Unit-3-international architecture_part-02.pdf

International Style_ Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Important Buildings:
1928-29: Barcelona Pavilion
1950: Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois
1951: Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago
1956: Crown Hall, Chicago
1958: Seagram Building, New York (with Philip Johnson)
1959-74: Federal Center, Chicago

Ludwig Mies vander Rohe_ S. R. Crown Hall, Chicago
Mies van der Roh with model of crown hall

Name of building: Crown Hall,
Illinois Institute of Technology
(IIT).
Location: 3360 S. State Street,
Chicago, Cook County, Illinois.
Owner: Illinois Institute of
Technology.

Status: existing (renovated)
Type: Architectural School
Construction:
Started: 1950
Completed: 1956
Opening: 1956
Renovation: 2005
Cost:
$750,000 (original)
$15 million renovation
S.R. Crown hall construction

S.R. Crown hall construction

Height (roof): 5.48m
first floor: 3.05m
basement: 2.43m
No. of floors: 2
Total floor area: 36 x 67 m = 2412 sq m
Lifts/Elevators: none
Study model

S.R. Crown hall Entry

Ground floor Plan, S.R. Crown hall

Basement floor Plan, S.R. Crown hall

Elevations, S.R. Crown hall

Sections, S.R. Crown hall

The design for Crown Hall is said to be derived from the Cantor Drive-In
Restaurant which Mies vander Rohe had recently designed in 1945.
Crown Hall is characterized by an aesthetic of industrial simplicity with
articulated exposed steel frame construction.
Cantor Drive-In Restaurant

DESIGN
• Mies called the Crown Hall a "universal space", because its design
permits change in the function of the building while the
architecture focuses on the permanence of the building's
surroundings.
• Upon its opening, Mies vander Rohe declared it "the clearest
structure we have done, the best to express our philosophy".
• One critic calls it the Parthenon of the 20th Century.

SPACES
2 levels – the main floor, shaped like a large space
– a semi-buried where they located the offices, meeting rooms and other services

The main floor, which occupies 50% of the building, comprising a single glass-enclosed
space devoted to the study of architecture.
The divisions that has very few moving parts, made with lightweight panels that allow
you to place the space as required.

Ground floor, S. R. Crown Hall

MATERIALS
• The main materials are – steel, reinforced concrete and glass.
• In 2005 the restoration of the original painting of the steel structure was replaced
by a lead-free black Tnemec urethane coating
• The glass was replaced in its entirety by panels that meet the wind load
requirements.
• The surface of the travertine terrace in the south was replaced.
• Interior wood partitions and storage lockers were refinished and resurfaced
• Electrical and ethernet wiring was added to the main floor

MATERIAL
• The upper 3.05 m is clear glass to allow more natural light in as well as viewing of
the clouds and sky.
• The lower 2.43 m of glass encircling the steel frame is a glazed transparency
meant to allow for few outside distractions.
• This results in a delicate steel and glass facade enclosing an open plane. glazed
transparency Clear glass

MATERIAL
• The upper 3.05 m is clear glass to allow more natural light in as well as viewing of
the clouds and sky.
• The lower 2.43 m of glass encircling the steel frame is a glazed transparency
meant to allow for few outside distractions.
• This results in a delicate steel and glass facade enclosing an open plane. glazed
transparency Clear glass.

STRUCTURE
The enclosed space is column free with – 4 six ft. steel plate girders welded to – 8 H-
columns – These girders suspend the roof in a single plane to form a primary
structure. 5 4 3 2 13 4 7 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

exposed, expressed steel frame, roof suspended from
spanning I- beams.
20. “A spectacular building constructed out of steel and
glass, it has no interior supports and the roof is
suspended from four steel girders.”

SPECIAL FEATURES
The column-free open plan of the main floor of Crown Hall demonstrates Mies'
innovative concept of creating universal space that can be infinitely adapted to
changing use. Its expansive size of 120' x 220' feet in floor area, with a ceiling height
of 18 feet, allows individual classes to be held simultaneously without disruption
while maintaining creative interaction between faculty and students.

