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Functionalistic and
Associationistic Theories
PSY/390
Functionalistic and Associationistic Theories Presentation
Introduction
Functionalistic Theory
Associationistic Theory
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Contributions of
Ivan Pavlov to
learning & cognition
Memory
is
considered
the most
important
factor in
the
process of
learning.
Classical
conditioning
Contributions of
B.F. Skinner to
learning & cognition
Operant
Conditioning
Positive
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Punishment
Reinforcement
Schedules
Models Associated with Pavlov
 Classical Conditioning
 Unconditioned
stimulus
 Unconditioned
response
 Conditioned response
 Conditioned stimulus
Models Associated with Skinner
• Operant Conditioning
• Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Primary reinforcers
• Secondary reinforcers
• Intermittent
reinforcers
• Schedules
Concepts of Pavlov
Classical Conditioning Concept
Where a conditioned stimulus
makes an unconditioned
response into a conditioned
response using an
unconditioned stimulus.
When introducing a CS, it will
eventually become a US and
bring about the CR.
Time will depreciate the CR in
certain activities.
Concepts of Skinner
Operant Conditioning
The thought that an
organism performs an act
and then a stimuli is
presented to modify that
behavior.
Concept
That is a person from Japan
and one from England could
be switched at birth and
raised in the same fashion,
that they would develop as
if they were born into that
environment.
Modern Day Aspects Analyzed
Pavlov Skinner
Help describe the use
of alcohol and drugs
when it comes to
addiction.
The use of products
when it comes to
television ads.
Conclusion
 B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov both very
influential men in Psychology
 Their research led to many others
experiments
 Their work is seen often in the modern
day.
References
Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to
theories of learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Ivan_Pavlo
v_NLM3.jpg
http://mediacacheak0.pinimg.com/736x/f5/db/af/f5dbafd106268
d6af0fcea0f85b8669a.jpg
https://www.boundless.com/psychology/learning/classical-
conditioning/pavlov-s-research/

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Functionalistic and associationistic theories presentation

  • 3. Contributions of Ivan Pavlov to learning & cognition Memory is considered the most important factor in the process of learning. Classical conditioning
  • 4. Contributions of B.F. Skinner to learning & cognition Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment Reinforcement Schedules
  • 5. Models Associated with Pavlov  Classical Conditioning  Unconditioned stimulus  Unconditioned response  Conditioned response  Conditioned stimulus
  • 6. Models Associated with Skinner • Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement • Punishment • Primary reinforcers • Secondary reinforcers • Intermittent reinforcers • Schedules
  • 7. Concepts of Pavlov Classical Conditioning Concept Where a conditioned stimulus makes an unconditioned response into a conditioned response using an unconditioned stimulus. When introducing a CS, it will eventually become a US and bring about the CR. Time will depreciate the CR in certain activities.
  • 8. Concepts of Skinner Operant Conditioning The thought that an organism performs an act and then a stimuli is presented to modify that behavior. Concept That is a person from Japan and one from England could be switched at birth and raised in the same fashion, that they would develop as if they were born into that environment.
  • 9. Modern Day Aspects Analyzed Pavlov Skinner Help describe the use of alcohol and drugs when it comes to addiction. The use of products when it comes to television ads.
  • 10. Conclusion  B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov both very influential men in Psychology  Their research led to many others experiments  Their work is seen often in the modern day.
  • 11. References Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to theories of learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Ivan_Pavlo v_NLM3.jpg http://mediacacheak0.pinimg.com/736x/f5/db/af/f5dbafd106268 d6af0fcea0f85b8669a.jpg https://www.boundless.com/psychology/learning/classical- conditioning/pavlov-s-research/

