The document provides a comprehensive overview of architectural styles, detailing classical, modern, practical, and sustainable architecture, along with specific examples like the Colosseum and the Wind House. It discusses the evolution of architecture from Hellenistic to postmodern times, emphasizing design principles such as functionality, sustainability, and the use of materials. Additionally, it highlights practical considerations in architecture, including economy, reliability, and environmental impact.

1. ArchitectureAndrew SledgerHamilton Boys’ High SchoolProof-read by Parent/Caregiver: _

2. Contents PageTitle PageContents PageMind-mapTimelineClassical ArchitectureClassical ExampleModern ArchitectureModern ExamplePractical ArchitecturePractical ExampleSustainable ArchitectureSustainable ExampleWhat I learntBibliographyThe Leadenhall BuildingLondon, England

3. Mind MapArchitecture

4. Timeline of projectProof read slideshow 30th MayFinish slideshow 30th MayPrint slideshow 2nd JunePresent slideshow 3rd June

5. ClassicalRenaissanceGreekSome materials used were: -Wood, used for supports and roof beams; -Plaster, used for sinks and bathtubs; -Unbaked brick, used for walls; -Limestone and marble, used for columns, walls, and upper portions of temples and public buildings; -Terracotta, used for roof tiles and ornaments; -Metals, especially bronze, used for decorative details. There were mostly five simple types of buildings: Religious, civic, domestic, funerary, or recreational.HellenisticIn the “Hellenistic” era, Greeks still built temples, but they built more big public buildings. They built more amphitheatres and places to exercise (gymnasia).Roman The Romans often used vaults and arches, and knew a lot about hydraulics and building materials in particular.MedievalPre-RomanesqueThe primary theme during this period is the introduction of classical Mediterranean and Christian forms with Germanic ones creating innovative new formsRomanesqueRomanesque is characterized by a use of round or slightly pointed arches, barrel vaults, and cruciform piers supporting vaults.GothicGothic contains a lot of stone structures with great expanses of glass, pointed arches using ribbed vaults, clustered columns, pointed spires and flying buttresses.

6. Classical ExampleThe ColosseumBuilt by/for:VespasianTitusConstructed:1st Century ADType of Building:AmphitheatreStructure:Travertine stone set without mortar, held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.The Colosseum itself was a many tiered oval structure, with seating for 50,000 people, and a wooden arena floor with two levels of passages, dressing rooms, cages, cells and storage spaces.In the Colosseum, you could see boxing matches, archery, chariot races and female fighters. There were also sea battles when the whole Colosseum was flooded by a nearby viaduct. The last event in the Colosseum was 523 A.D.

7. ModernModernismPostmodernismModern architecture is usually categorized by:The idea that the materials and functional requirements determine the resultThe “machine aesthetic” or beauty of the machineAn emphasis on vertical and horizontal linesCreating a decoration using the design of a building, or the refusal of decoration.Simplicity and eliminating unnecessary detailForm follows functionArticulated shapePostmodern architecture is usually categorized by:The use of sculptural forms and ornamentsGiving materials and objects human characteristics (Anthropomorphism)Meaning (This may include pluralism, double coding, flying buttresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox, and harmonizing with urban forms)Creating the illusion of space or depths where none actually exist (Trompe-l'œil)VPostmodernismModernism“Modernist architects regard post-modern buildings as vulgar ... Postmodern architects often regard modern spaces as soulless and bland. The divergence in opinions comes down to a difference in goals: modernism is rooted in minimal and true use of material as well as absence of ornament, while postmodernism is a rejection of strict rules set by the early modernists and seeks exuberance in the use of building techniques, angles, and stylistic references.” Wikipedia.

8. Modern ExampleHeiss HouseArchitect:Peter Downes DesignsConstructed:2002Home type:Single family dwellingStructure:Steel and timberThis Australian house is just 20 minutes drive from Sydney’s CBD, built on a section of indigenous forest. The original design was rejected by the council because it involved cutting down a lot of the trees. Their second design involved zig-zagging the outline of the building between the trees, saving all but one tree. The result is truly stunning.

9. Practical ArchitectureRequirements of PracticalityUtilityA building must do what it is required to do well.EconomyA building must not cost lots to build and maintain. The building must also remain quality and value with time.EnvironmentA building must be built with consideration to the renewability of materials, energy used, processing, shipping and installation.ReliabilityA building must be built to resist the forces that could damage or depreciate the structure.ComfortA building must have thought put into lighting, acoustics, sanitation, climate, healthy environments and must be easy to use.

10. Practical ExampleThe SkyboxArchitect:Melling:Morse Architects Ltd.Constructed:2001-2002Home Type:City houseStructure:3-level timber box bolted to steel frameThe Skybox is simply a narrow, 3 storey building sat atop a Wellington warehouse. It is of minimalist design, with a nice wooden interior. It has two bedrooms, an electric hoist to get furniture up and down and also has a “loggia” (a room with one side open to the elements).

11. Sustainable ArchitectureRequirements of SustainabilityWhat is Sustainable Architecture?Building MaterialsRecycled MaterialsLower Volatile Organic CompoundsWaste ManagementCompostingGrey WaterWater ManagementRainwater HarvestingGrey WaterBuilding PlacementMixed use zoningEnergy EfficiencyHeating and CoolingVentilationRenewable energySolar PanelsWind TurbinesSolar HeatingSustainable Architecture usually describes using design techniques that are environmentally- friendly to design buildings.

12. Sustainable ExampleWind HouseArchitect:WOHAConstructed:2004-2006Home Type:2-storey detached dwellingStructure:Reinforced concrete with steelwork, and pad footingsThe Wind House was designed especially to capture the winds of Singapore and deflect them through certain openings and windows in the house, via extended walls on either side of the house (see diagram). It has lovely views of the nearby Botanical Gardens, and also a sense of privacy and seclusion. This house is a lovely structure of steel, glass and concrete, and harmonizes with nature in many ways.Northeast windHouseSouthwest wind

13. What I learnt about the topicColumns and spires

14. Romanesque

15. Gothic