SPECIAL FEATURES
The roof of the building is suspended from the underside of four steel plate girders.
The girders are themselves supported by eight exterior steel columns, spaced at 60
foot intervals. The interior is divided by free-standing oak partitions that demark
spaces for classes, lectures and exhibits.

SPECIAL FEATURES
S.R. Crown Hall, erected in 1955, was considered by Mies to be one of his greatest
architectural achievements. To provide for a flexible, columnless interior, he
suspended the roof from four steel girders supported by eight external columns
spaced 60 feet apart. S.R. Crown Hall, home to Illinois Tech’s College of Architecture,
has been described as an "immortal contribution to the architecture of Chicago and
the world." S.R. Crown Hall was granted National Historic Landmark status in 2001.

SPECIAL FEATURES
A $15 million renovation, completed in August 2005, modernized the structure with
energy- saving mechanicals and windows, along with needed technology upgrades
for computers and the Internet—all while carefully preserving the architectural
integrity of the building, inside and out. Additional improvements were completed in
2013

Awards :
• 2001 S. R. Crown Hall was granted National Historic Landmark status by the
National Parks Service, U. S. Department of the Interior
• 2005 Honor Award from Chicago Landmarks Commission.
• 2005 Commission on Chicago Landmarks. Preservation Excellence Award.
• 2006 Chicago Chapter AIA Honor Award.
• 2006 Chicago Building Congress Merit Award
• 2006 Richard H. Driehaus Foundation Preservation Award for Project of the
Year from Landmark Illinois 2006 Citation of Merit from AIA Chicago
• 2007 Chicago Architectural Foundation Patron of the Year Award

He Creator's Words "The essence of space is not determined by the mere presence of
limiting surfaces but by the spiritual principle of this limitation. The true task of
architecture is to let the structure articulate the space; it is not the building that is the
work of art but space."

Ludwig Mies vander Rohe_ Seagram Building, New York
Location, Seagram Building

Typical floor plan, Seagram Building

Philip Johnson
Architecture is the art of how to waste space.
I hate vacations. If you can build buildings, why sit on the beach?
All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design of space that contains,
cuddles, exalts, or stimulates the persons in that space.
All architects want to live beyond their deaths.

Philip Johnson
• Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906
– January 25, 2005).
• An American architect.

Philip Johnson
The Glass House (1949) Interior of the Glass House
(1949)

Philip Johnson
Sculpture garden of the Museum
of Modern Art, New York (1953)
Congregation Kneses Tifereth
Israel Synagogue in Port Chester,
New York (1954–1956)

Philip Johnson
Seagram Building(1958)
Monastery building at St. Anselm's
Abbey in Washington DC (1960)

Philip Johnson
Atrium of the New York State
Theater at Lincoln Center (1964)
The Kunsthalle
Bielefeld
art museum in
Bielefeld,
Germany (1968)
The Johnson Building at
Boston Public Library,
Boston, Massachusetts (1972)

Philip Johnson
IDS Center
in Minneapolis
(1973)
Pennzoil Place in Houston,
Texas (1970–1976)
Thanks-Giving
Squarein Dallas,
Texas (1977)

Philip Johnson
He is best known for his works of Modern architecture:
• Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut.
• 550 Madison Avenue which was designed for AT&T.
• 190 South La Salle Street in Chicago.
• In 1978, he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal
• 1979 the first Pritzker Architecture Prize.
Glass House, New Canaan 190 South La Salle,
Chicago
550 Madison Avenue,
Manhattan
Crystal Cathedral,
California

Philip Johnson
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, United state on July 8, 1906.
son of a Cleveland lawyer, Homer Hosea Johnson (1862–1960) and the former
Louisa Osborn Pope (1869–1957).
Schooling: Hackley School, in Tarrytown, New York.
Undergraduate: Harvard University
Studied: Greek, philology, history and philosophy, particularly the work of the
Pre-Socratic philosophers.
After graduation joined Henry-Russell Hitchcock, a prominent architectural
historian, who was introducing Americans to the work of Le Corbusier, Walter
Gropius, and other modernists.

Philip Johnson
In 1928 he met German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who was at the time
designing the German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition.

