This document discusses fuels and their analysis. It begins by defining fuels and providing examples of primary and secondary fuels. It then discusses the characteristics of a good fuel and explains calorific value. It describes how to determine calorific value using a bomb calorimeter and provides the calculation. The document also explains proximate analysis and ultimate analysis of coal, including how each analysis is performed and its significance. In summary, it provides an overview of different fuel types, characteristics of good fuels, methods of determining calorific value, and approaches to analyzing coal composition.
Primary fuels – Fuels which occur naturally such as coal, crude petroleum and natural gas. Coal and crude petroleum, formed from organic matter many millions of years ago, are referred to as fossil fuels.
Secondary fuels – Fuels which are derived from naturally occurring ones by a treatment process such as coke, gasoline, coal gas etc.
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
Need of lubricant
Resistance to the motion (Friction) is created when there is relative motion between two surfaces
Introduction
Classification of lubricants
Characteristics of lubricant
Types of lubrication
Function of lubricant
Application of lubricants
Biblography
Primary fuels – Fuels which occur naturally such as coal, crude petroleum and natural gas. Coal and crude petroleum, formed from organic matter many millions of years ago, are referred to as fossil fuels.
Secondary fuels – Fuels which are derived from naturally occurring ones by a treatment process such as coke, gasoline, coal gas etc.
Gasification process for generating producer gas by updraft, downdraft etc. and advantage and disadvantages of gasifier and application of producer gas for generating electricity or motive power for running the engine.
Need of lubricant
Resistance to the motion (Friction) is created when there is relative motion between two surfaces
Introduction
Classification of lubricants
Characteristics of lubricant
Types of lubrication
Function of lubricant
Application of lubricants
Biblography
Fuel is a combustible substance, containing carbon as main constituent, which...drmanojkarar
Energy resources: While selecting an ideal fuel for domestic or industrial purpose we should keep in mind that the fuel selected must possess the following characteristic properties.
1) It should possess high calorific value.
2) It should have proper ignition temperature. The ignition temperature of the fuel should neither be too low nor too high.
3) It should not produce poisonous products during combustion. In other words, it should not cause pollution o combustion.
4) It should have moderate rate of combustion.
5) Combustion should be easily controllable i.e., combustion of fuel should be easy to start or stop as and when required.
6) It should not leave behind much ash on combustion.
7) It should be easily available in plenty.
8) It should have low moisture content.
9) It should be cheap.
10) It should be easy to handle and transport.
Calorific value: It is defined as the total amount of heat liberated, when unit mass or unit volume of the fuel is completely burnt in air or oxygen.
Units of heat:
a) Calorie: The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water through one degree centigrade.
b) Kilocalorie: It is equal to 1000 calories. The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of 1 Kg of water through one degree centigrade.
1 K.cal = 1000 cals
c) British thermal unit (B.Th.U.): The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of 1 pound of water through one degree Farenheit.
1 B.Th.U = 252 cals = 0.252 K.cal
d) Centigrade heat unit (C.H.U): The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of one pound of water through one degree centigrade.
1 K. cal = 3.968 B.Th.U = 2.2 C.H.U
For solids or liquid fuel: Calorie/gm (cal/gm) (or) Kilocalorie/Kg (K.cal/Kg) (or) B.Th.U/lb
For gaseous fuels: Kilocalorie/cubic meter (K.cal/m3) (or) B.Th.U/ft3
In coal fired power plants coal is a main fuel for combustion purpose. Before use of coal different tests are to be carried out to analysis the constituent elements and some undesirable contamination in the coal. Discuss the analysis procedures of the coal.
The analysis of coal is as follows C=82%, H=6%,O2=4% and remaining is ash. Determine the amount of theoretical air required for complete combustion. If the actual air supplied is 40% in excess and 80% of given carbon is burnt to CO2 and remaining is CO. Conduct the volumetric analysis of dry products of combustion.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Introduction
classification of fuels
characteristics of a good fuel
calorific value; HCV and LCV, Dulong’s formula
Determination of calorific value by Bomb
Colorimeter
Numerical problems
Coal: analysis of coal - proximate and ultimate
analysis significance of the analysis.
