economic growth. Still, they tied in the traditional
role of providing access to information resources by only acquiring, processing and disseminating books.
Situation has not changed as it was in the origin. Further, the rising costs of journal prices and inadequate and
expensive distribution mechanisms on knowledge and innovation have also inhibited libraries to provide access
to updated and relevant literature for economic growth. Journal subscriptions normally increase at rate of 11-
16% every year, beyond the reach of many institutions particularly in Nigeria Nyika, (2006), every library in the
world suffers from intolerable access limitations, no matter how wealthy. Thus, little technological innovation
and knowledge is made available to the industry and research community in Nigeria [7]. This situation implies
that research scientists in Nigeria continue to remain isolated and their research will continue to have little
impact on economic growth and industrial development [4] [5].
Academic libraries are among the best developed libraries in Nigeria, and they can play a great role in
serving the industry community. These libraries are well equipped and better resourced than other libraries in
Nigeria. However there is a significant variation in their development and growth, both in quantity and quality,
because support of the parent bodies and with even the funding and minimum subsidization they receive from
government or other affiliations‘ Ocholla (2008) politic, bureaucracy and poor decision-making hinders the
much progress of academic libraries. Despite the development of ICT, changing nature of information resources
and information seeking behaviour, and the several efforts of adopting and applying ICTs in academic libraries,
not much would have been achieved in these libraries. For the academic libraries to improve the quality of the
information and knowledge services and support the industrial development in their institution and country,
Raju (2008) suggested the following measures: reduce cost, seek alternative ways to generate income, sharing
resources with other libraries, such as by forming consortia of academic libraries in the same country, rational
staffing, apply ICTs in delivering library services and then reduce donor dependency to ensure sustainability of
library services. It is thus important for academic libraries to provide innovative information and knowledge
services in order to serve the university and industrial communities in the knowledge based society [5] [4] [3]
However, Academic libraries can effectively document and disseminate foreign and local information
knowledge to achieve competitiveness and economic growth. Creation, use, diffusion and management of new
and emerging knowledge is a key driver in economic growth. As Juma and Yee-Cheong, (2005) put it ―new
knowledge drives economic systems‖. The availability of scientific and technological knowledge strengthens the
capacity to produce new knowledge leading to patentable products Chetsanga (2010), and new services [7].
Introduction of various units and techniques designed for attaining the goals and objectives of academic libraries
has helped fulfilling this demands in conjunction with the parents body own visions and missions
The essence of libraries in any institution is to explore, build the edges of possibility and probabilities
needed to transform and improve upon the conditions of both the status of the parent‘s body and users of the
libraries and community at large. Basic understanding and use of the library is essential in excelling an
individual to the threshold of the self sufficiency through provision of all human, materials, political
environmental, social and economic and technological information resources on how to achieve greater
excellence to become a catalyst for all closely inter-related economic, social, cultural and demographic changes
defined as national development. The library in an institution has the responsibility to assist the parents in the
conduct to scholarship and scientific research necessary to generate new knowledge, innovation needed, train
the leaders of tomorrow, lying of emphasis on integrative learning and the ability to apply knowledge and skill
to real world setting. Effective and efficient timely realization in use of libraries and serious involvement in an
academic works of the institution are the most functional, viable and sustainable means to achieve the political,
economic, social and cultural transformation of societies as people learn to create new institution [4][2][1]
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It is a well known fact that library of any institution is the back-bone of that environment helping to contribute
in the real-time information material resources deemed the greatest contribution of an academic towards
advancing civilization through knowledge management experts. Library services are important building blocks
of economic growth. However, neither libraries nor the business community has accepted this reality. A study
of Kansas public libraries in the USA showed that apart from the provision of traditional business reference
services, public librarians did not know how to become more pro-active in facilitating business information
services, while the business and industrial community did not recognize libraries as a source of such help Glass
et al. (2000). Libraries often lack funds, expertise in business research, and a change of mindset toward outreach
to the business community and creating a business-friendly organization Hamilton-Pennell (2008). Libraries
must be involved in economic development, support for business and employment. Libraries are important part
of the business-support infrastructure by adopting innovative strategies in the provision of their knowledge and
information services [7]. The major role of libraries in knowledge and information management services is to
articulate tacit knowledge and then to make it available for use by others.
According to Schwartz (2006) in Lwoga (2011)7
, tacit knowledge can be externalized through
interventions and representation methods in order to create explicit knowledge. The underlying concept within
tacit knowledge is creativity and innovation. Creativity is seen as the production of new, novel and useful ideas
(generating value and being seen as valuable); whereas, innovation is seen as the implementation of these
creative ideas Mumford et al. (1997) in Lwago, (2011)7
. Mbagwu and Osondu, (2011)8
; Naido, (2002)10
creativity is a concept which internalized tacit knowledge by individuals management through the knowledge
management issues of the implicit and explicit knowledge [8] [10] [7] [9] [10[11]. In other words, success is
achieved on the ability of utilized information and taken advantage of knowledge of library staff to better serve
the needs of the academic community. Lee, (2000) affirms this by noting that knowledge and experiences of
librarians are the intellectual assets of any institution and should be valued and shared. Susania, Liu and
Whiston, (2003) regretted that most times people felt not to share it and feared they might no longer be valued
or deemed indispensable [8]
Transformation on the role and function of change to which institution must adapt is not an easy nut to
crack by the academic librarians. Following also, the lack of well equipped education environment for the
technological know-how to work effectively, managing central knowledge repositories for parents body,
inadequate networks to collaborate effectively between academic librarians and IT experts, and lack of
mechanisms for knowledge editing. Tertiary teachers are ranked number one in the scheme of academic library
patrons and is considered successful on the basis of his or her research activities measured in two ways namely;
the development of human capital and the contributions to science usually adjudged by publications in peer
review journals with regard to evaluating his or her information gathering ability which the academic libraries
are dedicated to promote. While results of these research activities are usually tailored towards finding solutions
to the many problems of man and his environment that include; health, education, water, climate change, energy
and food security, transportation, communication etc.
Consequently this yardstick (research) has become important to rank institutions in the world and by
implication, the academic libraries that empowers these research fellows. Accordingly, individual and collective
research efforts and innovations are used to categorize societies and their overall contribution to advancement of
civilization and humanity which libraries took the lead to achieve through inspiration and motivational provision
and thought to knowledge management, through pursuit of excellence and science, increase in human welfare
with knowledge and skills and attitude needed for effective performance now and in future Iheam (2010) as
cited in (Chigbu and Uzogbu, 2011)4
. The knowledge driven attainment of the academic libraries and the
guiding standards are measures of evaluation in the areas identified which necessitate some means for ranking
academic libraries locally and globally.
