This document provides an overview of notable projects by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright from 1889 to 1959. It discusses Wright's early homes and studio in Oak Park, Illinois, where he experimented with interior and exterior designs. It highlights some of Wright's most famous "Prairie Style" homes built in Chicago in the 1890s-1900s. Two of Wright's most important early commercial commissions are described - the Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York from 1902-1906 and Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois from 1905-1908. Both featured Wright's signature open floor plans with clerestory windows and skylights. The document also lists some of Wright's other major works later in his career, including Fallingwater and the
Falling Water was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1934. It is located near a waterfall in rural Pennsylvania. The house is built directly over the waterfall, with cantilevered terraces extending over the river. It seamlessly integrates the natural setting by anchoring to the bedrock and using local stone, with modern concrete terraces hovering above. The house avoids an enclosed feeling by providing open plans and visual connections to the surrounding environment.
Louis I Kahn was an American architect known for his monumental and monumental buildings. Some of his most notable works include the National Assembly Building in Bangladesh, the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, India, and the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. Kahn's buildings are characterized by their use of simple materials like brick and concrete and their emphasis on natural light and the interplay of solid and void. He strove to create a sense of spirituality and awe through his designs.
The famous American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright changed the way we build and the way we live. As an architect, Frank Lloyd Wright was known for many things, but perhaps his most famed characteristic was his exceptional attention to detail – in many of his projects, each furniture piece was designed specifically for its intended location.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for pioneering organic architecture that aimed to harmonize structures with their natural surroundings. One of his most famous works is Fallingwater, a house built in 1937 near Mill Run, Pennsylvania. Fallingwater is built directly over a 30-foot waterfall, with terraces that echo the rock ledges below. Wright designed the house so that its residents could experience the waterfall as part of their daily life, with water sounds heard throughout. The home exemplifies Wright's organic style through its integration with the surrounding forest and use of local materials like stone.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect who designed over 1,000 structures in his unique organic style that harmonized buildings with their natural surroundings. He pioneered the Prairie School and developed concepts like the Usonian home and Broadacre City, a decentralized planned community. Throughout his career, Wright refined his philosophy of organic architecture and trained apprentices at his Taliesin schools to continue spreading his principles of integral and harmonious design.
Falling Water was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1934. It is located near a waterfall in rural Pennsylvania. The house is built directly over the waterfall, with cantilevered terraces extending over the river. It seamlessly integrates the natural setting by anchoring to the bedrock and using local stone, with modern concrete terraces hovering above. The house avoids an enclosed feeling by providing open plans and visual connections to the surrounding environment.
Louis I Kahn was an American architect known for his monumental and monumental buildings. Some of his most notable works include the National Assembly Building in Bangladesh, the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, India, and the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. Kahn's buildings are characterized by their use of simple materials like brick and concrete and their emphasis on natural light and the interplay of solid and void. He strove to create a sense of spirituality and awe through his designs.
The famous American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright changed the way we build and the way we live. As an architect, Frank Lloyd Wright was known for many things, but perhaps his most famed characteristic was his exceptional attention to detail – in many of his projects, each furniture piece was designed specifically for its intended location.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for pioneering organic architecture that aimed to harmonize structures with their natural surroundings. One of his most famous works is Fallingwater, a house built in 1937 near Mill Run, Pennsylvania. Fallingwater is built directly over a 30-foot waterfall, with terraces that echo the rock ledges below. Wright designed the house so that its residents could experience the waterfall as part of their daily life, with water sounds heard throughout. The home exemplifies Wright's organic style through its integration with the surrounding forest and use of local materials like stone.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect who designed over 1,000 structures in his unique organic style that harmonized buildings with their natural surroundings. He pioneered the Prairie School and developed concepts like the Usonian home and Broadacre City, a decentralized planned community. Throughout his career, Wright refined his philosophy of organic architecture and trained apprentices at his Taliesin schools to continue spreading his principles of integral and harmonious design.
