Classical Conditioning
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Classical conditioning is a learning theory discovered by Ivan Pavlov in which a reflex response becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus. Through Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, he found that a dog could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell through repeated pairing with food. Teachers can apply classical conditioning principles in the classroom to shape student behaviors through the use of rewards, punishments, and stimuli like flashing lights. Conditioning students in this way makes it easier for them to learn by creating positive classroom environments and responses to teacher cues.
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This is the presentation which was presented in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized byThiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.
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This is the presentation which was presented in PPT CONTEST on TCP PRESENTO 2020 Organized byThiagarajar College of Preceptors-Madurai.
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1925: Hamilton College (NY): degree in English, no courses in psychology
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1931: Ph.D. from Harvard
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Classical conditioning is a type of learning where organisms learn to associate stimuli. Ivan Pavlov, a famous Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning through his dog experiments. He found that a dog could learn to associate a neutral stimulus, like a bell, with an unconditioned stimulus, like food, which elicits an unconditioned response, like salivation. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus alone could elicit the conditioned response of salivation. Pavlov's experiments demonstrated key concepts of classical conditioning like acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and discrimination. Classical conditioning principles can be applied to areas like teaching and advertising.
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Behaviorism is a psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors and reactions to stimuli rather than internal mental states. John B. Watson is considered the founder of behaviorism, emphasizing objective observation and believing that behaviors are learned through conditioning. There are two main types of behaviorism: methodological behaviorism influenced by Watson's work, and radical behaviorism pioneered by B.F. Skinner. Behaviorism had a major influence on psychology and believes all behavior is the result of stimulus-response interactions with the environment. A famous experiment by Watson and Rayner was the conditioning of fear in "Little Albert," a 9-month old boy.
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Behaviorism is a psychological approach that views learning as conditioned responses to stimuli and looks to reward and punishment to shape behavior. Key theorists include Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated classical conditioning through his dog experiments, Edward Thorndike who proposed the Law of Effect that behaviors followed by reward become stronger, John Watson who believed behavior results from specific stimuli and responses, and B.F. Skinner who developed operant conditioning which examines the causes and consequences of actions. Behaviorism influenced education by advocating a system of rewards, targets, and breaking learning into small steps from simple to complex tasks.
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Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. In Pavlov's famous experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was paired with the presentation of food. Over time, the bell became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the same salivation response as the unconditioned stimulus of food. Stimulus generalization can also occur, where similar stimuli to the conditioned one produce the same response. Extinction is when the conditioned response decreases and disappears without the unconditioned stimulus, but spontaneous recovery may occur later.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a theory that human behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning in response to environmental stimuli. The key figures who developed behaviorism are John B. Watson, who pioneered the theory, and B.F. Skinner, who expanded on it with his theory of operant conditioning. Behaviorism views behavior as observable and influenced by consequences in the environment.
Behavioristic theories
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Advocated by famous psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavioral theories dominated psychology during the early half of the twentieth century. Today, behavioral techniques are still widely used in therapeutic settings to help clients learn new skills and behaviors
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The document summarizes key aspects of the behaviorist learning theory, including the work of Ivan Pavlov on classical conditioning, John Watson's experiments on conditioning fear in children, and B.F. Skinner's research on operant conditioning using positive reinforcement. Behaviorism views learning as occurring through conditioning of behaviors in response to environmental stimuli and does not consider internal mental states. The theory influenced early classroom practices through use of reward systems but is limited in explaining higher-level thinking.
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Operant condition theory is one among prominent behaviorist theories proposed by Skinner. The slides will help to unfold basic ideas about this theory.
BF Skinner- Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning based on Edward Thorndike's law of effect. Operant conditioning is a learning process where voluntary behaviors are strengthened if followed by reinforcement or weakened if followed by punishment. Skinner used operant chambers to study how animals learn through consequences. Different reinforcement schedules, like continuous or partial reinforcement, produce different learning and performance rates. Accidental reinforcement can also cause superstitious behaviors. Punishment should only be used under certain circumstances. Operant conditioning principles can be applied to areas like education, work, and parenting.