Information and knowledge are keys to economic development. The economic value of accessing
information using the library can be realized, where a much larger proportion of economic activity and the
workforce are concerned with services rather than with agricultural, extractive or industrial production Loh and
Britz (2010). Information and knowledge are viewed as sources of power and productivity, replacing land and
capital, with an associated co modification of information or knowledge Webster (2002). Information and the
ability to convert it into knowledge the single most important factor and ability needed to contribute to
economic growth in the 21st
century. The world has consequently moved from the age of hunter–gatherer,
agrarian and industrialization to information/knowledge society/economy, thus shifting emphasis from
manipulating material goods to manipulating knowledge. Given the fact that information economy/society is
interchangeably used to refer to knowledge economy/society, it is important to define them, in order to assess
their strategic importance to the economy.
Different terms are used inter-changeably to refer to information/knowledge society or economy, which
include the following: the post-industrial society, the information society, information economy, knowledge-
based economy, knowledge economy, post-industrial economy, service economy, knowledge society,
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knowledge societies, etc. Most of them are combinations of two pairs of terms: knowledge based economy or
knowledge society. The concepts of knowledge society and information society are closely related. The term,
information society became a synonym of societal development since the 1980s. Information society, ―is a
society that uses digital revolution in ICTs for free flow of information, ideas and knowledge through the
internet, wireless technologies and libraries in order to build a people-centered, inclusive and development-
oriented information society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge,
enabling individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential in promoting their sustainable
development and improving their quality of life‖ Ocholla (2008) L. While, the term information society
concentrates on the use of ICT in processing and distributing information, knowledge society is a broad and
richer concept that focuses on content, by generating, distributing and using information and knowledge in
society [7]
In conceptualizing knowledge societies, UNESCO (2005) defined them as the ―capabilities to identify,
produce, process, transform, disseminate and use information to build and apply knowledge for human
development‖. The knowledge society is a key resource for development because of the recognition of human
rights, freedom of expression and empowerment, and poverty reduction initiatives. On the other hand,
knowledge based economy, ―refers to a society whose growth and development is based on continuous learning
in which the stock of knowledge is continuously replenished and renewed. In such a society, extensive networks
of and interactions among information sources and research actors ensures a continuous cycle of knowledge
generation, acquisition, exchange and use. Innovation and change are spurred in this cycle and become a
permanent feature of the society to drive economic growth and competitiveness‖ UNECA (2010). In general,
human in the knowledge economy refer to substances or resources that can ‗flow‘ within the economy such as
capital or stocks as Loh and P Britz (2010) put it. In broad terms, knowledge society encompass more
perspectives, such as social, political, legal, ethical and cultural, which are not evoked by ‗economy‘ Thus, the
shift to society/societies may comprise a broad picture of the concept on how knowledge is managed, and how
innovation and change can play their role in economic growth. Loh and Britz (2010) also emphasized that
knowledge ―society/ societies‖ encompasses many more dimensions, e.g. social, political, legal, ethical and
cultural, which are not elicited by ‗economy‘. However, a large part of Africa is not well integrated in the global
knowledge, industrial and technology networks World Bank (2011). There is a need to improve economic and
institutional regimes, education and training, innovation system and information infrastructure in most African
countries which Nigeria is one if they have to meet at least the basic requirements of a knowledge society.
Libraries, particularly academic libraries, can play a fundamental role in building the knowledge society by
supporting completive economic growth mainly by changing their roles and functions [7]
Libraries play a key role in documenting and providing access to information and knowledge for life-
long learning, experimentation, creativity and innovation that contribute to a nation‘s economic growth and
(UNECA 2003). In any community, library play a major role in facilitating information and knowledge service
in order to meet information needs of individuals, the provision of library services and resources has also been
transformed to reflect the changes of technologies, information seeking behaviour, and nature of information
Blummer (2007) in (Lwoga, 2011)7
. The use of ICTs on library development can be felt at different level,
including libraries services, administration, and user education, resource sharing and networking. The
fundamental advantage of this implementation is mainly of the good quality of library services, adequate
resources, and communication infrastructure [6]. By changing their roles and functions, libraries can become
effective in facilitating the dissemination of information and knowledge that is necessary to facilitate
technological innovation in the knowledge based society [6] [7]
Further, most librarians in the developed world are aware on the need to change their roles and
functions in order to remain relevant in the knowledge-based economy. A survey of librarians from Australia
and New Zealand, the USA, the UK, South Africa and Canada found an increased awareness among librarians
of their potential contribution to knowledge management, with a high agreement on its positive implications for
both individuals and the profession Sarrafzadeh, Martin, and Hazeri (2006). Indications are that most librarians
in the developed world are aware of the importance of integrating innovative technologies and strategies in the
delivery of their services, although the implementation of innovative technologies, such as web 2.0 is still
uneven. The adoption and utilization of innovative strategies and technologies such as web 2.0 in libraries of
developing countries is still low. The empirical evidence or theoretical studies emanating from the developing
countries are still scarce. A study in one of the developing countries showed that only Really Simple
Syndication (RSS) were integrated in two out of 52 academic, special, public and national libraries websites in
Pakistan Qutab and Mahmood (2009). Another study in China also revealed that more than two-thirds of the 38
top Chinese university libraries apply one or more kinds of Web 2.0 tools through the basic functions of their
web sites Han and Liu (2010). A study of all librarians in four universities in Kuwait also found that the
librarians had a low level of familiarity with Library 2.0 applications mainly due to lack of training Al-Daihani
(2009). It is clear that there is uneven deploment of these innovative strategies in the developed world.
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However, utilization of library 2.0 tools in academic libraries or other types of libraries cannot be over-
emphasized. It is therefore important for libraries to change their roles and functions to adopt these innovative
strategies and technologies where multimodal competencies are necessary to contribute to the industrial
development and economic growth in their countries [7].
Nwogu has stated that there are several international efforts that provide the academic libraries
including FUTO Library in Nigeria with a subsidized free access to the selected journals via: Negotiation with
publishers has resulted in journals and databases being made available free or at low cost through programmes
like Research for Life Programmes, which include HINARI, AGORA, and OARE. Coordinated by World
Health Organization, HINARI (Health Inter-Network Access to Research Initiative) offers 7,500 health
information resources (in 30 different languages) are now available to health institutions in 105 countries
(WHO 2011). OARE (Online Access to Research on the Environment) is coordinated by the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP), and it provides over 2,990 peer reviewed titles (as of 4/2009) in more than
100 low income countries (UNEP 2011). Led by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), AGORA
(Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture) provides a collection of 1900 journals to institutions in 107
countries (FAO 2011). Other initiatives include TEEAL, EIFL, JSTOR‘s African Access Initiative and PROTA.
