Functionalistic and associationistic theories presentation

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This document discusses functionalistic and associationistic theories of learning proposed by Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner. It introduces Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning and concepts like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response and conditioned stimulus. It also introduces Skinner's theory of operant conditioning and concepts like reinforcement, punishment, and reinforcement schedules. The document analyzes how Pavlov and Skinner's ideas are still relevant today, such as in explaining addiction and the effects of television advertising.

Presentations & Public Speaking

Functionalistic and
Associationistic Theories
PSY/390
Functionalistic and Associationistic Theories Presentation

Introduction
Functionalistic Theory
Associationistic Theory
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov

Contributions of
Ivan Pavlov to
learning & cognition
Memory
is
considered
the most
important
factor in
the
process of
learning.
Classical
conditioning

Contributions of
B.F. Skinner to
learning & cognition
Operant
Conditioning
Positive
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Punishment
Reinforcement
Schedules

Models Associated with Pavlov
 Classical Conditioning
 Unconditioned
stimulus
 Unconditioned
response
 Conditioned response
 Conditioned stimulus

Models Associated with Skinner
• Operant Conditioning
• Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Primary reinforcers
• Secondary reinforcers
• Intermittent
reinforcers
• Schedules

Concepts of Pavlov
Classical Conditioning Concept
Where a conditioned stimulus
makes an unconditioned
response into a conditioned
response using an
unconditioned stimulus.
When introducing a CS, it will
eventually become a US and
bring about the CR.
Time will depreciate the CR in
certain activities.

Concepts of Skinner
Operant Conditioning
The thought that an
organism performs an act
and then a stimuli is
presented to modify that
behavior.
Concept
That is a person from Japan
and one from England could
be switched at birth and
raised in the same fashion,
that they would develop as
if they were born into that
environment.

Modern Day Aspects Analyzed
Pavlov Skinner
Help describe the use
of alcohol and drugs
when it comes to
addiction.
The use of products
when it comes to
television ads.

Conclusion
 B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov both very
influential men in Psychology
 Their research led to many others
experiments
 Their work is seen often in the modern
day.

References
Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to
theories of learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Ivan_Pavlo
v_NLM3.jpg
http://mediacacheak0.pinimg.com/736x/f5/db/af/f5dbafd106268
d6af0fcea0f85b8669a.jpg
https://www.boundless.com/psychology/learning/classical-
conditioning/pavlov-s-research/

This document summarizes Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment. It explains that classical conditioning is a type of learning where a stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a reflexive response through repeated association with another stimulus. Pavlov demonstrated this by pairing food with a stimulus to condition dogs to salivate upon hearing the stimulus alone. The document then discusses various concepts of classical conditioning like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. It also covers applications of classical conditioning principles in behavior therapy and influencing emotional responses.

Difference between oc and cc theory of learning

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Classical conditioning involves the pairing of an unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, discovered by Ivan Pavlov in the early 1900s. Operant conditioning, coined by B.F. Skinner in 1938, explains how behaviors are modified by consequences like rewards. The key differences are that classical conditioning involves stimulus pairing and association, while operant conditioning involves response modification through consequences without stimulus pairing. Classical conditioning results in reflexes, while operant conditioning shapes external behaviors controlled by the central nervous system.

Week1 Learning Approach and Classical Conditioning

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The document outlines key concepts relating to the learning approach in psychology. It begins by defining an approach as a perspective that involves assumptions about human behavior. It then discusses five main approaches: social, cognitive, learning, psychodynamic, and biological. Next, it defines theories, studies, and methods within the learning approach. Specifically, it provides examples of theories like classical conditioning and operant conditioning, studies like Bandura (1961) and Watson & Raynor (1920), and methods such as experiments and observations. Finally, it lists the key assumptions of the learning approach, including that behavior is learned through conditioning and the environment determines behavior.

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

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Ian Pavlov was a Russian psychologist who won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his work on classical conditioning. Through experiments with dogs, Pavlov discovered that a neutral stimulus could become associated with a reflexive response through repeated pairing. Specifically, he found that dogs would salivate when food was presented, and would later salivate when a bell was rung, due to its repeated pairing with the food. Teachers can apply this concept of classical conditioning to help students learn classroom expectations, such as quieting down when the teacher approaches the board or turns on a projector.