Dr. Hamida Chishti
3. Fuel is a combustible substance containing carbon
as the main constituent which on proper burning
gives a large amount of heat that can be used
economically for domestic and industrial purpose.
The various fuels used economically are wood,
coal, kerosene, petrol, diesel, gasoline, coal gas,
producer gas, water gas, natural gas etc.
Dr. Hamida Chishti
4. Classification of
Fuels
Primary or Natural
Solid
Wood,
coal
Liquid
Crude
oil
Gaseous
Natural
gas
Secondary/Derived
Solid
Charcoal
Liquid
Kerosene,
petrol
Gaseous
Biogas,
CNG
Dr. Hamida Chishti
6. High Calorific Values
Moderate Ignition Temperature
Low Moisture Content
Low Ash Content
Should not produce harmful products such as CO2
,SO2, H2S which are toxic and cause pollution
Low Cost
Easy Storage
Easy Transportation
Dr. Hamida Chishti
7. Calorific Value: Calorific Value of a fuel is the
total quantity of heat liberated by complete
combustion of a unit mass (or volume) of the fuel.
It can be expressed as:
Dr. Hamida Chishti
Calorie Kilocalorie
British
Thermal
Unit
Centigrade
Heat Unit
8. High or Gross Calorific Value (H.C.V. or G.C.V.) :
It is the total amount of heat liberated, when a unit
mass/volume of the fuel has been burnt completely and
the products of combustion have been cooled to room
temperature
Low or Net Calorific Value (L.C.V. Or N.C.V): It is
the net amount of heat liberated, when a unit
mass/volume of the fuel is burnt completely and the
products of combustion are allowed to escape.
Relation between HCV & LCV:
These can be related as:
LCV = HCV – Latent heat of water vapor formed
= HCV – (Mass of Hydrogen × 9 × Latent heat of steam)
Dr. Hamida Chishti
10. Where C= % Carbon, H= % Hydrogen, O = %
Oxygen and S = % Sulphur respectively.
Dr. Hamida Chishti
11. This apparatus is used to find the calorific value of solid
and liquid fuels.
Construction of Bomb calorimeter: a bomb calorimeter
consists of the following:
A stainless steel bomb in which a combustion of fuel is
made to take place
Two Electrodes and an oxygen inlet valve
Nickel or stainless steel crucible
The bomb is placed in copper calorimeter, which is
surrounded by air and water jacket to prevent heat losses
due to radiation
The calorimeter is provided with electrically operated
stirrer and Beckmann’s thermometer which can accurately
read temperature difference upto 1/100th of a degree
Dr. Hamida Chishti
12. Working of Bomb calorimeter: A known mass of the
given fuel is taken in nickel crucible supported over a
ring inside the steel bomb which is connected with two
electrodes. The bomb lid is tightly screwed and filled
with O2 upto 25 atm. Pressure. The bomb is then
lowered into the copper calorimeter containing known
mass of water. The water is stirred with the help of
mechanical stirrer and the initial temp is recorded. The
electrodes are then connected to 6 volt battery and the
circuit is completed. The sample burns and the heat is
liberated. Uniform stirring of water is continued and
the maximum temp. attained is recorded.
Dr.. HamidaChishti
14. Dr. Hamida Chishti
weight of the fuel sample taken = x g
Weight of water in the calorimeter = W g
Water equivalent of the Calorimeter, stirrer, bomb, thermometer =
w g
Initial temperature of water = t1
0C
Final temperature of water = t2
0C
Higher or gross calorific value = L cal/g
Heat gained by Calorimeter = (W+w) (t2- t1) cal
Heat liberated by the fuel = x L cal
Heat liberated by the fuel = Heat gained by water and calorimeter
x L = (W+w) (t2- t1)
L= (W+w) (t2- t1) cal/g or Kcal/kg
x
15. To get more accurate results, the following
corrections are applied:
Fuse wire correction
Acid correction
Cooling correction
L= (W+w) (t2- t1 + cooling correction) - (acid + fuse corrections) cal/g or Kcal/kg
x
Dr. Hamida Chishti
16. Coal Analysis techniques are specific analytical
methods designed to measure the particular
physical and chemical properties of coal. There
are two methods to analyze coal i.e, the proximate
analysis and the ultimate analysis.