TEEAL (The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library) was established by the Cornell University‘s Mann
Library, with a grant support from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1999. TEEAL is available for purchase at a
low cost, and it offers a - collection of over 145 scientific journals onto an external hard drive that can be
connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) to a more than 100 developing countries Cornell University (2011).
EIFL (Electronic Information for Libraries) is an independent foundation that strives to lead, negotiate,
support and advocate for the wide availability of electronic resources by library users in transition and
developing countries through a multi-country consortia basis, and national library consortia. JSTOR is a not–
for–profit service that builds upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive of over one thousand
academic journals and other scholarly content JSTOR (2011). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) is a
not-for-profit Foundation in the Netherlands, and it provides access to a collection of 7,000 useful plants of
Tropical Africa PROTA (2011) (University Education is the 21st
century: Attaining the International Benchmark
in Nigeria 2011)
Initiative is the Programme for the Enhancement of Research Information (PERI) through International
Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP). The PERI programme offers access to over
14,000 journal titles from 11 publishers plus approximately 20 databases, with country licenses available in nine
countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe) INASP
(2011). In general, these schemes provide researchers with virtually free access to papers in the selected
journals. The drawback, however, is that, since the range of journals covered is limited, this will not necessarily
provide as much exposure for the work of scientists within these countries as could, in principle, result from a
policy of OA archiving Dickson 2005). Further, these initiatives are not likely to be long-term solution since
they are generally dependent on grants or subsidies Chan, Kirsop, and Arunachalam (2005).
These initiatives do not necessarily deliver relevant information knowledge pertaining to context-
specific issues in Nigeria, since most of their content is generated from outside the continent Murray (2010).
Open Access (OA) movement offers many opportunities for the libraries to fulfill information needs of their
information. For libraries, open access eliminates the barrier that originated from the spiraling costs of
subscriptions to scientific journals Suber (2003). There are two basic strategies used to achieve the open access:
(a) Self-archiving (making electronic pre-prints and post-prints available on author home pages or depositing
them in digital archives and institutional repositories); and (b) OA journals are those journals that do not charge
readers or their institutions for access instead the publishing costs are met by authors. In return, authors retain
the copyright in their articles. OA is gaining its momentum. For instance, the Directory of Open Access Journals
provide access to 6436 journals, where 2826 journals are searchable at article level, with a total of 558,085
articles DOAJ,(2011). Academic libraries in Nigeria can establish OA repositories to enhance access to local
grey literature and research outputs to the institution community. DOA adoption in African libraries and
institutions and Nigeria in particular is still very low due to the lack of awareness about the OA, digital divide,
change of mindset, lack of technical expertise, and many other factors [7]
AJOL which is a not-for-profit company, is another initiative that hosts over 350 African-published,
peer-reviewed journals from 26 countries. Sixty of the 350 journals on AJOL are currently Open Access.
Evaluations of the AJOL programme show that research produced in African journals has been made more
visible and accessible by the AJOL website [6]. However, a study by Ezema (2010) revealed that there are very
few African countries (26%) represented in the AJOL database, with so many of them having not more than two
journals. Nigeria and South Africa dominate the list of journals in the database. Medical journals are more
represented [8] [7]5] [6]. The Bio-line is the British Medical Journal (BMJ), SciDev.Net, Development Gateway
initiatives. Bio-line International provides open access to 55 peer reviewed bioscience journals published in
developing countries Bio-line International (2011). SciDev.Net also provides free Web access to science- and
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technology-related information that affect the economic and social development of developing countries
SciDev.Net (2011). Another initiative is the Development Gateway, which uses Internet to provide a gateway to
development knowledge—including the technical, organizational and management, and policy knowledge
Development Gateway (2011). Other organizations such as UNIDO, WHO and others also have developed web-
sites with the knowledge that is available and useful to the business and industrial community. Libraries thus
need to change their roles and become active in documenting these technological innovations and research
outputs produced from within and outside Africa, and make them available to enhance innovation and industrial
development in the continent [7][6]
Other in iterative include the WorldWideScience.org, Public Knowledge Project, SciELO project, and
AST. The World Wide Science.org also provides one-stop searching of national and international scientific
databases and portals World Wide Science (2011). This enables anyone with Internet access to launch a single-
query search of 32 national scientific databases and portals from 52 countries. The Public Knowledge Project
provides open access software for archive building in developing countries PKP (2011). The SciELO project,
based in Latin America, is a collection of online journals from Brazil, Chile, and Cuba that publishes in
Portuguese and Spanish and provides abstracts in English and French SCIELO (2011). INASP has compiled a
directory of open access projects, key organizations, and related sites. Currently, there are 65 projects—
individual journals, subject repositories, journal collections, and databases INASP (2011). Further, Google
Scholar is a free indexing service that can be used by African journals to evaluate non-ISI indexed journals.
According to Onyancha (2009), Google Scholar provides a variety of citation statistics that can be used to
compare and evaluate different journals otherwise not indexed in any of the ISI's citation indexes. The
Association of African Universities (AAU) Regional Capacity Mobilization Initiatives is another example of
these encouraging initiatives. However, it is important for these initiatives to be implemented at the national
level so that their impact in improving documentation and access to scholarly information for development can
be realized [7]
The resources and activities of the library were conceived out of the need to place FUTO, and its
products relevant in the world contemporary economy. Today, the library is a platform for knowledge sharing
and the building up and expansion of the knowledge. The academic libraries in its nature has fashioned out ways
of achieving innovations and competitiveness into global knowledge society and services, thereby enhancing
economic growth. The quantum of knowledge is increased to students turn out good products of their institution
and contribute meaningful to socio-economic development of the nation [4] [11]
II. Structure Of Futo Library
The Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Library like any other university libraries is a growing
one having been established in 1981 November 9. It started with the initial student population of 225; teaching
staff 28 with 6 academic support staff. The initial library stock was 2,500. Today, the print collection consisted
of about 75,000 book volumes; 77 journal titles; 3,200 documents and 148 maps. The library also has various
electronic resources. Student‘s population as at the time of this study is about 17,000 with 822 teaching staff
(that includes 80 professors in different field areas). The non teaching staff was 1,760. The floor space
available to accommodate users is 15,52m2
against the original floor space of 15,000m2
. In the process of
strengthening and sustaining the academic programmes, the library is guided by the mission and vision goals.
