Frank Lloyd Wright Architecture
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Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for pioneering the Prairie School style. Some of his notable early works featured in this document include the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, which used stained glass windows and good acoustics, and his home and studio in Oak Park, which was his laboratory for developing the Prairie style. The document also discusses Wright's Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, which was praised for remaining undamaged after the 1923 earthquake due to its innovative earthquake-resistant design features.
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Running Head WHITE HOUSE ARCHITECTURE PAGE 6WHITE HOUSE ARCHI.docx
Running Head: WHITE HOUSE ARCHITECTURE
PAGE 6
WHITE HOUSE ARCHITECTURE
White House Architecture: Washington DC
Dr. Moreno/Modern Art III
November 13, 2014
White House: Washington, D.C
Introduction
White House acts as the official residence of U.S. president. It is found in Pennsylvania Avenue Washington D.C. White House was designed using Neoclassical style by James Hoban from Ireland, and building started from 1792 to 1800. However, the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe started planning for the outward expansion of the building to create two colonnades after Thomas Jefferson moved-in in 1801. The construction of the executive mansion was approved when Congress established the District of Columbia the capital of the United States in 1790. The architect was chosen through a competition of proposals which was won by James Hoban. Since then, the building has undergone the series of renovations (History of White House, 2012).
Architectural description
George Washington laid the first cornerstone of the building in a cornerstone ceremony in 1792. It is a grand mansion in the Neo-Classical Federal style , with details that echo classical Greek ionic architecture. Scottish masons were brought to DC to do the stone work. . The mansion would be covered in sandstone which created a slight problem. The masons were able to troubleshoot the issue by sealing the porous sandstone with a thick whitewash, this is where the white house first adopted it’s name. This would remain the largest residence in the United states until the 1860’s. The major White House façade which is at the north front consists of eleven bays and three floors. Ground floor is obstructed by parapet and raised carriage. This makes the façade be perceived to have two floors (Timelines-Architecture, 2007).
Figure 1.0: Floor Plan
Behind the prostyle portico are the three central bays added in 1830 circa and it serves as a Porte cochere. The four bays have windows that flank the portico. The first floor consists of alternating segmented and pointed pediments. The second floor has flat pediments. A lunette fanlight surmounts the center of the portico at the principal entrance. The sculpted floral festoon is found above the entrance. A balustrade parapet obstructs the roofline (William, 2008).
The façade at the southern comprises of both the neoclassical and Palladian architectural styles. The Palladian fashion has been used to rusticate the ground floor, while the center façade is designed in neoclassical style that projects a three-bay bow. Five bays flank the bow, with the windows at the north façade consisting of alternating pointed and segmented pediments at the first floor. The bow is made up of the double staircase at the ground floor that leads to the Ionic Colonnaded Logia referred to as the south portico. The second floor of the bow is made up of Truman Balcony. The modernized third floor obstructed by the balustrade parapet and is insignificant a.
01 Chicago School
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Fl wright research paper
This document provides an overview of notable projects by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright from 1889 to 1959. It discusses Wright's early homes and studio in Oak Park, Illinois, where he experimented with interior and exterior designs. It highlights some of Wright's most famous "Prairie Style" homes built in Chicago in the 1890s-1900s. Two of Wright's most important early commercial commissions are described - the Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York from 1902-1906 and Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois from 1905-1908. Both featured Wright's signature open floor plans with clerestory windows and skylights. The document also lists some of Wright's other major works later in his career, including Fallingwater and the
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Art Deco was an architectural style from the 1920s-1930s characterized by geometric shapes and motifs. It featured bold colors, zigzags, chevrons and streamlined forms inspired by ocean liners and skyscrapers. Major Art Deco buildings included the Empire State Building with its limestone facade and Chrysler Building with stainless steel ornaments and automobile motifs. Art Deco was applied to buildings worldwide as well as interior design, furniture and other decorative arts during this era of modernism.
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Chapter 13: Neo-Classicism, Romanticism, and the Rococo
The chapter discusses architectural developments in the 18th century, including Rococo, Neo-Classicism, and Romanticism. It describes the Rococo style as highly decorative. Neo-Classicism emerged as architects returned to studying ancient Greek and Roman ruins scientifically. Romanticism rejected Neo-Classicism's rationality in favor of emotion. Specific architects and buildings from this era are also discussed, such as Robert Adam's use of classical motifs in innovative spatial designs at English country houses.