The document summarizes key features of Usonian homes designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the 1930s-1950s following the stock market crash. The homes were designed to be affordable for the average American. Some common elements included using a modular design, cantilevered roofs with deep eaves, open floor plans connecting kitchen/dining/living areas, connection to the outdoors through landscaping, and efficient designs and materials to reduce costs. Over 50 homes were built based on these principles pioneered in Wright's first Usonian design, the Jacobs House built in 1936.
Frank Lloyd Wright was a modern American architect who developed an organic style. He designed over 1,000 structures in his 70-year career, including Fallingwater, the Guggenheim Museum, Robie House, and Unity Temple. These iconic buildings incorporated principles like simple geometric shapes, integration with nature, and horizontal lines. Wright had a global influence and is considered one of the greatest architects of all time.
Louis Henry Sullivan was an influential American architect born in 1856. He is considered the "Father of Skyscrapers" and helped pioneer steel-frame construction, allowing for taller buildings. Some of Sullivan's most notable designs include the Auditorium Building in Chicago, the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo. Sullivan coined the phrase "form follows function" and emphasized simple, clean designs that highlighted the steel frame. His buildings often featured ornate terra cotta details and nature-inspired ornamentation. Sullivan had a significant influence on the Chicago School of Architecture and mentored Frank Lloyd Wright.
Alvar Aalto was a Finnish architect known for his organic modernist style that was influenced by nature. Some of his most famous works include Villa Mairea, which featured courtyard and massing designs inspired by nature, and Paimio Sanatorium, a tuberculosis hospital with abundant natural light and cantilevered balconies. Aalto also designed furniture like the Paimio Chair and Zebra Chair using wood and innovative bending techniques. He had a philosophy of humanistic modernism and aimed to integrate architecture with its natural surroundings.
A literature study on architecture by Ar Eero Saarinen with description of some of his works, i.e., the Gateway Arch, the MIT Chapel, the TWA Terminal, and the Miller House.
Walter Gropius was a pioneering German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. He helped develop modern architectural styles and principles such as simplified geometric forms, use of modern materials like steel and glass, and an emphasis on functionality. Some of his most notable designs included the Fagus Factory, the Bauhaus school complex, and the Gropius House. Gropius' designs featured open floor plans, flat or shed roofs, large windows, and an emphasis on form following function.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for his pioneering works and promoting organic architecture in harmony with nature. He designed over 1,000 structures in his career, including the iconic Guggenheim Museum in New York City. The museum features a continuous spiral ramp gallery extending up from the ground along the outer edge, allowing visitors to view the collection from the top down. Wright drew inspiration from nature in the museum's geometric forms and use of light. The Guggenheim helped cement Wright's legacy as one of the greatest architects of the 20th century.
The Farnsworth House, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe between 1945-1950, is an iconic single-story glass pavilion supported by 8 steel columns situated on a flood plain along the Fox River in Illinois. The minimalist structure consists of a floor and ceiling slab sandwiching an open living space with few interior walls, using glass, steel, and stone to maximize views of the natural surroundings. Though pioneering in its open plan and use of modern materials, the house's lack of insulation and amenities made it difficult to live in comfortably.
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto was a prominent Finnish architect known for pioneering organic modernist architecture. Some of his most notable works include the Paimio Sanatorium, Villa Mairea, and Baker House. Aalto's career spanned changes in architectural style from Nordic Classicism to modernism. He designed over 500 buildings and is renowned for synthesizing functionality with organic forms inspired by nature. Aalto sought to coordinate the relationships between people, buildings, and the natural environment.
Richard Neutra was an influential Austrian-American architect who helped pioneer the International Style of architecture in the United States. Some of Neutra's most prominent works included the Lovell Health House (1929), the first steel-framed house in the US, the VDL Research House (1932) which experimented with space and psychology, and the Kaufmann House (1946) in Palm Springs with its iconic floating design. Neutra designed buildings using simple geometric forms with an emphasis on connecting the interior and exterior through the use of glass and steel. He is recognized for bringing modernist architecture to the US through his personalized approach.