The mission and vision of the library is to assist the parent institution in maintaining excellence and high-level
performance in its academic and/ or professional programmes. Based on this, the library seeks to provide the
right materials and strive to maintain attractive environment in an aid to teaching, learning and research in
collaboration with the institution. The library is obliged to promote:
A. Teaching, learning and research, recreation through acquisition and preservation of relevant materials such as
(on prints, electronics and light reading among others);
B. The creation of strong information links between programme areas in the institute on one hand and between
related programmes of other higher institutions and research institutes;
C. The use of information resources through relevant users (formal and informal) education, seminars and
workshops;
D. Work environments through physical and structural development and maintenance of the library;
E. The provision of adequate tools and equipment for effective service delivery;
F. To ensure adequate staffing capacity and motivation; and
G. Extension of frontiers of the library through staff activities.
With good application of the mission and vision statement, the library has been on top of their scoring
card. Again, before any programme emerges in the institution and accreditation teams‘ visits FUTO library,
they have something good to talk about the library. Before new acquisitions are made, the Librarian will embark
on a book tour to collect on the spot books in the area (for example materials on programmes offered). Implied
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here is that without which, teaching, learning, research and materials for relaxation and preservation of the
institution will not be complete. It must be noted that at the recent time, acquisitions of print and electronic
materials and as well human capacity building have significantly increased and have helped to promote the
capability and abilities of the image of the library. It has also left a status of the institution to reckon with
locally, internationally and have geared to achieve economic growth and competiveness among others.
According to Nwogu, staff has enjoyed the privilege and opportunities to attained seminars,
workshops, conferences in both national and international. The library is involved in consortium that is an
association or a network of libraries established by formal agreement, usually for the purpose of improving
services through resource sharing among its members (University Education is the 21st
century: Attaining the
International Benchmark in Nigeria 2011).They tend to meet the common needs of a group of libraries in the
areas of collections, staff and user training, services like interlibrary loan, and processes like cooperative
acquisitions and cataloguing (Dong 2009). Through consortia, libraries in individual countries such as South
Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, and Botswana have managed to solicit funds and subscribe to online resources. For
instance, the Nigerian University Libraries Consortium has negotiated with the Education Tax Fund to pay for
the subscription to EBSCO for all higher education institutions in Nigeria from 2005 onwards [6]. Consortia in
South Africa have made a good progress by organizing cooperative purchase of e-resource licences, common
library management software, establish union catalogues, provide training, and design a common information
literacy course for students (University Education is the 21st
century: Attaining the International Benchmark in
Nigeria 2011. The knowledge driven attainments is an indications of how FUTO Library played its role in
upgrading the status of parent institution to a great standard by using what it has to assist staff, students and
researchers in development capacity.
III. The Library Responding To Academic Programmes
Any scholar who cannot stoop low to see the obvious need to effectively maximize the information
resources of the library will find the idea that brought him to higher learning difficult to conquer. Similarly, any
system that does not encourage the regeneration of perpetuity of updating knowledge ends up undergoing
extinction with time. The library and the parent institution work in perupasel with each other and their
derivatives cannot be overemphasized. The importance of sustainable development is underscored by
UNCESCO describing activities of tertiary libraries as playing vital roles in shaping the way future generation
learn to cope with the complexities of sustainable development. They nurture highly qualified graduate and
responsible citizens who are able to meet the needs of all sectors of human activities; provide opportunities for
higher learning and for learning throughout life; they advance, create and disseminate knowledge through
research and provide as part of their service to the community, relevant expertise to assist in cultural, social and
economic development; they help understand, interpret, preserve, enhance, promote and disseminate national
and regional, international and historic cultures in a context of cultural pluralism and diversity; they help protect
and enhance societal values by training young people in the values which form the basis of democratic
citizenship; they contribute to the development and improvement of education at all levels, including through
the training of teachers (University Education is the 21st
century: Attaining the International Benchmark in
Nigeria, 2011)
The academic programmes of FUTO has a stable calendar system involving fifty-two (5) calendar
weeks in a year in accordance with the agreed plan of its parents body that that Aliu said it harmonizes the basic
scheduling of classes, tutorials, lectures and examinations to evaluate and access students‘ knowledge and
efforts alongside the circle, sessions, semesters or terms in each calendar year, periods within which students
completes the course and goes out or rejected from the institution Adamolekun, (1989) as cited in an edited
work (―reassessing the future of education in Nigeria‖ 2006). The operation is such that 17 weeks are provided
for first semester, 17 weeks for second semester. The calendar system is fifty-two (52) calendar weeks in a year
viz; total of 17 weeks for holidays, and 1 week to accommodate national public holidays. Thus 17 weeks in
each semester are further divided such that 1 week is set aside for the registration, orientation and other pre-
embarkation activities. 12 weeks for lectures, 1 week for revision and 3 weeks for examinations Eshett and
Ubbaonu, (2010). The institution has six (6) academic departments and a total of 44 programme with a total
enrollment students of 16, 164. With these deliberate stable academic calendar programmes in place and, the
ensuring stability and product quality in keeping with the world‘s best practices, shows the little or no rest
period for the library and librarians. This is so because they have to live a legacy to portray what they believed
in doing well that help achieve societal value through service of humanity by through making their role
significant. Academic programmes of FUTO are developed under these departments which exist under schools.
Hence, the schools are:
1. School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology (SMAT)
2. School of Engineering and Engineering Technology (SEET)
3. School of Health Technology (SOHT)
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4. School of Management Technology (SMAT)
5. School of Sciences (SOSC) and
6. School of Postgraduate programme
The Schools award degree on Bachelor‘s of Technology (B.Tech); Bachelor‘s of Engineering (B.Eng)
depending on the field of studies. Some programmes run in different Schools were accredited, some had interim
accreditation others had none while some are yet to be accredited and others were approved by senate but
awaiting verification by the National Universities Commission (NUC) ((University Education is the 21st
century: Attaining the International Benchmark in Nigeria 2011). These imply that the library accommodates the
services and queries of approximately 16, 164 enrolled students of the institution. These does not include staff,
outsiders who may which to use the library, neighboring institutions, researchers, communities and private
individuals on research purposes, students on continuing Education and Open and Distance learning students
programmes being hosted in FUTO. The library opens from Monday through Friday 8.00am to 6.00pm and on
Saturdays 8am to 2pm. This is so because the institution is yet to have residential quarters for staff and the
distance from town is about 4 kilometers drive.
Research Questions
The following research questions were formulated to guide in the study:
1. What status of people does the library have?
2. To what extent material resources is provided by the library and are used by patrons?
3. What ICT services are been offered by the library and of what purpose are they offered?
4. What strategy development implied by the library to meet patron‘s needs?
5. What are the obstacles the library may encounter in the process to achieve competitiveness and
sustainability to serve library patrons?