Hull's Theory of Learning

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Clark Hull developed a drive-reduction theory of learning that stated drives create arousal or tension that motivates behavior to reduce the drive, and learning occurs through conditioning when behaviors are associated with drive reduction. His theory proposed several concepts including habit strength, reaction inhibition, and effective reaction potential to explain learning quantitatively. Although influential, Hull's theory faced criticisms for not fully explaining real-world behavior and inconsistencies in its predictions.

Learning theories 1

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1) The document outlines several theories of learning including classical conditioning by Pavlov involving associating a neutral stimulus with a reflex, operant conditioning by Skinner involving reinforcement of behaviors, social learning by Bandura involving observational learning, and insightful learning involving problem solving. 2) Clinical applications of these theories include the development of fears through classical conditioning, using reinforcement schedules in token economies for behavior modification, and making diagnoses through selectively encoding, comparing, and combining information. 3) Other concepts discussed include latent learning, Vygotsky's zone of proximal development involving learning with guidance, and Lewin's field theory emphasizing the interaction between individuals and their environment in influencing behavior.

Behavioural approach to learning

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1) Behaviourism is a learning theory that proposes that behaviour can be modified through consequences like reinforcement or punishment. It focuses on observable behaviours rather than internal mental states. 2) Classical conditioning involves associating an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a response with a neutral conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. Pavlov's famous experiment conditioned dogs to salivate when a bell was rung. 3) Operant conditioning, proposed by Skinner, is learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviours. Positive reinforcement strengthens behaviours by rewarding them, while negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behaviour.

Classical conditioning is a learning theory discovered by Ivan Pavlov in which a reflex response becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus. Through Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, he found that a dog could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell through repeated pairing with food. Teachers can apply classical conditioning principles in the classroom to shape student behaviors through the use of rewards, punishments, and stimuli like flashing lights. Conditioning students in this way makes it easier for them to learn by creating positive classroom environments and responses to teacher cues.

Classical Conditioning Theory of Learning

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Behaviorism

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Behaviorism is a movement in psychology that views learning as occurring through interactions between organisms and their environment. It proposes three major types of learning: classical conditioning, in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response; operant conditioning, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened through reinforcement and punishment of consequences; and social learning theory, where observation of models leads to imitation of behaviors.

Classical vs Operant Conditioning

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Classical conditioning (CC) and operant conditioning (OC) both involve learning through associations between stimuli and responses. However, they differ in key ways: 1. In CC, the response is involuntary and precedes the stimulus, while in OC the response is voluntary and occurs after reinforcement. 2. CC involves passive learning as the response is automatic, while OC requires an active learner who operates on the environment to obtain reinforcement. 3. The timing of the stimulus and response differ between the two: in CC the stimulus precedes the response, while in OC the response precedes reinforcement.

Behaviourist theory

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The document summarizes several behaviorist theories of learning: - Classical conditioning (Pavlov): Learning through associations between stimuli and responses. An example is Pavlov's dogs salivating to the sound of a bell after it was paired with food. - Operant conditioning (Skinner): Learning through consequences that reinforce behaviors. Behaviors are strengthened if they produce positive reinforcement or reduce negative reinforcement. - Social learning theory (Bandura): Extended Skinner by arguing learning also occurs through observation and imitation of others in a social environment. People can learn behaviors by watching others and processing the situation.

Behavioural theory of learning

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This document summarizes two important theories of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning, proposed by Ivan Pavlov, involves associating an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a response with a conditioned stimulus, until the conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the response on its own. Operant conditioning, proposed by B.F. Skinner, is based on the idea that learning is a function of changes in behavior due to consequences. Reinforcement and punishment are used to modify occurrences of behaviors.

