This ppt illustrates and describes the two bacterial diseases included in the BSc Hons Program Syllabys Core Course III or DSC 3- Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton
Tikka disease of groundnut is a fungal disease. This disease is also called leaf spot disease.
Host - Groundnut plants. (Arachis hypogea)
Casual organism - Cercospora arachidicola, Cercospora personata.
Tikka disease is the major disease of groundnut in India.
All the groundnut varieties grown in India are susceptible to the disease.
It is a common disease in the United States of America, China, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Australia.
This material is for School and Undergraduate Students.
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Tikka disease of groundnut is a fungal disease. This disease is also called leaf spot disease.
Host - Groundnut plants. (Arachis hypogea)
Casual organism - Cercospora arachidicola, Cercospora personata.
Tikka disease is the major disease of groundnut in India.
All the groundnut varieties grown in India are susceptible to the disease.
It is a common disease in the United States of America, China, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Australia.
This material is for School and Undergraduate Students.
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Fire blight of apple; one of the viral plant bacterial diseaselekhnathgaire7
Fire blight is a destructive bacterial disease affecting apple and pear trees. It's characterized by wilting, blackening, and "scorched" appearance of blossoms, shoots, and branches. It spreads rapidly, especially in warm, moist conditions, posing a significant threat to orchards. Control measures include pruning infected parts, using resistant varieties, and applying antibiotics or copper-based sprays during the growing season.
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
A part of Botany (Hons) syllabus in Mycopathology illustrates the basic differnces in ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae as well as their significance
Role of bacteria in Industry and MedicineRitaSomPaul
It describes positive and negative roles of bacteria in Industry and Medicine. It is a part of Microbiology syllabus in Botany (Hons) as per CBCS system
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Phytopathology: Bacterial diseases
1. Dr Rita Som Paul
Associate Professor
Siliguri College
Siliguri
BSc Hons Program ;Core Course III :
Mycology and Plant Pathology
Unit 9 -: Phytopathology;
Bacterial Diseases
2. I. Angular Leaf Spot or Black Arm
Disease or boll rot of cotton
3. Causal organism
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum
(Smith) Vauterin.
Class : Schizomycetes
Order : Pseudomonadales
Family : Pseudomonadaceae
Aerobic, rod-shaped (bacillus)- singly or in pairs,
is capsulated but forms no spores, and is motile
by one polar flagellum.
Gram negative.
5. Symptoms:
i)Small water-soaked spots appear on the under surface of
cotyledons, which may dry and wither. Such spots also appear
on the leaves. They become angular bound by veinlets and turn
brown to black in colour.
ii)Several small spots may coalesce in wet weather. In dry
weather the leaves fall off and the plants remain barren.
iii) Elongated, sunken and dark brown to black lesions appear on
stem, petioles and branches.
iv)The young stems may be girdled and killed in the black arm
phase. The stem in this phase turns black from which the
symptom name “blackarm”.
v)Sunken black lesions may be seen on the bolls. Young boll
may fall-off. The attacked stem becomes weak. Bacterial slime is
exuded on the brown lesions. Discolouration of lint may take
place. The seeds may become contaminated and lint is totally
destroyed. Hence the name” boll rot”.
7. Disease cycle :
Mode of entry :
The bacterium does not enter the vascular
bundles but are confined to parenchyma. From
the leaf-stem lesions the bacteria are
disseminated by wind –blown rain on the
bollswhere spots are formed. In the infected
capsules the bacteria penetrate the developing
seed and form slimy masses around the hairs
surrounding micropyle.
8. The primary infection takes place through seed-
borne bacteria. On germination of the
contaminated seeds the bacteria infect the
cotyledons as they emerge from soil and
formelongated marginal lesions.Thereafter, the
leaves and stems are infected.
9. Dissemination: The pathogen can remain as
slimy mass inside the seed or on the fuzz. The
disease may be carried over through infected
leaves, bolls and twigs on the soil surface.
The secondary infection is through water, wind.
10. Predisposing factors are heavy rains
accompanied by strong wind, high relative
humidity and temperature.
11. Management:
1. Field sanitation.
2. (a) Externally seed borne infection can be
eradicated by delinting the seed with Cone H2SO4 for
5 minutes, wash with lime solution to neutralise the
effect and finally washing with running water to
remove the residue and drying seeds.
(b) Internally seed borne infection can be eradicated
by soaking seeds overnight in 100 ppm streptomycin
sulphate or Agrimycin.
3. Secondary spread of the disease can be controlled
by spraying the crop with streptomycin sulphate 100
ppm + Copper oxychloride (0.25%) at an interval of
15 days.
14. Causal organism/pathogen
Xanthomonas campestris pv citri ; Gram negative
rod with a single polar flagellum
Systematic position
Class – Schizomycetes
Order : Eubacteriales
Family : Xanthomonadaceae
15. Symptoms:
Infection may occur on all aerial parts (leaf, stem
fruits, thorns) either through the wounds or stomata
(indirect entry).
The characteristic symptoms first appear on leaves on
both the leaf surfaces as small translucent spots,
which are darker green in colour than the healthy
tissues and sometimes surrounded by persistant
yellow halos.
The surface of the lesions are raised and as they
enlarge, they become light-coloured and rupture to
expose a spongy tissue within a typically depressed
crater-like center.
Depending on the species infected, epidermal
remains may be seen around the margin of the
lesions. This may vary in appearance on different
16. Symptoms…
The exposed spongy tissue later becomes brown
and corky with age and the region rough to touch.
Fruit lesions resemble those on the leaves, but
are without the characteristic halo and may
coalesce and cause a scabby appearance. The
fruit lesions do not extend through the rind ( ie not
deep seated)
The market value of the fruits is reduced due
appearance of the scabby lesions.
17.
18.
19.
20. Disease cycle :
When the leaves are wet from rain or dew, the
bacteria exhude out of the canker lesions and
these are disseminated by wind, rain or insects
The older parts of the plant are infected primarily
through wounds including that caused by the
citrus leaf miner (Phylocnistic citri, an insect) ( It
enters the leaf and wades through it , making a
channel below the cuticle).
21. Disease cycle….
Free moisture is required for spread of bacteria at
temperatures 20-35oC . Strong winds favour the
spread of bacteria
Fruits and leaves nearing maturity are more
resistant than young leaves.
The symptoms do not always appear immediately
after infection and the causal bacteria may
survive for considerable time in bark lesions.
However, bacteria do not survive for more than a
few days in unsterilized soil, but may remain
viable for 50 dys in sterilized soil.
22. Disease cycle….
Infected young shoots are more important than
leaves as source of primary inoculums, although
bacteria may persist over winter as latent
infection in the upper leaves.
Rainfall does not affect the incubation period, but
it alters the appearance of the canker lesion,
which enlarges rapidly under moist conditions
Secondary spread of the disease may also occur
during grafting and pruning
23. Control measures :
Eradication by by prurning the diseased trees in
place and extreme sanitation including clothing of
workers.
Strict exclusion of imported Citrus from countries
where the disease prevails (quarantine)
Planting of wind-breaks (plants taller than citrus)
24. Control…
Stimulation of foliage growth and foliage pruning
during dry months
Copper fungicides should be sprayed during the
period of early fruit formation.
Spraying streptomycin sulphate @ 500 ppm
Bordeaux mixture spray checks bacterial infection
and reduces disease to some extent.