Chapter 12: Baroque Architecture
The document discusses the development of Baroque architecture and urban design in response to the Catholic Counter Reformation. It summarizes key projects in Rome including St. Peter's Basilica designed by Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta, Carlo Maderno, and Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bernini's designs for St. Peter's interior, Baldacchino, and the surrounding piazza are described. Other projects by Bernini and Borromini discussed include S. Andrea al Quirinale and S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane with their unconventional plans and facade designs. Urban spaces like Piazza Navona are also mentioned.
Chapter 15: The Twentieth Century and Modernism
After World War I, many young architects were disillusioned with European culture and believed architecture could help transform society. They thought rational, machine-like designs could do this. In 1932, Hitchcock and Johnson introduced the term "International Style" to describe the modernist movement spreading from Europe to America. Early Modernists aggressively promoted their minimalist, functional designs and rejected ornament, though this architecture was later adopted by corporations. Figures like Loos, Wright, and Berlage experimented with new materials and structural systems in their modern buildings. After WWI, German Expressionists like Taut reacted to the war's horrors through structures like glass pavilions expressing openness.
Chapter 11: Renaissance Architecture
The document provides an overview of Renaissance architecture beginning in the 14th century. It discusses key figures like Brunelleschi who developed principles of linear perspective and built the dome of Florence Cathedral. Other architects mentioned include Alberti, Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Their works, such as St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, the Tempietto, and the Laurentian Library, demonstrate characteristics of Renaissance architecture like the use of classical forms and orders. The document also describes how Renaissance ideals spread from Italy to other parts of Europe.
Chapter 10: Indigenous Architecture in the Americas and Africa
This document provides an overview of indigenous architecture from various regions of the Americas and Africa. It describes the teepee structures of the Great Plains tribes, the wigwams of the northeastern tribes, earth mounds and structures of the Mississippi River Basin cultures, iglus of the Arctic, pit houses and shed houses of the northwest coast, and more. It also outlines the architectural traditions of Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Aztec, Inca and other pre-Columbian civilizations, including pyramids, temples, ball courts, and other ceremonial structures. The indigenous structures were well-adapted to the available resources and environmental conditions of their regions.
Using the TAS 2012
The document discusses accessibility standards and requirements in Texas, including:
- Projects over $50,000 must be reviewed and inspected by a Registered Accessibility Specialist.
- The 2012 Texas Accessibility Standards (TAS) must be followed for public buildings, facilities, accommodations, and commercial spaces.
- Accessible routes must connect all spaces and floor levels, including multi-story buildings which require an accessible route between each story. Ramps, elevators, and platform lifts can be part of accessible routes.
- Specific accessibility requirements are outlined for elements like doors, wheelchair spaces, restrooms, stairs, ramps, and protruding objects.
Chapter Nine: Gothic Architecture
The document summarizes key aspects of Gothic architecture from its origins in 12th century France through its evolution and spread across Europe. It highlights characteristic Gothic elements like pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. Examples of notable Gothic cathedrals are discussed, including Notre Dame in Paris and Chartres, as well as the development of Gothic styles in England with Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular periods. Construction techniques are explored through Villard de Honnecourt's notebook from the 13th century.
Chapter Eight: Early Medieval and Romanesque Architecture
The document provides an overview of early medieval and Romanesque architecture from the 8th to 12th centuries. It discusses the decline of Roman architecture after barbarian invasions and the rise of the Christian church. Under Charlemagne in the 9th century, masonry construction revived in buildings like his palace chapel in Aachen. In the following centuries, Romanesque architecture developed based on Roman forms with influences from other cultures. Major architectural developments included stone vaulting, pilgrimage churches along routes like St. James, and large abbeys like Cluny that influenced monastic design.
Chapter Seven: Islamic Architecture
- Islamic architecture originated in the 7th century and spread across Africa, Asia and parts of Europe as Islam spread. Early architectural influences included Byzantine, ancient Mesopotamian, Greek and Roman styles.