Behaviorism

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B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning. Some key aspects of Skinner's work include: - He focused on observable behavior and studied how environmental consequences shape behavior through reinforcement or punishment. - He conducted experiments using operant conditioning techniques like positive reinforcement and schedules of reinforcement. - His theory of operant conditioning differed from Thorndike and Hull's theories in that he took a strictly descriptive approach rather than an explanatory one. - Skinner's research influenced psychology for decades and contributed to behavior modification techniques, but he was also criticized for his extreme behaviorism and narrow focus on observable behavior only.

classical conditioning & operant conditioning

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Classical and operant conditioning are two theories of learning explained in the document. Classical conditioning deals with involuntary responses and pairing stimuli to elicit responses. Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors and how reinforcement and punishment modify the likelihood of behaviors. Key figures who developed these theories include Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Their work showed how environmental stimuli and consequences shape observable behaviors.

Classical conditioning

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This document provides an overview of classical conditioning. It begins with an introduction that describes Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs where he conditioned them to salivate in response to a stimulus other than food. The terminology section defines key terms like unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. The experiment section then describes Pavlov's specific experiment where he conditioned dogs to salivate when they heard a bell, due to pairing the bell with food. It also includes a diagram illustrating the stages of classical conditioning - before, during, and after - and how a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus. Finally, it discusses applications of classical conditioning theory including language learning and the treatment of phobias.

Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov.

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The document discusses several key concepts in organizational behavior and learning theories, including: 1. Classical conditioning, which involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a learned response. Famous examples include Pavlov's dogs and fear conditioning. 2. Operant conditioning, where behavior is modified through reinforcement or punishment. Thorndike's Law of Effect explains how responses followed by pleasant outcomes tend to be repeated. 3. Social learning theory proposes four elements necessary for observational learning: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. People learn from observing models.

The behaviourist theory of learning

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The document discusses the behaviorist theory of learning proposed by theorists Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and John Watson. Pavlov is known for his experiments with Pavlov's dogs and the concept of classical conditioning. Skinner introduced operant conditioning and the Skinner box. Watson proposed the theory of behaviorism and conducted experiments on conditioning emotions, such as with Little Albert. The behaviorist theory views learning as the acquisition of behaviors based on environmental stimuli and reinforcement or punishment.

Learning theories 2

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- Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice. Conditioning forms associations between stimuli and responses. - Basic learning factors include arousal, motivation, reinforcement through rewards, and association between events. Both positive and negative reinforcement strengthen behaviors. - Punishment weakens behaviors but has harmful side effects. Generalization occurs when similar stimuli elicit the same response, while discrimination involves responding differently. - Learned helplessness describes a lack of motivation after uncontrollable events, applying to depression, elderly institutions, and domestic violence. Clinical examples show spontaneous recovery of extinguished behaviors.

Operant Conditioning

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Principles of classical conditioning

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The document discusses classical conditioning, a form of learning where a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response comes to do so after being associated with a stimulus that does. It defines key terms like unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. The text is from a Holt, Rinehart and Winston psychology textbook on principles of classical conditioning.

Classical and operant conditioning

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This document provides an overview of classical and operant conditioning. It discusses how classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli through repeated pairing, as discovered by Ivan Pavlov, and identifies the key components of classical conditioning. It also defines operant conditioning as modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment based on consequences, as outlined by B.F. Skinner's experiments with rats pressing levers. The document further explains the concepts of reinforcement, both positive and negative, as well as punishment, both positive and negative, in operant conditioning.

The theories ob

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The document discusses several theories of learning: behaviourist theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning; cognitive theories including Edward Tolman's cognitive framework; and social learning and social cognitive theories. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Operant conditioning focuses on consequences influencing behaviour. Tolman believed cognition preceded behaviour through cue-expectancy associations. Social learning integrates behaviourist and cognitive concepts, emphasizing reciprocal cognitive, behavioural and environmental determinants. Social cognitive theory extends this with concepts like self-regulation. Learning principles can help managers guide employee behaviour and performance.

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Learning involves relatively permanent changes in behavior or understanding that result from experience. There are two main types of learning - classical conditioning, where organisms learn to associate stimuli through repeated pairings, and operant conditioning, where behavior is modified by its consequences. Both types involve cognitive processes and can be influenced by observation, reinforcement schedules, attention, and other factors. Research on learning principles can help improve teaching methods and skill acquisition.

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This document provides an overview of key concepts and theories related to learning, including: 1. Classical conditioning theories from Pavlov involving associating stimuli. 2. Operant conditioning from Thorndike and Skinner involving voluntary behaviors shaped by consequences like reinforcement and punishment. 3. Social learning theory from Bandura emphasizing observational learning and how the environment, personal factors, and behavior interact.