TIME , LIFE, WORKS AND
PHILOSOPIES OF F L WRIGHT
Compiled by : Manish Jain Architect Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment Bhawani Singh RoadC-scheme , Jaipur -302001 Rajasthan ( INDIA)Ph. 91-0141-2743536 , 91-9829063132Email: fdarchitect @gmail.com Web : www.frontdesk.co.in
Frank Lloyd Wright Influences and stages in careerSandra Draskovic
Frank Lloyd Wright had a prolific 70-year career as an architect during which he designed over 1,100 projects. Some of his most notable works included houses like Fallingwater and the Robie House that featured his signature Prairie School style with open floor plans centered around fireplaces, integration with nature, and horizontal lines. Later in his career, Wright completed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, drawing inspiration from Japanese design and nature. Throughout his career, Wright developed new architectural theories and styles while continuing to teach and inspire new generations of architects at his Taliesin Fellowship school.
Fallingwater is a house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in Pennsylvania. It is built directly over a waterfall, with cantilevered balconies extending over the falls. The interior incorporates natural materials like stone and wood, as well as simple furnishings, to bring the outside landscape into the home. A central staircase leads to views of the waterfall, which is a focal point of the house. However, the bold cantilevered concrete balconies experienced structural issues from the beginning.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed Fallingwater in 1935 as a weekend home built over a waterfall in rural Pennsylvania for the Kaufmann family. Wright's organic architecture philosophy aimed to harmonize structures with nature. The design incorporated horizontal and vertical lines to bring the surrounding nature inside through openings framing views of the waterfall. Construction from 1936-1937 cost $155,000, more than the original $35,000 estimate, but created Wright's masterpiece integrating architecture with the natural landscape.
The Crystal Palace was a large cast iron and glass structure built in London's Hyde Park to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. It was designed by Joseph Paxton and constructed quickly using prefabricated modules based on the size of available glass sheets. Over 5,000 workers erected the building, hoisting iron columns and components into place manually without powered cranes. The innovative design featured a modular frame supporting walls of glass, creating a vast open exhibition space illuminated by natural light.
One of the most important buildings by architect Le Corbusier from the 17 that have been to UNESCO's World Heritage List is Villa Savoye, the top-heavy weekend retreat created as a Modernist version of the French country house
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a pioneering German architect known for his maxim "less is more". Through his minimalist designs using steel and glass, he helped define modern architecture. Some of his most notable works include the Barcelona Pavilion, Farnsworth House, Seagram Building, and Toronto-Dominion Centre. Mies strove to create open, flexible floor plans and emphasized the structural elements of each building. He believed architecture should express the modern age through refined materials and spatial arrangements.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect born in 1867 who is considered one of the greatest architects of all time. He developed an organic style of architecture that aimed to harmonize structures with humanity and nature. Some of his most important works included Prairie style homes with low horizontal forms blending into the landscape, and public buildings like the Larkin Administration Building which pioneered innovations like air conditioning and suspended toilets. His Unity Temple, built in 1906, is considered one of his masterworks and one of the first modern buildings for its consolidation of aesthetic intent and structure through reinforced concrete. Wright designed over 1,000 structures in his career which demonstrated his mastery of form and integration of buildings with their surroundings.
HUM1020 a delicate balance the legacy of frank lloyd wrightProfWillAdams
Frank Lloyd Wright was one of the most influential American architects of the 20th century. He is known for developing organic architecture and the Prairie School style. Some of his most famous works include the Robie House, Fallingwater, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Wright strove to create buildings and designs that were harmonious with their natural surroundings.
The document summarizes key features of Usonian homes designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the 1930s-1950s following the stock market crash. The homes were designed to be affordable for the average American. Some common elements included using a modular design, cantilevered roofs with deep eaves, open floor plans connecting kitchen/dining/living areas, connection to the outdoors through landscaping, and efficient designs and materials to reduce costs. Over 50 homes were built based on these principles pioneered in Wright's first Usonian design, the Jacobs House built in 1936.
Frank Lloyd Wright was a modern American architect who developed an organic style. He designed over 1,000 structures in his 70-year career, including Fallingwater, the Guggenheim Museum, Robie House, and Unity Temple. These iconic buildings incorporated principles like simple geometric shapes, integration with nature, and horizontal lines. Wright had a global influence and is considered one of the greatest architects of all time.