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Behaviorism is a theory that explains human behavior in terms of conditioning and reinforcement. Key figures include Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura. Classical conditioning involves associating a stimulus with a response through repeated pairing, as when Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior and occurs when behaviors are strengthened if followed by desirable consequences or weakened if followed by undesirable consequences. Social learning theory posits that people learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modeling, especially of behaviors that result in reward or avoidance of punishment.
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Behavioralism is a theory that views learning as a process of conditioning behavior through positive and negative reinforcement. Key behavioralists like Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner emphasized conditioning behaviors using rewards and punishments. Pavlov's dog experiments showed that subjects could learn to associate stimuli with rewards like food. Skinner believed teachers needed training in behavioral psychology principles to effectively condition student behaviors. Behavioralism is still prevalent today through practices like grading scales, which reward good performance and punish poor performance. However, the author argues behavioralism is flawed because it does not account for individual learning styles and sees students as passive recipients rather than active learners.
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Ian Pavlov was a Russian psychologist who won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his work on classical conditioning. Through experiments with dogs, Pavlov discovered that a neutral stimulus could become associated with a reflexive response through repeated pairing. Specifically, he found that dogs would salivate when food was presented, and would later salivate when a bell was rung, due to its repeated pairing with the food. Teachers can apply this concept of classical conditioning to help students learn classroom expectations, such as quieting down when the teacher approaches the board or turns on a projector.
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Presentation1
This document discusses two types of learning: classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning, proposed by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning through association, such as a dog salivating when it hears a bell due to being conditioned to associate the bell with food. Operant conditioning, proposed by B.F. Skinner, involves learning through reinforcement and punishment, such as a rat learning to press a lever for food pellets. Both types of learning involve changes in behavior through conditioning and consequences.
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Learning Theories Behaviorism
This document summarizes key aspects of behaviorism in psychology and education. It discusses how behaviorism views learning as occurring through conditioning and reinforcement rather than internal mental processes. Some of the major figures discussed are Ivan Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning; B.F. Skinner, who studied operant conditioning; and Albert Bandura, who researched observational learning and self-efficacy. The document also provides examples of how behaviorist principles could be applied in classroom settings, such as through frequent objective testing and rewarding students for desired behaviors and learning.
Bf skinner
Behaviourism was a psychological theory that viewed learning as the formation of associations between stimuli and responses through conditioning. It focused on objectively observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal mental states. Famous behaviourist psychologists included Ivan Pavlov, who conditioned dogs to salivate to a bell, and B.F. Skinner, who used operant conditioning with rats and pigeons in his "Skinner box". Behaviourism influenced education by emphasizing active engagement, immediate reinforcement or punishment of responses, and programmed instruction manuals. However, it was criticized for being too mechanical and ignoring individual differences and meaning.
Mike hansen theory
This document discusses behaviorism, an important learning theory that focuses on how behaviors are acquired through conditioning rather than independent thinking. It describes the work of Ivan Pavlov on classic conditioning and B.F. Skinner on operant conditioning. The document also explains how behaviorism is commonly used in classrooms, with teachers rewarding positive behaviors like good work with high grades and negative behaviors like poor work with low grades, conditioning students in a way similar to Pavlov's dogs.
Behaviorism- report
Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and discounts mental processes. It proposes that learning occurs through conditioning, where behaviors become associated with environmental stimuli through reinforcement or punishment. There are two types of conditioning: classical and operant. Classical conditioning involves associating a reflex with a stimulus, while operant conditioning uses reinforcement to shape behaviors. Prominent behaviorists like Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner conducted experiments and developed theories around behavioral conditioning and its implications for teaching. In classrooms, behaviorism can be applied through operant conditioning techniques like rewarding positive behaviors and punishing negative ones to modify student learning and conduct.