IV. Research Methodology And Population Of The Study
Descriptive survey method was used for the study. This research study was carried out in the
institution‘s library, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. The population for this study
included all people working for the FUTO library, totaling ninety-five (95). There was no need for sampling
since it is a study within the researcher‘s environment. The population was above average indicating the quality
of information gathered. The instruments for data collection were researcher‘s developed questionnaire. It was
used to elicit information from the respondents. Questionnaires were distributed among all the people working
for the library. The research developed five research questions. Some questionnaires were collected back duly
filled on the spot, some were collected later before the close of work while some were distributed and collected
after a day and two days and one week later from the respondents by the researcher, all in the same manner it
was administered. The administration and collection of the questionnaires was easy due to good cordial
relationship existing between the researcher and the respondents. Total of Ninety-five (95) were distributed.
Out of this, 85 copies were completely filled and returned. Data collected was discussed and analyzed using
simple percentages and frequencies. Administration of Questionnaires:
TABLE 1: Participants in the questionnaire were
S/N Questionnaire administered No Administered No of Returned %
1. Librarian 23 20 (23.55%)
2. Graduate Assistants 4 4 (4.70%)
3. Paraprofessionals 10 7 (8.74%)
4. Library Supervisors 10 8 (9.41%)
5. Secretaries / Youth coppers 7 6 (7.06%)
6. Persons on IT Attachment / Students Work Aid 5 5 (5.88%)
7. Library Assistants / Officers 26 25 (29.41%)
8. Supportive / Library attendants 10 10 (11.76%)
Total 95 85 (100%)
Of the 95 copies of questionnaires administered to persons working in the library, 85 copies were duly and
carefully filled and returned in the order represented in table 1 above.
V. Result Of Findings And Analysis
These results showed the status of people who work in FUTO library to provide services for patrons;
provision of materials resources for library patrons and manner they use it by the patrons; ICT services offered
and purpose why they are being offered, identification of strategy development implied by the Library to meet
patrons needs and finally, the obstacles library may encounter in the process to achieve competitiveness and
sustainability to serve library patrons.
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R / Q no. 1: What status of people does the library have?
Fig. 1: Status of people who work in this library.
Assistants; paraprofessionals showed (8.24%); while those for library supervision were (9.41%);
secretaries/youth coppers revealed (7.06%); library officers / assistants (29.41%); library attendants / supportive
staff represented (11.76%) and also persons on IT attachment / students work Aid (5.88%) respectively.
Indication shows that library officers / assistants and the librarians ranked highest in number. May be because
the librarian is closer to the management cadre, they Head the Units of the library and help in generating ideas
for library management decisions-making. Also, the library officers / assistants are the fire force in the library,
they work tirelessly. The management uses this cadre exhaustively to achieve greater patron‘s services.
Majority of them are abled young men and women. There are no doubt that the library is rich in human
resources to help achieve the set objectives.
R/ Q no. 2: To what extent material resources is provided as well reasons for used by library patrons?
.
Fig 2: Extent of material resources provided by the library for patron
The respondents indications were presented below according the hierarchical order viz book materials
represented (28.24%); CDs/DVDs (25.88%). On –line resources (23.53%), while Databases represented
100
30
25
20
15
10
05
0
22
10
4
5
20
85
Book
materials
CDs/DVDs
Theses/disse
rtations
Library
intimation
On-line
resources
24
Allofthe
above
Databases
Digitized
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(11.76%) library automation (5.88%) and digitized Theses/Dissertations (4.71%) in their frequency responses.
Above all, the respondents responded to the ―All of the above‖ option. Respondents agreed that all the options
were been provided by the library. These are indications that the library has got what it takes to achieve
competiveness and sustainability in the institution and to foster economic growth of the nation. They were
indications from those interviewed that, the library also acquire material on journals, newspapers, magazines,
monographs indexes, abstracts, bulletins, annual/reports, patents, conferences/workshops materials or papers,
and ephemeral, pamphlets etc. All these have knowledge contents that impact patrons and satisfy their needs and
aspirations.
VI. Reasons For The Use Of Library Material Resources
Results of the respondents in question 2, shows that there was 85 representing (100%) all the options
chosen by the respondents in responds rate of the questions asked viz; showed that patrons were very much
aware of these resources and they as well make use of them, there are wider publicity/awareness, resource
materials are current at strengthening capacity, easy accessibility/addressing immediate needs, Organizing,
mobilizing and prompt to services by library staff and study environment is made conducive to great extent
were reasons given why patrons maximize the use. All the options were unanimously chosen by respondents
which represented 85 (100%).
TABLE 2: Library coverage
Option Frequency Percentages
Wider publicity/awareness - -
Resource materials are current at strengthening capacity - -
Easy accessibility/addressing immediate needs - -
Organizing, mobilizing and prompt to services by library staff - -
Study environment is made conducive to great extent - -
All of the above 85 100%
R/Q 3: What ICT services are been offered by the library and of what purpose are they offered?
TABLE 3: Purpose ICT services were been offered
R / Q no. 3: Purpose ICT services were been offered
Purpose Frequency Percentages
For retrospective conversion from manual catalogue cards to machine readable form 10 11.76
For online public Access (OPAC) 30 53.3
Data entries 15 17.64
Search 10 11.76
On-line search 10 11.76
Off-line search 5 5.88
Browsing 5 5.88
Others (please specify)
Total 85 100
Table 3: Shows 85 (100%) for purposes of establishing the ICT services of the library for effective and efficient
information delivery. Other representations were retrospective conversion 10(11.76%), on-line public access 30
(35.3%), data entries 15 (17.64%), where as search had 10 (11.76) on-line search 10(11.76) and browsing and
off-line search had 5(5.88), 5(5.88) respectively. Fig 3, also shows ananimous agreement that all the ICT series
listed out on the options were been offered by the library indicating the total of 85 (100%). But regrettably, the
international respondents revealed that not all the services been offered meets up to expectation (For examples,
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lending of ICT facilities like OHP attracts prolonged and strike checks due to the few in number (1), compact
disk for long now have not been serviced, CDs, the rate of borrowing them is not encouraging, i.e. one at a time.
The reasons were because of the fragile nature of CDs, inconsistency in power supply that may end up not
accessing before the due time of return. Some patrons fear borrowing the CDs to go out of the library units for
the fear of damaging, cracking. This is because, were any of the above occurred the patron is sub charged to
pay a fine or replace it with respect to same version, edition, packing and ISBN etc. The penalty goes across any
like resources on lean.