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This document discusses effective classroom management strategies. It covers classical and operant conditioning theories which can be applied to develop classroom routines and procedures. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement to increase desirable behaviors. The document emphasizes establishing clear expectations, routines, consequences, and using positive reinforcement. Effective classroom management allows instruction and learning to occur.

Mpo presentation theories of learning

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Classical conditioning involves learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes linked to an unconditioned stimulus to produce a new learned response. It was discovered accidentally by Ivan Pavlov through his experiments with dogs. Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, is a method of learning that uses reinforcement to change behavior by rewarding desired responses. Both theories involve stimuli that elicit innate or learned responses and formed the basis of early theories on learning.

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This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps. This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.

原版制作贝德福特大学毕业证（bedfordhire毕业证）硕士文凭原版一模一样

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Functionalistic and associationistic theories presentation

1. Functionalistic and Associationistic Theories PSY/390 Functionalistic and Associationistic Theories Presentation

2. Introduction Functionalistic Theory Associationistic Theory B.F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov

3. Contributions of Ivan Pavlov to learning & cognition Memory is considered the most important factor in the process of learning. Classical conditioning

4. Contributions of B.F. Skinner to learning & cognition Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment Reinforcement Schedules

5. Models Associated with Pavlov  Classical Conditioning  Unconditioned stimulus  Unconditioned response  Conditioned response  Conditioned stimulus

6. Models Associated with Skinner • Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement • Punishment • Primary reinforcers • Secondary reinforcers • Intermittent reinforcers • Schedules

7. Concepts of Pavlov Classical Conditioning Concept Where a conditioned stimulus makes an unconditioned response into a conditioned response using an unconditioned stimulus. When introducing a CS, it will eventually become a US and bring about the CR. Time will depreciate the CR in certain activities.

8. Concepts of Skinner Operant Conditioning The thought that an organism performs an act and then a stimuli is presented to modify that behavior. Concept That is a person from Japan and one from England could be switched at birth and raised in the same fashion, that they would develop as if they were born into that environment.

9. Modern Day Aspects Analyzed Pavlov Skinner Help describe the use of alcohol and drugs when it comes to addiction. The use of products when it comes to television ads.

10. Conclusion  B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov both very influential men in Psychology  Their research led to many others experiments  Their work is seen often in the modern day.

11. References Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to theories of learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Ivan_Pavlo v_NLM3.jpg http://mediacacheak0.pinimg.com/736x/f5/db/af/f5dbafd106268 d6af0fcea0f85b8669a.jpg https://www.boundless.com/psychology/learning/classical- conditioning/pavlov-s-research/