- Important early Islamic architectural structures included the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Kaaba in Mecca. Mosques evolved to include elements like minarets, courtyards, prayer halls and qiblas indicating the direction of Mecca.
- Major architects like Sinan designed grand imperial mosques in Istanbul under the Ottoman Empire, integrating domes, sehzades, madrasas and other structures. The Taj Mahal mausoleum exemplifies later Mughal architecture.
Chapter Four: The Traditional Architecture of China and Japan
The document discusses the traditional architecture of China and Japan. It explains that Chinese architectural traditions were influenced by Daoism and Confucianism, which emphasized harmony with nature and order/respect for authority respectively. These traditions were later imported to Japan, where they blended with indigenous Shinto ideas focused on nature worship. Wood was a primary building material in both countries, and moveable partitions were used to blur interior and exterior spaces. The chapter goes on to provide numerous examples of specific architectural styles and structures from China and Japan.
Chapter Six: Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
This chapter discusses early Christian and Byzantine religious architecture. It begins by explaining how early Christian churches were based on Roman basilica designs after Christianity gained legitimacy under Constantine. Large early Christian churches in Rome accommodated growing congregations. The Byzantine Empire incorporated domes and centralized plans in churches. When Christianity spread to Russia around 1000 CE, Byzantine architectural concepts were adapted into a distinctive Russian style.
Chapter Three: The Architecture of Ancient India and Southeast Asia
The document discusses the architecture of ancient India and Southeast Asia. It describes the earliest remains found in the Indus Valley dating back to around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. After disruptions, Hinduism and Buddhism emerged with distinctive temple styles. Both religions spread to Southeast Asia along silk roads, influencing architecture in countries like China and Japan. Specific structures discussed include stupas at Sanchi and cave temples at Karli, as well as Hindu temples featuring garbhagrihas and shikharas at sites like Bhubaneshwar, Khajuraho, Tanjore, and the massive Angkor Wat complex in Cambodia.
Chapter Five: The Roman World
Roman buildings developed from Greek and Etruscan precedents and were found across the Roman Empire. Distinctive public building types included amphitheaters, baths, theaters, and basilicas which served urban culture. Houses ranged from apartments to palaces and villas. Roman engineering created dramatic interior spaces through arched vaults and domes, and used durable concrete. Cities followed an orthogonal grid plan with civic buildings like forums and temples.
Chapter One: The Beginnings of Architecture
The document provides an overview of prehistoric and ancient architecture from various early civilizations. It describes prehistoric settlements like Catal Huyuk in Turkey and megalithic structures in France and Ireland from around 6500 BC. It then discusses the earliest cities and architecture in Mesopotamia like at Uruk, Ur, and Khorsabad between 2900-720 BC characterized by ziggurats, temples, and palaces. Finally, it outlines the development of architecture and pyramid tombs in ancient Egypt from mastabas and step pyramids starting around 2700 BC to the peak of pyramid building at Giza between 2580-2560 BC.
Chapter 05 Wood Light Frame Construction
The document discusses platform frame construction, which is a light wood frame construction method common in North America. It involves constructing walls by laying out wall panels on the ground and raising them into place, with small dimension wood members spaced at regular intervals. The frame is constructed by first building a ground floor platform, then erecting the wood stud walls on top of it and adding floors and roof framing members. Foundations for platform frames most commonly involve poured concrete walls and footings.
Chapter 12 Light Gauge Steel Frame Construction
The document discusses light gauge steel frame construction. It describes the main components used - C-sections for studs, joists, and rafters; tracks to cap framing members; channels for bracing; and hat channels for furring. It provides examples of naming conventions and standard sizes for these components. Additionally, it covers accessories like L-headers and slip tracks, methods for cutting and fastening light gauge steel, and considerations for gauge/thickness of steel sheets.
Chapter 11 Steel Frame Construction
The document discusses the history and production of steel. It notes that steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that is strong under both tension and compression. The document outlines the process of steelmaking, including producing molten iron in blast furnaces and converting it to steel in basic oxygen furnaces. It describes how mini-mills now produce most steel from recycled scrap in electric arc furnaces. Structural steel shapes like beams are cast and rolled into forms, with wide-flange shapes being most common for beams and columns.