Use of the OPAC is also negatively affected due to irregular power supply. Many often the stand-by
generator is broken down. This is a major challenge of accessing the OPAC. University library portal has an
open and accessible address rather most patrons are not familiar with it. This calls for the need of awareness to
be created for such patrons to be aware as to maximize the use. Access to databases has been on hold with
respect to subscription and other political and financial challenges. Though some can be accessed and are
available at the bonfire departments such as the AGORA, OARE can be found at Agricultural and
Environmental Department respectively. With the library contact addresses, it can no longer be accessed with it
for now. Please see representations of ICT services offered in the figure 3 shown above. Electronic theses and
Dissertations are available but not accessible to patrons on loans rather, they make consultations in ICT unit.
This check may be to avoid pregealism or piracy of the project, misuse and theft. It is rather preserved and
digitized for uploading and upward deliveries to AAU who now make them accessible online and as well
preserve them as indigenous content in Africa. Frequencies of the respondents were ascertained, indicating that
OPAC had the lead. OPAC is a retrospective conversion of hard copy catalogues of the library materials
resource holdings output. Patrons avail themselves immense opportunities access as many materials as possible.
OPAC represented 25 (29.41%) in both table 3 and figure 3 to have the highest options from respondents. ICT
helps the computerization of the activities of library that help keep tab on advertisement of relevant to priority
areas. It helps form consortium of information and exchange ideas, collect and offer information from and to
others on information or services that helps disseminate issues of interest and services queries.
R/Q No. 4: What strategy development implied by the library to meet patron‘s needs?
The respondents were able to identify the major strategies used to foster development in FUTO library. Results
are shown below. Respondents identified strategy developments made by library management in the areas of (a)
Human resource development on building capacity (b) Materials resource development / Acquisition efforts of
the library / book donations (c) ICT services / computer – driven / databases for automation (d) library building
(space and good reading environment) (e) Repositories of international organizations. The activities and
practices are represented herein:
1. Human resource development on building capacity-: Staff have attended conference, seminars, workshops
(national & International); Library sponsored to workshop in Addis Ababa (May 2008) by Association of
African University (AAU); AAU on Database of African Theses and Dissertation (DATAD) in Kenya
(July, 2007); IFLA conference in South Africa (August, 2007); IFLA conference USA (June, 2010); NLA
Conferences/Seminars within the country (2006-2010);Advancement in MLS Programmes; Advancement
in PhD. Programmes; Students Work Aid Scheme for FUTU indigent students
2. Materials resource development / Acquisition efforts of the library / book donations-: Print volumes
75,265; Journal titles 642; Documentation 6,623; Maps 996; Electronic resources1,042 Book donations-:
Book Aid International formally called Ranrafurly; FUTO Alumni Associations in Diaspora that is
basically in engineering; Oil companies examples Shell and Chevron in areas of mining, geology, civil,
mechanical s well as petroleum engineering; Professor Cajetan Akujobi of Alabama State University,
USA.
3. ICT services / computer – driven / databases for automation-:
a. ICT services/Online Resources - Conversion of manual catalogue to computer driven; Conversion of
database for eventual automation; Lending of ICT facilities (OHPs, Compac Disc CDs, and PAS); Online
Public Access Catalogue (OPAC); Services on electronic portals and databases (EBSCOhost on CD and
Online databases http://search.ebscohost.com ; Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture
(AGORA)- www.aginternetwork.org.; Access to Research Initiatives (HINARI)-
www.healthinternetwork.net; Online Access to Research in Environments (OARE)
http://www.oaresciences.org ; Nigerian Virtual Library; Electronic Theses/Dissertations; Internet search
services; Digitization of Theses/Dissertations of institutions‘ undergraduate under the DATAD project of
AAU; Internet Network for the Availability of Scientific Publication (INASP) http://www.inasp.info;
JSTOR database and most trusted sources for academic content http://www.jstor.org ; Internet facilities
powered by Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA) and funded by Mr. George Soro a U.S-
based philanthropist. The ICT Cybercafé is open to all library users at highly subsidized rate; Library
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automation started with Alice for Windows software and the resources database in OPAC can now be
accessed.
b. Hardware/Software development of the Library; Creation of DATAD Sub Unit; Renewal of bandwidth
subscription and general maintenance; Acquisition of CD‘s and Databases; Automation and Digitization;
Twenty-three (23) computers; Forty (40) Ups; Forty (40) stabilizers; Two (2) flat bed scanners;
EBSCOhost CD of an online Database containing periodicals in Academic, General, Business, Biomedical
reference and Encyclopedia Britannica Online Resource subscription by the library
c. Acquisition of Database information and Digitization (CDs/DVDs)-: Agricultural 23, Engineering 302,
General 67, Management 77, Science 182, Health 35, Theses/Dissertation 233.
d. Database storage devices containing materials for many disciplines-: DATAD 2005, 272 was uploaded to
AAU via 216 in batch one 52 in batch two respectively while, scanned and indexed into Endnote waiting
for the upload to AAU is 277; Current DATAD CDs containing over 20,000 records from 13 Institutions
in 11 African countries (Uni. Jos, Ile-Ife, Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Ahmad Bello Uni. Zaria, FUTO;
Essential Electronic Agriculture Library(TEAL) Demo of four Agricultural Journals in full text format.
4. The Library has a new building just completed and activities are going on there. The equipment is powered
by the Education Trust Fund (ETF) of N3b Intervention to FUTO with the Library having the lion share.
Among the features of the new library building is an ICT Unit. By this new development, accommodation
problem has eased to a reasonable extent.
5. FUTO Library as a Repository of International Organizations-: i. a repository of International Maritime
Organization (IMO), ii. Central Bank of Nigeria, USA Consulate, Oil Companies (Total, E & P. Nig. Ltd.)
and Chevron Nig. Ltd. etc.
R/Q no. 6: What are the obstacles the library may encounter in the process to achieve competitiveness and
sustainability to serve library patrons?
It requested respondents to reason out what obstacles library face would in order to survive. Here,
indications revealed by respondents‘ shows massive obstacles. Some of the obstacles are inevitable, while some
can be checked to reduce the negative effect as the library progresses. Reasonable numbers of the respondents
reasoned out at least one or more challenges ranging from via:
a. Non-recognition of models of the dynamic of library services, models of the dynamic of patron, models of
information gathering behavior and unrealisation of marketing models of consumer preferences in library
series
b. Charging fee
c. Non effective use of library feedback mechanism.
d. Lack of attention to retrieval system whether they work effectively.
e. Utility obstacle
f. Lack of evaluation always
g. Not having interest on survival and adoption
h. Quality and quantity neglect
i. Unresponsiveness nature of patron to the library
j. Non salient attitude to sensitivity of demand from patrons
k. Neglect of library resources to scatter, decay and or inertia
l. Effects from diffusion to make decision and attained to responsibility
m. Entertaining displacement, approximation and supervision
n. Practicing the philosophy of librarianship
o. Practicing the value-free techniques
p. Practicing – laden activity
q. Influence of both pedagogical value and political forces
r. Rigid adherence to censorship
s. Inability to preserve digital materials be it analog collections or are born digital due on health maintenance
culture.