Louis Henry Sullivan was an influential American architect born in 1856. He is considered the "Father of Skyscrapers" and helped pioneer steel-frame construction, allowing for taller buildings. Some of Sullivan's most notable designs include the Auditorium Building in Chicago, the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo. Sullivan coined the phrase "form follows function" and emphasized simple, clean designs that highlighted the steel frame. His buildings often featured ornate terra cotta details and nature-inspired ornamentation. Sullivan had a significant influence on the Chicago School of Architecture and mentored Frank Lloyd Wright.
Alvar Aalto was a Finnish architect known for his organic modernist style that was influenced by nature. Some of his most famous works include Villa Mairea, which featured courtyard and massing designs inspired by nature, and Paimio Sanatorium, a tuberculosis hospital with abundant natural light and cantilevered balconies. Aalto also designed furniture like the Paimio Chair and Zebra Chair using wood and innovative bending techniques. He had a philosophy of humanistic modernism and aimed to integrate architecture with its natural surroundings.
A literature study on architecture by Ar Eero Saarinen with description of some of his works, i.e., the Gateway Arch, the MIT Chapel, the TWA Terminal, and the Miller House.
Walter Gropius was a pioneering German architect and founder of the Bauhaus school. He helped develop modern architectural styles and principles such as simplified geometric forms, use of modern materials like steel and glass, and an emphasis on functionality. Some of his most notable designs included the Fagus Factory, the Bauhaus school complex, and the Gropius House. Gropius' designs featured open floor plans, flat or shed roofs, large windows, and an emphasis on form following function.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for his pioneering works and promoting organic architecture in harmony with nature. He designed over 1,000 structures in his career, including the iconic Guggenheim Museum in New York City. The museum features a continuous spiral ramp gallery extending up from the ground along the outer edge, allowing visitors to view the collection from the top down. Wright drew inspiration from nature in the museum's geometric forms and use of light. The Guggenheim helped cement Wright's legacy as one of the greatest architects of the 20th century.
The Farnsworth House, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe between 1945-1950, is an iconic single-story glass pavilion supported by 8 steel columns situated on a flood plain along the Fox River in Illinois. The minimalist structure consists of a floor and ceiling slab sandwiching an open living space with few interior walls, using glass, steel, and stone to maximize views of the natural surroundings. Though pioneering in its open plan and use of modern materials, the house's lack of insulation and amenities made it difficult to live in comfortably.
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto was a prominent Finnish architect known for pioneering organic modernist architecture. Some of his most notable works include the Paimio Sanatorium, Villa Mairea, and Baker House. Aalto's career spanned changes in architectural style from Nordic Classicism to modernism. He designed over 500 buildings and is renowned for synthesizing functionality with organic forms inspired by nature. Aalto sought to coordinate the relationships between people, buildings, and the natural environment.
Richard Neutra was an influential Austrian-American architect who helped pioneer the International Style of architecture in the United States. Some of Neutra's most prominent works included the Lovell Health House (1929), the first steel-framed house in the US, the VDL Research House (1932) which experimented with space and psychology, and the Kaufmann House (1946) in Palm Springs with its iconic floating design. Neutra designed buildings using simple geometric forms with an emphasis on connecting the interior and exterior through the use of glass and steel. He is recognized for bringing modernist architecture to the US through his personalized approach.
TIME , LIFE, WORKS AND
PHILOSOPIES OF F L WRIGHT
Compiled by : Manish Jain Architect Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment Bhawani Singh RoadC-scheme , Jaipur -302001 Rajasthan ( INDIA)Ph. 91-0141-2743536 , 91-9829063132Email: fdarchitect @gmail.com Web : www.frontdesk.co.in
Frank Lloyd Wright Influences and stages in careerSandra Draskovic
Frank Lloyd Wright had a prolific 70-year career as an architect during which he designed over 1,100 projects. Some of his most notable works included houses like Fallingwater and the Robie House that featured his signature Prairie School style with open floor plans centered around fireplaces, integration with nature, and horizontal lines. Later in his career, Wright completed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, drawing inspiration from Japanese design and nature. Throughout his career, Wright developed new architectural theories and styles while continuing to teach and inspire new generations of architects at his Taliesin Fellowship school.