EME 2040 Learning Theories PowerPoint
Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning. He presented food to dogs and rang a bell, and the dogs soon salivated to the bell alone. Watson studied childhood emotional development and conducted the famous "Little Albert" experiment to show emotions can be conditioned. Skinner developed operant conditioning theory, showing behaviors are reinforced through rewards or punishments. Bandura's social learning theory emphasized modeling behaviors from others. These classic theories helped explain learning through stimuli, responses, and their environmental connections.
EME2040 Learning Theories
Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated classical conditioning. He presented food to dogs and rang a bell, and the dogs soon salivated to the bell alone. Watson studied childhood emotional development and conducted the famous "Little Albert" experiment to show emotions can be conditioned. Skinner developed operant conditioning theory, showing behaviors are reinforced through rewards or punishments. Bandura's social learning theory emphasized modeling behaviors from others. These classic theories helped explain learning and behavior.
Classical conditioning theory and social learning theory
Classical conditioning and social learning theory are two theories of learning. Classical conditioning involves associating an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a response with a neutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus eventually elicits the same response. Social learning theory proposes that people learn from observing others via attention, retention, and motivation. Bandura's Bobo doll experiment provided evidence that children's aggressive behavior can be influenced by observing and modeling adult behavior.
Little Albert Experiment
John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment on a 9-month old boy called Little Albert to study emotional learning and stimulus generalization. They showed Albert neutral stimuli like a white rat while making a loud noise, causing him to become afraid of the rat and other similar objects. Unfortunately, they returned Albert to his mother without undoing the conditioning, and he died at age 6 still fearful without understanding why. The experiment supported Watson's behaviorist theory that all behaviors are learned through conditioning and reinforcement.
Learning in psychology | What is learning?
It covers a lot of aspects of psychology like what is learning, definition of learning classical conditioning, operant conditioning, Ivon Pavlov experiment on dogs and a lot of other aspects.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a theory that human behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning in response to environmental stimuli without appeal to mental states or consciousness. Key proponents included Ivan Pavlov who discovered classical conditioning in dogs, B.F. Skinner who developed operant conditioning using positive and negative reinforcement with animals, and Albert Bandura who showed behavior is also learned through observation. From a teacher's perspective, behaviorism uses small incremental tasks, repetition of directions, reinforcement of correct responses, and avoidance of negative feedback when possible.
Learning theory
This document discusses various learning theories that have evolved over time to explain how learning occurs. It begins with classical theories proposed by Plato, who believed that knowledge is present at birth and learning involves recollection. It then covers behaviorist theories from Pavlov, Skinner, and Thorndike, including classical and operant conditioning. Cognitive theories focus on how knowledge is processed, stored, and retrieved. Constructive theories view learning as an active process where learners construct understanding. Connectivity theories examine learning in the brain. Key concepts are explained, such as reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and different conditioning procedures.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 2. Key person associated with classical conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • Pavlov lived from 1849-1936. • He formed an experiment to teach a dog to form a response to the ring of a bell. • Using classical conditioning, he taught the dog to salivate when it heard a bell ring.
- 4. Key points of the theory • Classical conditioning is the reflex that occurs in response to a stimulus. • Although it was discovered in an experiment with dogs, it can be applied to many animals, including humans. • It is a useful tool to teach people to respond a certain way. • Classical conditioning can be used to increase the amount of a behavior, but it can also be used to decrease behavior.
- 5. Using classical conditioning to teach in a classroom • Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class without using technology by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear. • Teachers can reward students with candy or a treat • Teachers can flash the lights to get the students to quiet down.
- 6. Students under this theory • Students taught by this theory will learn to respond a certain way to something the teacher does. • Examples: • Not talking when the lights are flashed • Receiving candy when answering a question correctly • Receiving detention when tardy to class
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- 8. Credits • www.nobelprize.org Image • dict.space.4goo.net Image • Teachers Discovering Computers: Integrating Technology in a Connected World • Images from Microsoft ClipArt