Looking at the above obstacles the researcher testified threatened as to what will become of the library when
these obstacles are not checked or handled with upmost interest. The academic libraries whose watch word is to
render effective and efficient services should rise up to fight these obstacles before it is down [7].
VII. Summary Of Findings, Conclusion And Recommendations
The main conclusions and recommendations of the study on achieving competitiveness and
sustainability economic growth in the institutions of learning (A case study of Federal University of
Technology, Owerri (FUTO) Library, Imo State Nigeria. The researcher need to point out that the study must
not have taking care of all the issues in these library activities. Hence, the need for more analytical and other
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forms of studies to make this vital library, the success we all want it to be. Much of the revelations was based on
already existing sources of information especially resources and activities of the library. Hence the data used
should be used with caution. Be that as it may, the researcher summarizes the main findings, conclusion and
recommendation of the study in a coherent and accessible manner.
VIII. Conclusion And Recommendations
Libraries have a critical role to play to facilitate access to information which can foster innovation as a
critical ingredient for sustainable competitive economic growth in Nigeria. Creativity and innovation are
becoming more important elements for competitiveness and significant resources for institution development in
the knowledge society. Academic libraries are not well equipped to serve the diverse needs of the institution
community. The changing information and knowledge delivery setting, the new participatory approaches/
community engagement programmes, the need to convert information into knowledge, to contribute to
knowledge creation and the support for technological innovation, necessitate that the library remains relevant
and contribute towards economic growth in Nigeria. It is within such a context that libraries moved through
three phases of development, which include provision of ―information about the library‖ on the web or physical
library online, and ―digital libraries‖ or ―virtual libraries‖, to innovative library services characterized by web
2.0 technologies, or also called as, ―library 2.0‖. The recent development is dominated by the innovative library
2.0 services, where libraries offer user-centered services, interactive, and participatory information and
knowledge services by using social media tools and services as well as physical services.
Libraries have to adopt innovative strategies and technologies such as web 2.0 technologies in order to
facilitate knowledge construction and delivery of knowledge and information services in this knowledge era,
where multimodal literacy skills are needed. The user becomes both a collaborator and contributor of library
services and content, which means that library services are constantly updated and re-evaluated to best serve the
industry community. This paper has attempted to provide current trends of the basic concept of libraries and
information services, and their significance for industrial development in the present knowledge-based society.
The paper has outlined the success, failures and lessons learnt for further improvement of the libraries and
information services for sustainable industrial development in Africa.
Recommendations are, therefore, made for libraries networks (which includes national libraries,
associations and library schools), on the one hand, and governments, regional and international bodies, on the
other. The library networks need to strengthen the following:
(a) Library policies. Establish policies which clearly indicate the role of the library in supporting economic
development initiatives in the community.
(b) Involvement of relevant stakeholders in the management and delivery of library services. Restructure
library bodies to comprise representatives of the community including business and industrial community,
universities, researchers etc).
(c) Educate industries to either establish special libraries within their structure, or utilize the existing ones.
(d) Capacity building of library staff and associations. Among other skills, librarians should take basic
business courses to learn the language of business and entrepreneurship. Staff should be recruited with
business, economic and marketing backgrounds. LIS schools in Africa should incorporate basic business
courses, and innovative library technologies such as web 2.0 in their curriculum. The library should create
internship opportunities for business students and young entrepreneurs. They also need to contribute to
continuing education programmes, so as to assist in the sustainability of in-country training.
(e) Establish awareness, outreach and community engagement programmes. This programme should focus on
changing the negative attitude towards library services, and it should aim at increasing the visibility of the
library services to the community that is serves. The librarians must engage with communities in order to
market library services, and involve communities as contributors and partners in knowledge construction
through the following: organize business breakfast sessions, sponsor seminars and conferences in economic
development issues, attend meetings of economic development groups/ business groups, and serve on
committees, visit with community leaders, such as mayor, get yourself appointed to a board or commission
as a citizen and then use your librarian skills, provide spaces for community meetings and a home-based
business ―office‖ space.. For marketing purposes, the libraries should publish brochures and guides on
specific topics, participate in exhibitions, and use media, such as radio, newspapers, post announcements
and testimonials on library websites.
(f) Conduct regular information needs studies; libraries should conduct regular user studies in order to provide
relevant services to users, as well as meeting their disparate needs. Libraries should also use environmental
scans, stakeholder‘s analysis and community profiles to generate data for community segmentation and
widening of demographic groups that use library services.
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(g) Assess and map of the local/indigenous knowledge (IK) sources; knowledge maps should be used to
identify IK holders so that the local businesses and industries can easily locate knowledge sources in the
communities, and utilize IK to improve their production.
(h) Provide opportunities for users to acquire and create knowledge and social intelligence through informal
channels, patron interactions and social networks which are embedded in the web 2.0 tools. The library can
facilitate information transfer and the process of connecting individuals to the full portfolio of resources
available in the community. Community networks are about cultivating human networks and human
interaction even when the focus is economic, social or cultural development. Libraries should use
innovative web 2.0 technologies to enhance participation, interaction and user engagement in knowledge
construction and delivery of library services. Libraries should use web 2.0 tools to those users who are more
comfortable with the new environments. They will need to examine their environment and culture for
effective utilization of the web 2.0 technologies. Technology should be used as a supporting tool to improve
library services, and not the driver. Thus, the adoption of L2 should be determined and formed by librarians
and library users.
(i) Develop local indigenous content. Libraries need to capture, preserve and disseminate local indigenous
content in the appropriate format, language and subjects. Given the background that most African industries
lack access to information and knowledge from libraries, local indigenous content becomes a key resource
of information. Librarians must value indigenous and traditional knowledge. They must also integrate local
knowledge with the knowledge to which ‗access‘ is provided. Thus, librarians should not only motivate,
teach, interpret and facilitate ‗access‘ to knowledge, but also listen and learn. Open access publishing has
opened many possibilities for reducing and even eliminating entirely the cost barriers to scientific
publications. Libraries can provide access to indigenous content, together with global open access materials
in their collections, create tools for their organization and preservation, building and maintaining
institutional repositories, creating awareness of the available information resources including open access,
and right to information, and participating in advocacy for fair and equitable access to information.