Philip Johnson
In 1930 Johnson joined the architecture department of the Museum of
Modern Art in New York.
There he arranged for American visits by Gropius and Le Corbusier, and
negotiated the first American commission for Mies van der Rohe.
In 1932, working with Hitchcock and Alfred H. Barr, Jr., he organized the first
exhibition on Modern architecture at the Museum of Modern Art.

Philip Johnson
In 1936, in the depths of the Great Depression, he left the Museum of
Modern Art for a brief venture into journalism and politics.
.

Philip Johnson
In 1941, at the age of 35, Johnson abandoned politics and journalism and enrolled in
the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where he studied with Marcel Breuer and
Walter Gropius.
In 1941, Johnson designed and actually built his first building, a house that still exists
at 9 Ash Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The house, strongly influenced by Mies
van der Rohe, has a wall around the lot which merges with the structure.
It was used by Johnson to host social events and was eventually submitted as his
graduate thesis; he sold the house after the War, and it was eventually purchased by
Harvard in 2010 and restored by 2016.

Philip Johnson
After the United States entered World War II in December 1941, Johnson enlisted in
the Army. He was investigated by the FBI for his contacts with the German
government. He spent his army service during the war in the United States.

Philip Johnson
In 1946, after he completed his military service, Johnson returned to the Museum of
Modern Art as a curator and writer.
At the same time, he began working to establish his architectural practice.
He built a small house, in the style of Mies, in Saaponack, Long Island in 1946.
This was followed by one of this most famous buildings, which he built for himself;
the Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, completed in 1949, which has become a
landmark of modern architecture.

Philip Johnson, Glass house
Glass house

Glass house

Floor plan, Glass house

• Architects: Philip Johnson
• Location: New Canaan, United States
• Category: Houses
• Architect: Philip Johnson
• Project Year: 1949
• Architectural style: International style

• The house is an example of early use of industrial materials such as glass and steel
in home design.
• Johnson lived at the weekend retreat for 58 years, and since 1960 with his
longtime companion.
• David Whitney, an art critic and curator who helped design the landscaping and
largely collected the art displayed there

• The Glass House, or Johnson house, is a historic house museum on Ponus Ridge
Road in New Canaan, Connecticut. Built in 1948–49, it was designed by Philip
Johnson as his own residence.

Johnson spent three years designing the structure, which was originally one of two
buildings (along with the brick guest house) on what was then an 11-acre (45,000 m2)
tract.

Several buildings on the property served specific functions: The Glass House was used
eventually only for entertaining, and Johnson slept in the Brick House (which was
initially used for guest rooms, Johnson's study and a picture.

• Inspired by Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House, the Glass House by Philip
Johnson, with its perfect proportions and its simplicity, is considered one of the
first most brilliant works of modern architecture.
• Johnson built the 47-acre estate for himself in New Canaan, Connecticut.
• The house was the first of fourteen structures that the architect built on the
property over a span of fifty years.

• Completed in 1949, the Glass House was the first design Johnson built on the
property.
• The one-story house has height 3.2 M.
• 9.75 M x 17.06 M open floor plan enclosed in 5.48 M wide floor-to-ceiling sheets of
glass between black steel piers and stock H-beams that anchored the glass in place.
• The structure, however, did not impress Mies when he visited the house.
• It is said that the brilliant mentor to Philip Johnson stormed out in fury because of
what he interpreted as a lack of thought in the details of the house.

Floor plan, Glass house

The clear glass panels create a
series of lively reflections, including
those of the surrounding trees, and
people walking inside or outside of
the house, layering them on top of
one another creating everchanging
images with each step taken
around it.

The interior of the Glass House is completely exposed to the outdoors except for the
a cylinder brick structure with the entrance to the bathroom on one side and a
fireplace on the other side.

• The floor is also made of red brick laid out in a herringbone pattern and is raised ten
inches off of ground level.
• The only other divisions in the house besides the bathroom are discreetly done
with low cabinets and bookshelves, making the house a single open room.
• This provides ventilation from all four sides flowing through the house as well as
ample lighting.