Editor's Notes

B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov are known for their advancements into the studies of behavior, learning, and cognition. Both of these men used different studies and research in order to determine how behavior works as well as how to change it. Both Skinner and Pavlov focused much of their attention on the observable, or behavior that you can see rather than the internal motivations for behavior. The functionalistic theory poses the question of what function a behavior has. This theory focuses on observable events rather than unobservable ones. The Associationistic theory comes from behaviorism and states that learning takes place when there is a reinforced connection between a stimulus and a response. The work that Pavlov and Skinner did paved the way for these two theories to exist as well as the added growth to the field of psychology that is now known as behaviorism. Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to theories of learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Ivan Pavlov is known for his experiment with conditioning the salivation response in dogs, which brought about classical conditioning. By teaching dogs to associate the sound of a buzzer with being fed, Pavlov established the principles of classical conditioning. Conditioned Responses (CR) arise from the memory of past experiences that tend to associate unconditioned stimuli (UCS) and conditioned stimuli (CS).
B.F. Skinner’s major contributions to the field of Psychology are operant conditioning, punishment and reinforcement. According to Olson & Hergenhahn (2013), Operant conditioning is a means or method of learning, which occurs through or by reward and punishment for an organism’s behavior. Reinforcement comes in two forms; positive and negative. Punishment, is when the increase of something undesirable attempts to cause a decrease in the behavior. These contributions are very important to the concepts of learning. Skinner’s contributions opened the doors for a better understanding of how an individual actually learns.
Ivan Pavlov came up with classical conditioning in the 19th century. This states that an unconditioned stimulus happens naturally or instinctively to come up with a unconditioned response. On the other hand, a conditioned stimulus will come up with a conditioned response. Pavlov used dogs and food to test this theory. The dogs immediately salivated when he showed meat. Pavlov began ringing a bell before he would show the meat so the dogs soon began to associate the bell with meat and then they would salivate when he rang the bell knowing the meat would be there soon.
B. F. Skinner theorized a positive reinforcer that adds an item or stimulus would increase a certain behavior. This is called operant conditioning. It comes with either a positive or a negative punishment. Positive punishment is when a stimulus is presented when a certain behavior happens and because of that stimulus the behavior increases in hopes to get the stimulus again. Negative reinforcement happens when the rate of a behavior increases due to a negative event the stimulus is removed or prevented from happening. Positive punishment happens with the response produces a stimulus and the response decreases in the future in the same situation. An example of this would be a parent yelling at a child for misbehaving. The probability of them misbehaving will hopefully be decreased due to the unpleasant stimulant. A negative punishment would be when the removal of a stimulus so that the response decreases in the future. An example of this would be taking away a privilege for a child when they misbehave. The misbehaving will decrease due to the negative punishment. The schedule of reinforcement determines how the stimulus is given.
The concept of classical conditioning is rather straight forward, using a CS to make a UR into a CR using a US in the beginning. Although there is a lot of research behind this, more famously Pavlov’s dogs, this does not account for every type of behavior. When someone is using drugs, be it alcohol or marijuana or something stronger, they are attempting to get that first high. They will use these drugs to alter the state of mind in search of getting that ultimate high. This would in turn depreciate the CR the person has to these CS and would in turn cause the person to slowly start using more and more. This would explain how tolerance can be different from person to person. As tolerance increases, so does the amount the person uses, therefore leading into a possible overdose. This scenario takes Pavlov’s concept of classical conditioning and proves that not everything will work in that format, that the stimuli sometimes need to be adjusted, especially when dealing with human subjects.
Operant conditioning is simply taking an organism and waiting for a response, then adding in a stimuli to modify that response. This is repeated until the response becomes the new normal response (Olson, Hergenhahn, 2013). This elicits the concept of human development. The thought is that a person from a different country could be swapped with another from some place else and be raised in the same fashion. This would make the person become the one that they swapped with. The concept seems simple enough, but it is rather almost impossible to determine if it is true. Since it is so difficult to prove that the theory may hold some truth behind it, it has to stay a concept.
Taking a look at the modern day aspects of both Pavlov and Skinner, we can further breakdown the usage of each type of conditioning. Pavlov came up with the thought of classical conditioning. Using his ideas and applying it to today’s standards, it helps to understand addiction and helps to alleviate the symptoms of addiction of millions of people around the world. The first part of understanding addiction is realizing that the person is seeking that original high. Every time a person uses, they are trying to get that first high and do more and more of the drug, until overdose or intervention comes into play. Skinner came up with the operant conditioning and this is evident in a lot of television commercials we see every day. One of the more known ones that are current are the axe commercials. In it a guy cannot seem to get the attention of the women around him. He then uses the axe product and the women start flocking to him as if he was a magnet. The other guys that are not using it do not get any women at all. This then portrays that if you use an axe product, the women will flock to you, and if you do not then you get nothing. Classic case of punishment versus reward.
B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov were both very influential men in the field of psychology. The research that they did has led to even further experimentations of their original work and is still used throughout modern day society. The work that these two did helped us to be able to better understand ones behaviors, along with how to shape other behaviors. Due to Pavlov’s work we now have a better understanding of how to create a conditioned stimulus or response by adding in a neutral stimulus. We can see a lot of this type of conditioning in the media today and usually on a daily basis. Skinner’s work has made it possible to understand that behaviors can be strengthened or eliminated with the use of reinforcements and punishments. Today we see the use of Skinner’s theory in how we raise our children or train animals. It is hard not to go about ones day without seeing some form of either one of these men’s theories. Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to theories of learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Functionalistic and associationistic theories presentation

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Editor's Notes