According to (Juma and Yee-Cheong 2005), ―open access regime for academic journals raises interesting
possibilities for extending the concept to technological fields. Every year thousands of patents expire,
bringing into the public domain new knowledge that had been available only upon royalty payment. This
knowledge represents an important reservoir of ideas that can be used to meet development needs. Little
attention has been paid to this fund of knowledge. Inventors are increasingly interested in making their
ideas available free of royalty for use in meeting the needs of poor countries. Only a handful of mechanisms
are designed to promote such activities. Extending the open access model to technological information
would be a natural extension of current efforts to broaden the space for human creativity‖. The library
should play a key role in this by creating institutional repositories.
(j) Adopt a mix of appropriate ICTs: These technologies can include establishment of repositories, automation
of library functions (i.e. cataloguing, circulation, acquisition etc), increasing proportion of e-resources
collections, such as development of websites with a gateway to internet resources, implementation of online
reference services (such as email, online chat, webcam, web help desk etc), use of web 2.0 to enhance
promotion and delivery of library services, establish electronic bulletin board service for contract
opportunities, job openings, tax regulations, consumer information, statistics, etc.
(k) Expand business and economic development services: Provide services that correspond to the information
seeking behaviour of business, that is, personal contact. Libraries must establish personal information
networks or value chains.
(l) Create a small business information center/ corner in the library or at least a kiosk that offers basic business
information and lists of local resources. Implementation of the subject librarian is also important to meet the
disparate needs of industry community. The subject librarian will be responsible to collect information of
the subject developments, latest progress, new books and other information, and disseminate this
information appropriately to users through library website, email, and web 2.0 technologies such as social
networks, blogs, wiki, social bookmarks and so on.
(m) Creation of learning societies. Libraries can create learning societies through information literacy
programmes, lifelong learning, apprenticeship, voluntarism, research, innovation and publications; offer
workplace literacy programs. Further, libraries can provide a web-based instruction and learning space to
meet the diverse needs of users. Thus, libraries can enhance access to the very limited information resources
through information literacy programmes in order to equip individuals with the ability to access, retrieve
and process data of relevance to concrete problem-solving and decision- making.
(n) Partnerships among libraries, both public and private sectors, and international organizations. Libraries
should assist economic development in partnership with local communities, educators, researchers, the
Chamber of Commerce, Business Associations, Economic Development Office and other relevant
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stakeholders. Libraries should provide resource materials for these organizations. Each library must be part
of the provincial, regional or sectoral resource sharing networks.
On the other hand, Nigerian governments can improve library and information services by developing
national knowledge and information policies and update existing ICTs, R&D or science and technology policies.
Library issues should be one of the priority areas of these policies. These policies should focus on the
improvement of library services, increased provision of funds for library services, knowledge creation (R&D
and innovation), protection of intellectual property rights and the licensing of information products and services,
right of free access to knowledge and information, affordability and availability of information generated by the
public and private sector, recognize and improve library and information services, enforce industrial
communities to establish special
The institution library has been seen as a necessity in any institution that supports teaching, learning
and research. Evidences have testified the high competition between institution libraries and information
centers within and outside institution environments. Libraries should strive more to provide human and material
resources and equip these with skills and competencies. There will make any library patron carry out their
academic work successfully and to make them maximize the benefit and purposes by which institution libraries
was created. Considering the obstacle, the libraries might face as was revealed from this study, provision of all
what is needed to achieve success will be to the benefit of those who hunger for information and knowledge,
and help the library stand strong in the business. Need to also re-organize the economic productive activities
within the libraries and their units to make them more competitive. An urgent call is relevant in institution
libraries in Nigeria and devoid of any serious completive exploit in the global economy whose development
have that for long remained fragmented and fragile and the following are recommended:
1. To profitably compete and be able to cope with the emerging obstacles of globalization therefore, libraries
in Nigeria and libraries in institution must of necessity, take advantage of the concept of human and
material resources development as a one area strategy for sustainable growth of libraries and information
provision and dissemination.
2. The vision and objectives of the institution libraries aimed at applying innovative strategies to achieve
rapid growth and survival. The strategies will aim at creating collective concentration of owned library
product and services and libraries alike that offer opportunities for other to emerge and grow through
facilitating specialization and collective efficiency of libraries.
3. The lack of collaboration with some libraries has resulted to the inability of the inability of libraries to
fully and effectively harness strategies to foster growth in the libraries.
4. It is relevant to involve all stakeholders by making sure they take ownership of the library projects, the
need for any administration to without reservation solidly build upon the already led good foundation to
bring the fruition, the dreams and aspirations of objectives of libraries in an institution. Effective and
maximum use of institution libraries by staff and students and researchers all over the world can transform
the human capacity, national economies through provision of employment opportunities, creation of
wealth and poverty deduction. As a matter of responsibility, the Nigerian library Association (NLA)
should rise and live up to expectation and demands implying all available strategies to foster expansion
and growth of libraries. One of the objectives of the library is to facilitate mainstreaming of strategies
among others; therefore, achievement of this objective will result in allocation of resources by parent
body, government, stakeholders, interest groups, philanthropies etc for the growth of the entire activities of
the library, enabling the sustainability.
5. Having formed librarian‘s consortium is a good development that must be sustained, collaborating around
functional niches, establishing close linkages and working alliances to improve collective competiveness.
It may be noted that the cornerstone of collaboration is trust among librarians. These may involve joint
leaving, sub contracting etc resulting to promote specialization, joint procurement, joint information
marketing, linkages to academia and government to collaborate and form collective efficiency to improve
productivity, enhance quality of library products, processes, services and achievement of competitiveness.
Based on the findings of this research study, the following recommendations were made:
a. Libraries in institutions of learning should not relent to engage the services of the librarians who are in the
position to give advice to management decisions. Also, of other rank and files, the library management
should employ able men and women (preferably the youths) these are the fire force group the library uses
to decompose strong events in the library.
b. Wider publicity, regency of materials, easy accessibility and prompt to services by staff were strategies
interventions. The library should try to sustain this tempo.
c. There are no ways information material resources of the libraries in institution could be adequate in any
manner. The libraries should continue to acquire materials that are recent and timely.
d. Since majority of services offered by the libraries are light powered, therefore, libraries should make sure
there is regular power supply in the library.
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e. Libraries in an institution should in conjunction with the NLA, parents‘ body, interest groups,
government, philanthropies live up to expectations and demands implying, all available strategies in an
addition to develop more too foster expansion and growth of librarians of an institution.
f. The obstacle that libraries may face in order to survive must not be isolated and overlooked
References
[1]. Anunobi C. V., Nwankwo, O. P., Oga M. C. and Benard I.I (2011). The Adoption of ICT for library and Information Sciences.
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