Although the house is the primary attraction on the site, Johnson used the expansive
land around it to allow his imagination to run and build thirteen more structures that
include a guest house, an art gallery, and a sculpture pavilion.
Guest house Art gallery

Interior of Sculpture Gallery

The guest house, connected to the Glass House with a stone path that lays over the
expansive lawn immediately surrounding it, is a heavy brick structure, contrasting the
extreme lightness and transparency expressed in the Glass House.

Stone path

• The art gallery is buried underground in order to not take away attention from
the house, making it windowless which is uncommon for a gallery.
• Wright's other notable experiment on the site included a sculpture gallery which
is "an assymmetrical white-brick shed with a glass roof...conceived as a series of
interlocking rooms that step down around an open, central space.".

• The red and black "Da Monsta" gatehouse, built without right angles and from
modified gunite, is one of the few structures visible from the road.
• Near it is a 20-foot (6.1 m)-high entrance gate, fashioned out of a sailboat boom.
• In the 1997 documentary, Philip Johnson: Diary of an Eccentric Architect,
Johnson discusses the buildings he built on the property (his "diary") with a focus
on "Da Monsta", at that time the latest structure.
• "Da Monsta" was inspired by the work of German expressionist
architect Hermann Finsterlin.
• The name was chosen after a conversation with architecture critic Herbert
Muschamp as Johnson felt the house had the quality of a living thing.

"Da Monsta"

• Declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997, the Glass House is still considered
a modern marvel.
• The beauty in its composition along with the rolling landscape have people
travelling to visit and experience it firsthand everyday, and with the lines of the
Glass House and the other buildings smoothly blending in with the lines of the
horizon and the surrounding landscape, one can feel a breathtaking sensation of
endlessness.

Philip Johnson, IDS Center
• The IDS Center is an office skyscraper located at 80 South 8th Street
in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Completed in 1972.
• It is the tallest building in Minneapolis, and the tallest building in the state at a height
of 792 feet (241 m).
• It originally stood 775 feet 6 inches (236.37 m), though a 16-foot (4.9 m) garage for
window washing equipment was added between 1978 and 1979.
• The structure rises to 910 feet (10,900 in) when including communications spires on
the roof, indisputably the highest points in the city.
• The IDS was constructed as the headquarters of Investors Diversified Services, Inc.—
now Ameriprise Financial. It also housed the headquarters of Dayton Hudson
Corporation (now Target Corporation) from 1972 until 2001.

• The complex consists of five parts:
a) The 57-story IDS Tower itself at 8th Street & Nicollet Mall.
b) An 8-story annex building along Marquette Avenue.
c) The 19-story Marquette Hotel at 7th Street & Marquette Avenue.
d) And a 2-story retail building that was originally dominated by Woolworth's.
These four buildings are joined by the 7-story Crystal Court.
• The 57-story IDS became the tallest skyscraper in Minneapolis when it surpassed the
height of the 32-story Foshay Tower in 1972, ending that building's 43-year reign
over the city skyline.

The Crystal Court
A lobby and shopping area at the bottom of the
tower is known as the Crystal Court, and
provides skyway connections between the tower
and four adjacent blocks.

Philip Johnson, 550 Madison Avenue
• 550 Madison Avenue (formerly known as the Sony
Tower or Sony Plaza and before that the AT&T
Building).
• It is an iconic postmodern 647-foot-tall (197-
meters), 37-story high-rise skyscraper located at
550 Madison Avenue in Manhattan.
• It is Designed by Philip Johnson and John Burgee
• It was formerly the headquarters of Sony
Corporation of America.
• The tower was purchased by the Olayan Groupand
Chelsfield for $1.4 billion in 2016.

• The building was designed by architect Philip
Johnson and partner John Burgee and was
completed in 1984.
• It is close – in concept – to the 1982 Humana
Building by Michael Graves.
• It became immediately controversial for its
ornamental top.
• But enjoyed for its spectacular arched entrance
way, measuring about seven stories in height.
• In July 2018 it was designated a New York City
landmark by the Landmarks Preservation
Commission.

Unit-3-international architecture_part-02.pdf

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