Fallingwater is a house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in Pennsylvania. It is built directly over a waterfall, with cantilevered balconies extending over the falls. The interior incorporates natural materials like stone and wood, as well as simple furnishings, to bring the outside landscape into the home. A central staircase leads to views of the waterfall, which is a focal point of the house. However, the bold cantilevered concrete balconies experienced structural issues from the beginning.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed Fallingwater in 1935 as a weekend home built over a waterfall in rural Pennsylvania for the Kaufmann family. Wright's organic architecture philosophy aimed to harmonize structures with nature. The design incorporated horizontal and vertical lines to bring the surrounding nature inside through openings framing views of the waterfall. Construction from 1936-1937 cost $155,000, more than the original $35,000 estimate, but created Wright's masterpiece integrating architecture with the natural landscape.
The Crystal Palace was a large cast iron and glass structure built in London's Hyde Park to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. It was designed by Joseph Paxton and constructed quickly using prefabricated modules based on the size of available glass sheets. Over 5,000 workers erected the building, hoisting iron columns and components into place manually without powered cranes. The innovative design featured a modular frame supporting walls of glass, creating a vast open exhibition space illuminated by natural light.
One of the most important buildings by architect Le Corbusier from the 17 that have been to UNESCO's World Heritage List is Villa Savoye, the top-heavy weekend retreat created as a Modernist version of the French country house
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a pioneering German architect known for his maxim "less is more". Through his minimalist designs using steel and glass, he helped define modern architecture. Some of his most notable works include the Barcelona Pavilion, Farnsworth House, Seagram Building, and Toronto-Dominion Centre. Mies strove to create open, flexible floor plans and emphasized the structural elements of each building. He believed architecture should express the modern age through refined materials and spatial arrangements.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect born in 1867 who is considered one of the greatest architects of all time. He developed an organic style of architecture that aimed to harmonize structures with humanity and nature. Some of his most important works included Prairie style homes with low horizontal forms blending into the landscape, and public buildings like the Larkin Administration Building which pioneered innovations like air conditioning and suspended toilets. His Unity Temple, built in 1906, is considered one of his masterworks and one of the first modern buildings for its consolidation of aesthetic intent and structure through reinforced concrete. Wright designed over 1,000 structures in his career which demonstrated his mastery of form and integration of buildings with their surroundings.
HUM1020 a delicate balance the legacy of frank lloyd wrightProfWillAdams
Frank Lloyd Wright was one of the most influential American architects of the 20th century. He is known for developing organic architecture and the Prairie School style. Some of his most famous works include the Robie House, Fallingwater, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Wright strove to create buildings and designs that were harmonious with their natural surroundings.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed his Oak Park Home and Studio in 1889 as his family home and place of work. The home was originally built in the Shingle style but Wright experimented with new designs and additions. He added a studio in 1898 to bring his family and work together. Many important commissions came from the studio, including Unity Temple and Robie House. Wright left Oak Park in 1909 but the home and studio have since been restored to their 1909 appearance and are now open to the public as an architectural museum.