The proximate analysis determines only the fixed
carbon, volatile matter, moisture and ash
percentages.
Useful to find out HCV
Needs simple analysis Equipment
Dr. Hamida Chishti
17. Proximate analysis involves the following determinations in terms
of percentage by weight:
Moisture means the water expelled from the fuel by specified
methods without causing any chemical change to the fuel. Hence,
lesser the moisture content better is the quality of fuel.
Volatile matter is the loss in weight minus the moisture when the
fuel is heated to a sufficiently high temperature under specified
conditions. A high volatile matter containing coal burns with a long
flame, high smoke and has low calorific value.
Ash is the inorganic residue left when the fuel is completely burnt in
air under specified conditions.
Fixed carbon is the residue obtained by subtracting the sum of the
percentages by weight of moisture, volatile matter and ash from
100. It is essentially carbon containing minor amounts of nitrogen,
sulphur, oxygen and hydrogen.
Dr. Hamida Chishti
18. Moisture content: 1 g of finely powdered coal, taken in a crucible, is
heated in an electric oven at 105-110 0C for l hour, cooled in a
dessicator and weighed. Percentage moisture content can be
calculated from the loss of weight.
% Moisture = loss in wt of sample × 100
wt of coal taken
Volatile matter: For determining volatile matter content, the dried
sample of coal left in the crucible is then covered with a lid and is
placed in a muffle furnace at 925°C ± 20°C for exactly seven
minutes. The crucible is cooled first in air, then in the dessicator and
weighed. The loss in weight is due to volatile matter which is
calculated as:
% Volatile matter = loss in wt × 100
wt of coal sample
Dr. Hamida Chishti
19. Ash content: It is the residue obtained after
burning of the coal in a muffle furnace at 700-
750 0C for half an hour till a constant weight is
obtained.
% of Ash = wt of residue left x 100
wt of coal taken
Fixed carbon content: It is determined indirectly
by deducting the sum of total moisture, volatile
matter and ash content from 100.
% of Fixed carbon = 100 – (% of moisture + %
of volatile matter +% of ash)
Dr. Hamida Chishti
20. Ultimate analysis is also known as elemental analysis, it is the
method to determine the Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur and
Oxygen content present in the solid fuel.
Determination of % of C & H: Accurately weighed coal sample is
burnt in a combustion apparatus. Carbon and hydrogen of coal are
converted into carbon-dioxide and water vapour respectively. The
products of combustion are absorbed respectively in KOH and
CaCl2 tubes respectively of known weights. After complete
absorption of CO2 and H2O , the tubes are again weighed.
% C = increase in weight of KOH tube x 12 x 100
weight of coal sample taken x 44
% H = increase in weight of CaCl2 tube x 2 x 100
weight of coal sample taken x18
Dr. Hamida Chishti
21. Determination of Nitrogen: Nitrogen is calculated by
Kjeldahl’s Method. The nitrogen is converted to NH3
and passed through a known volume of standard
acid. On neutralization, the excess acid is back titrated
with a base.
% N = volume of acid used x Normality x 1.4
wt of coal taken
Determination of Sulphur: during this determination S
is converted into sulphate. The washings are treated
with barium chloride solution and gets converted to
barium sulphate precipitate. The precipitate is filtered,
washed and heated to constant weight.
Dr. Hamida Chishti
22. % Sulphur: wt of BaSO4 obtained × 32× 100
wt of coal taken × 233
Determination of Ash: ash determination is
carried out as in proximate analysis
Determination of Oxygen: The oxygen is
determined indirectly by calculation as:
% of Oxygen = 100 – (% of C + % of H + % of N +
% of S + % of Ash)
Dr. Hamida Chishti
23. The proximate analysis involves the
determination of moisture, volatile matter, ash,
and fixed carbon. This gives quick and valuable
information regarding commercial classification
and determination of suitability for a particular
industrial use.
The ultimate analysis involves the determination
of carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen
and ash. The ultimate analysis is essential for
calculating heat balances in any process for which
coal is employed as a fuel.
Dr. Hamida Chishti
24. Engineering Chemistry by Jain & Jain
A text book of Engineering Chemistry by S. S.Dara
Dr. Hamida Chishti