Editor's Notes

  1. B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov are known for their advancements into the studies of behavior, learning, and cognition. Both of these men used different studies and research in order to determine how behavior works as well as how to change it. Both Skinner and Pavlov focused much of their attention on the observable, or behavior that you can see rather than the internal motivations for behavior. The functionalistic theory poses the question of what function a behavior has. This theory focuses on observable events rather than unobservable ones. The Associationistic theory comes from behaviorism and states that learning takes place when there is a reinforced connection between a stimulus and a response. The work that Pavlov and Skinner did paved the way for these two theories to exist as well as the added growth to the field of psychology that is now known as behaviorism. Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to theories of learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
  2. Ivan Pavlov is known for his experiment with conditioning the salivation response in dogs, which brought about classical conditioning. By teaching dogs to associate the sound of a buzzer with being fed, Pavlov established the principles of classical conditioning. Conditioned Responses (CR) arise from the memory of past experiences that tend to associate unconditioned stimuli (UCS) and conditioned stimuli (CS).
  3. B.F. Skinner’s major contributions to the field of Psychology are operant conditioning, punishment and reinforcement. According to Olson & Hergenhahn (2013), Operant conditioning is a means or method of learning, which occurs through or by reward and punishment for an organism’s behavior. Reinforcement comes in two forms; positive and negative. Punishment, is when the increase of something undesirable attempts to cause a decrease in the behavior. These contributions are very important to the concepts of learning. Skinner’s contributions opened the doors for a better understanding of how an individual actually learns.
  4. Ivan Pavlov came up with classical conditioning in the 19th century. This states that an unconditioned stimulus happens naturally or instinctively to come up with a unconditioned response. On the other hand, a conditioned stimulus will come up with a conditioned response. Pavlov used dogs and food to test this theory. The dogs immediately salivated when he showed meat. Pavlov began ringing a bell before he would show the meat so the dogs soon began to associate the bell with meat and then they would salivate when he rang the bell knowing the meat would be there soon.
  5. B. F. Skinner theorized a positive reinforcer that adds an item or stimulus would increase a certain behavior. This is called operant conditioning. It comes with either a positive or a negative punishment. Positive punishment is when a stimulus is presented when a certain behavior happens and because of that stimulus the behavior increases in hopes to get the stimulus again. Negative reinforcement happens when the rate of a behavior increases due to a negative event the stimulus is removed or prevented from happening. Positive punishment happens with the response produces a stimulus and the response decreases in the future in the same situation. An example of this would be a parent yelling at a child for misbehaving. The probability of them misbehaving will hopefully be decreased due to the unpleasant stimulant. A negative punishment would be when the removal of a stimulus so that the response decreases in the future. An example of this would be taking away a privilege for a child when they misbehave. The misbehaving will decrease due to the negative punishment. The schedule of reinforcement determines how the stimulus is given.
  6. The concept of classical conditioning is rather straight forward, using a CS to make a UR into a CR using a US in the beginning. Although there is a lot of research behind this, more famously Pavlov’s dogs, this does not account for every type of behavior. When someone is using drugs, be it alcohol or marijuana or something stronger, they are attempting to get that first high. They will use these drugs to alter the state of mind in search of getting that ultimate high. This would in turn depreciate the CR the person has to these CS and would in turn cause the person to slowly start using more and more. This would explain how tolerance can be different from person to person. As tolerance increases, so does the amount the person uses, therefore leading into a possible overdose. This scenario takes Pavlov’s concept of classical conditioning and proves that not everything will work in that format, that the stimuli sometimes need to be adjusted, especially when dealing with human subjects.
  7. Operant conditioning is simply taking an organism and waiting for a response, then adding in a stimuli to modify that response. This is repeated until the response becomes the new normal response (Olson, Hergenhahn, 2013). This elicits the concept of human development. The thought is that a person from a different country could be swapped with another from some place else and be raised in the same fashion. This would make the person become the one that they swapped with. The concept seems simple enough, but it is rather almost impossible to determine if it is true. Since it is so difficult to prove that the theory may hold some truth behind it, it has to stay a concept.
  8. Taking a look at the modern day aspects of both Pavlov and Skinner, we can further breakdown the usage of each type of conditioning. Pavlov came up with the thought of classical conditioning. Using his ideas and applying it to today’s standards, it helps to understand addiction and helps to alleviate the symptoms of addiction of millions of people around the world. The first part of understanding addiction is realizing that the person is seeking that original high. Every time a person uses, they are trying to get that first high and do more and more of the drug, until overdose or intervention comes into play. Skinner came up with the operant conditioning and this is evident in a lot of television commercials we see every day. One of the more known ones that are current are the axe commercials. In it a guy cannot seem to get the attention of the women around him. He then uses the axe product and the women start flocking to him as if he was a magnet. The other guys that are not using it do not get any women at all. This then portrays that if you use an axe product, the women will flock to you, and if you do not then you get nothing. Classic case of punishment versus reward.
  9. B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov were both very influential men in the field of psychology. The research that they did has led to even further experimentations of their original work and is still used throughout modern day society. The work that these two did helped us to be able to better understand ones behaviors, along with how to shape other behaviors. Due to Pavlov’s work we now have a better understanding of how to create a conditioned stimulus or response by adding in a neutral stimulus. We can see a lot of this type of conditioning in the media today and usually on a daily basis. Skinner’s work has made it possible to understand that behaviors can be strengthened or eliminated with the use of reinforcements and punishments. Today we see the use of Skinner’s theory in how we raise our children or train animals. It is hard not to go about ones day without seeing some form of either one of these men’s theories. Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to theories of learning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.