Chapter 15: The Twentieth Century and ModernismDouglas Vail
After World War I, many young architects were disillusioned with European culture and believed architecture could help transform society. They thought rational, machine-like designs could do this. In 1932, Hitchcock and Johnson introduced the term "International Style" to describe the modernist movement spreading from Europe to America. Early Modernists aggressively promoted their minimalist, functional designs and rejected ornament, though this architecture was later adopted by corporations. Figures like Loos, Wright, and Berlage experimented with new materials and structural systems in their modern buildings. After WWI, German Expressionists like Taut reacted to the war's horrors through structures like glass pavilions expressing openness.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect known for designing over 1,000 structures in a style called organic architecture that aimed to harmonize buildings with humanity and nature. Some of his most famous works include Fallingwater, the Johnson Wax Headquarters, Unity Temple, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. The document then discusses Wright's personal style and concepts, including conceiving interior details and using new materials like glass bricks. It provides examples of his Usonian homes like the Hanna Residence, which used a hexagonal floor plan and modular construction system to create affordable houses.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for pioneering the Prairie School style and organic architecture. Some of his most famous works include the Robie House and Fallingwater. Le Corbusier was a Swiss-French architect who helped develop modern architecture and the International Style. He emphasized functionality and the use of modern materials like steel and glass. Some key works are the Villa Savoye and the Secretariat building in Chandigarh, India. Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect who created designs with extreme clarity and simplicity. His German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona Expo featured a grid of steel columns and freely spaced glass planes, creating an open floor plan. His later works like the
A Delicate Balance: The Legacy of Frank Lloyd WrightProfWillAdams
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for designing over 1,000 structures in a unique organic style that blended with nature. Some of his most famous works included Fallingwater, a home built partially over a waterfall using innovative cantilevered concrete terraces, and the Robie House featuring his signature Prairie style. Wright promoted organic architecture that evolved from the site context and integrated interior and exterior design. His masterworks demonstrated how to harmonize buildings with their natural surroundings through the creative use of materials like glass, concrete, and local stone.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for his Prairie Style and Usonian Style designs. He believed architecture should embrace new technologies while connecting to nature and humanity. His works like Fallingwater, Taliesin West, and the Guggenheim Museum embodied principles of integrating with the environment, open floor plans, and being inspired by natural forms. Wright pioneered affordable housing with his Usonian Style and emphasized efficient designs that blended form and function.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Johnson Wax Headquarters between 1936-1939. It features a unique dendriform column structure meant to feel open and airy like a forest. Visitors enter and move freely between floors with ease while still feeling connected to the outdoors through an abundance of natural light. The building challenged traditional enclosure designs and is considered one of Wright's most innovative works late in his career.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect known for designing over 1,000 structures in his organic architecture style. Some key points about Wright include that he believed structures should be in harmony with their environment, and that his most famous example of this was Fallingwater from 1935. He is also known for introducing the concept of "organic architecture," where structures respect natural principles and integrate harmoniously with their site and function. The Robie House from 1909 is cited as one of Wright's most famous works and a prime example of his Prairie School style, with its horizontal emphasis, brick and glass materials, and indoor-outdoor flow of space.
The document provides an assignment for students to present on one of Frank Lloyd Wright's residential works in a 5-minute visual presentation. It lists 15 residential works by Wright that students can choose from, including his home and studio in Oak Park, the Willits House in Highland Park, Illinois, the Heurtley House in Chicago, the Martin House in Buffalo, and the Robie House in Chicago. The presentation should include images, plans, sections, elevations, details, and renderings that visually define the style of the chosen work based on Wright's oeuvre and demonstrate the architectural principles. Students are instructed to save their presentation in PDF format and cite any sources used.
This document provides an assignment for students to present on one of Frank Lloyd Wright's residential works in a 5-minute visual presentation. It lists 15 residential works by Wright that students can choose from, including his home and studio in Oak Park, the Willits House in Highland Park, the Heurtley House in Chicago, the Martin House in Buffalo, and Fallingwater in Pennsylvania. The presentation should include images, plans, sections, elevations, details, and renderings to visually define the style of the work and demonstrate Wright's design principles. Students are instructed to save their presentation in PDF format and cite any sources using MLA format.
