This document provides an overview of frequency modulation (FM). It defines FM as a modulation technique where the amplitude of the carrier signal remains constant while its frequency varies according to the modulating signal. The document discusses the need for modulation, classification of modulation techniques, FM theory, generation of FM signals in the lab using a function generator and FM modulator kit, experimental input/output waveshapes, advantages/disadvantages of FM, and applications of FM such as FM radio broadcasting, telemetry, radar, and music synthesis.

1. Frequency
Modulation
Course No.: EEE 3218
Course Title: Communication Engineering
II Sessional

2. Content
What is Modulation?
 Need of Frequency Modulation.
 What is Frequency Modulation?
 Classification of Modulation
 Frequency Modulation Theory
 Generation of FM in Laboratory
 Experimental Input & Output
 List of Equipments
 Advantages & Disadvantages
 Applications

3. What is Modulation?
 Modulation is the process by which the characteristics
of carrier signal is varied according to the message
signal.
Why is Modulation Needed?
 Message signal is incompatible for direct transmission. So it
strength has to be increased by modulating with a high frequ
carrier signal which doesn’t affect the parameters of the mess
signal.

4. What is Frequency Modulation?
 Frequency modulation is a technique by which the amplitude o
signal is kept constant, while its frequency is varied by the mod
signal.
Classification of Modulation
 Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Modulation
 Phase Modulation

5. Frequency Modulation Theory
In frequency modulation, the frequency of carrier signal is varied
to the amplitude of modulating signal.
Fig.: Frequency Modulation

6. Initially, when the amplitude of the modulating signal starts to increase in its
positive half cycle, the frequency of the carrier signal also increases. When the
modulating signal is at its peak, the modulated signal’s frequency becomes
maximum.
After that, when the amplitude of the modulating signal starts decreasing, a corresp
decrement in the frequency of modulated signal is noticed. At the negative peak of
modulating signal, the frequency of the modulated signal becomes minimum.
Frequency Modulation Theory

7. Modulating Signal, X(t) = Em*Cos(2*pi*fm)t
Carrier Signal, C(t) = Ec*Cos(2*pi*fc)t
Modulated Signal, fi(t) = fc+
kf*Em*Cos(2*pi*fm)t
= fc+
f*Em*Cos(2*pi*fm)t
FM signal, yfm (t)=Ec*Sin(wc t +(kf Em)/fm*
Sin(2*fm*t))
yfm (t)=Ec*Sin(wc t +mf* Sin(2*fm*t))
Modulation Index, mf = (kf Em)/fm =(delta f/fm)
Frequency Modulation Theory

8. Generation of FM in Laboratory
FM modulator kit was used to get frequency modulated signal. Using a function gener
message signal was generated . Inside the FM modulator block, there was an option o
of carrier signal’s frequency between 500KHz to 1500KHz.
From the output of FM modulator block, we got a frequency modulated
signal. The output waveshape was seen on the oscillator.

9. Fig.: Frequency Modulator Kit
Fig.: Modulating Signal
Fig.: Frequency Modulated Signal
Experimental Input &
Output
Waveshapes

10. List of
Components Function Generator
 FM Modulator Kit
 Power Supply (12v)
 Wires
 Oscilloscope

11. Advantages
 Amplitude of frequency modulated signal remains constant.
 Less susceptible to noise.
 Provide good sound quality.
 More efficient use of power.
Disadvantages
 A much width channel is required.
 Transmitting & receiving equipments tend to be more complex

12. Application of FM
 Broadcasting of FM Radio.
 Telemetry , Radar & Seismic Prospecting.
 EEG-Monitoring of Newborns.
 In Music Synthesis.

13. Thank You