Chapter 13 Concrete Construction
The document discusses the history and components of concrete. It describes how Romans originally developed concrete using volcanic ash, lime, and aggregate. Modern concrete consists of cement, water, and aggregate. Cement is produced by burning limestone and other materials in a kiln. There are different types of cement specified by ASTM for various purposes. Concrete production contributes significantly to carbon dioxide emissions but efforts are being made to reduce this impact through cement substitutions and recycling.
Chapter 01 Making Buildings
The document discusses sustainability in building construction and environmental impacts. It covers topics like how buildings account for a significant portion of energy use and emissions. It also discusses sustainable building practices that can reduce these environmental impacts, such as using materials and designing buildings to minimize waste and pollution. Various standards and labeling systems for measuring sustainability and environmental impacts of materials are presented.
Building Systems
The document discusses the basic structural systems and elements of buildings. It describes structural components like foundations, columns, beams, and load-bearing walls. It also discusses different structural materials like masonry, concrete, steel, and wood framing. Key structural concepts covered include loads, forces, arches, trusses, joints, and stairs. Expansion, control, isolation, and construction joints are explained as important elements in allowing masonry and concrete structures to expand and contract without cracking.
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Frank Lloyd Wright Architecture
- 11. Sullivan’s design for the Transportation Building was a repudiation of the white, neo-classical style chosen for the Fair’s Court of Honor. The building stood apart from the rest of the huge, white pavilions both in location and in appearance. With its somewhat exotic feel, this long, low, arcaded box was richly colored and ornamented: red, blue, green and lots of gold, foliate ornament and angels.
- 15. To reduce noise from the street, Wright eliminated street level windows in the temple. Instead, natural light comes from stained glass windows in the roof and clerestories along the upper walls. Because the members of the parish would not be able to look outside, Unity Temple's stained glass was designed with green, yellow, and brown tones in order to evoke the colors of nature.
- 18. The main room has two balconies for the seating of the congregation. No one person in the congregation is more than 40 feet from the pulpit. Wright also designed the building with very good acoustics.
- 24. Frank Lloyd Wright Residence Oak Park, Illinois 1889-1909
- 29. Frank Lloyd Wright’s first home was his laboratory where he experimented with concepts that led to the development of the Prairie style of architecture. His adjacent studio was the creative center for architectural and design ideas.
- 30. Heurtley House Oak Park, Illinois 1902
- 31. William Martin House Oak Park, Illinois 1903
- 32. Nathan G. Moore House Oak Park, Illinois 1895/Rebuilt 1922
- 33. Robie House Oak Park, Illinois 1910
- 36. Edward R. Hills House Oak Park, Illinois 1906
- 38. Frank W. Thomas House Oak Park, Illinois 1903
- 39. Frank W. Thomas House Oak Park, Illinois 1903
- 50. The Frank Lloyd Wright hotel was designed in the Maya Revival Style of architecture. It incorporates a tall, pyramid-like structure, and also loosely copies Maya motifs in its decorations. The main building materials are poured concrete, concrete block, and carved oya stone. The visual effect of the hotel was stunning and dramatic.
- 57. September 1, 1923: "Hotel stands undamaged as a monument of your genius. Hundreds of homeless provided by perfectly maintained service. Congratulations."
- 59. The hotel had several design features that minimized potential earthquake damage: • Seismic separation joints, located about every 66 ft along the building • Tapered walls, thicker on lower floors, increasing their strength • Cantilevered floors and balconies provided extra support for the floors • Suspended piping and wiring, instead of being encased in concrete, as well as smooth curves, making them more resistant to fracture • Use of lightweight, volcanic Oya stone, for decorative carvings • A copper roof eliminated the risk of falling debris created by traditional, heavy tile roofs • The reflecting pool provided a source of water for fire-fighting • A shallow foundation intended to ‘float’ on the mud of the site
- 60. While most of Wright's building was demolished in 1967, the iconic central lobby wing and the reflecting pool were disassembled and rebuilt at the Museum Meiji-mura, a collection of buildings (mostly from the Meiji Era) in Inuyama, Japan, where they are open to the public. Interior reconstruction started in November 1983 and was completed in October 1985, more than 17 years after the demolition.