This document provides a biography and overview of notable works by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. It discusses his principles of organic architecture and integration with nature. Key projects summarized include the Guggenheim Museum with its spiral ramp design, Fallingwater built cantilevered over a waterfall, and Robie House hailed as the greatest example of the Prairie School style. Timelines cover Wright's education, apprenticeships, major designs produced, and personal life events over his 70-year career during which he designed over 1000 buildings.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect known for designing over 1,000 structures in a unique organic style. Some of his most famous works include the Prairie style homes he designed in the early 1900s like the Robie House, which featured horizontal lines, bands of windows, and integration with the landscape. In the 1930s he designed Fallingwater, partially built over a waterfall, and in the late career he pioneered the Usonian home design for affordable houses using new materials like concrete. Wright had a philosophy of organic architecture that embraced nature and simplicity.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect known for designing over 1000 structures in his distinctive Prairie School style. Some key aspects of his style included low, horizontal buildings that blended with the landscape, open floor plans, and an emphasis on connecting the interior and exterior. Two of his most famous works from this era were Unity Temple, considered one of the first modern buildings, and the Robie House. Wright had a colorful personal life that included abandoning his family to live with a married client, Mamah Cheney. After traveling in Europe, he returned to the US and built Taliesin, his home and studio in Wisconsin.
The Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York was designed by renowned architect Louis Sullivan and completed in 1896. It was Sullivan's last major skyscraper and is considered one of his most innovative designs for its emphasis on vertical lines and ornamentation inspired by nature. The building fell into disrepair but was restored in the 1980s and is now used as the principal office of Hodgson Russ LLP, preserving this important work of American architecture.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for designing over 1,000 structures in a style called organic architecture that aimed to harmonize buildings with humanity and nature. Some of his most famous works include Fallingwater, which was built partially over a waterfall, and the Johnson Wax Headquarters which featured mushroom-shaped concrete columns inspired by nature. Wright also designed original furniture, lighting fixtures, and other interior elements to fully integrate with his architectural visions. He had a profound impact on architecture through his pioneering works and philosophy of organic design.
Frank Lloyd Wright designed several notable buildings, including the Robie House, Fallingwater, Guggenheim Museum, and Johnson Wax Tower. The Robie House is considered the greatest example of the Prairie School style and features horizontal lines, bands of windows, and integration with the landscape. Fallingwater is built partially over a waterfall, with cantilevered balconies connecting to the natural surroundings. The Guggenheim Museum features a spiral ramp allowing continuous viewing, inspired by Babylonian architecture. Wright aimed to create open, stimulating work spaces at the Johnson Wax Tower through his unique dendriform columns that frame interior vistas.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an influential American architect known for developing the Prairie School style. Some key points:
- He was born in 1867 in Wisconsin and showed an early interest in architecture through blocks given to him by his mother.
- He studied briefly at university and worked for architect Louis Sullivan, developing his concept of organic architecture.
- In the 1890s, Wright began designing his own homes in Oak Park, Illinois, developing the distinctive Prairie style with low-pitched roofs, bands of casement windows, and open floor plans centered around a fireplace.
- Major works in this style included the Winslow House, Willits House, and Coonley House.
- Wright continued
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect known for designing over 1,000 structures in his career spanning 70 years. He is considered a pioneer of organic architecture, aiming to design structures that were in harmony with humanity and the environment. Some of his most famous works include Fallingwater, the Guggenheim Museum, and Taliesin. Wright had a profound influence on architecture in the United States and around the world.
This document discusses the concept of metamodernism, which mediates between modernism and postmodernism. It is defined as art that is impermanent, incremental, provisional, site-specific, performative, emotive, perceptual, devious and questioning. The document then discusses British artist David Blandy, who produces video, performances and comics dealing with popular culture and the tension between fantasy and reality. It provides an example of how metamodernism can be constructed by merging a painting with its natural background, differentiated by a human figure standing between them.
Csir -STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTRE (SERC) CHENNAI,INDIA.kyru ega
This document summarizes research being conducted at the Structural Engineering Research Centre in Chennai, India. It describes current research projects including developing precast lightweight building panels, ferrocement water tanks, using fly ash aggregates, and brick funicular shells for roofing. It also outlines the laboratories available for structural testing, wind and earthquake engineering, fatigue and fracture testing.
This document provides information about various types of timber, including softwood, hardwood, plywood, veneer, and fiber board. It discusses the characteristics of coniferous and deciduous trees. It also includes details about the production of plywood and veneer, as well as the different types and thicknesses available. Market prices are listed for products like plywood, veneer, MDF, HDF, and block board. Brand names and price comparisons are provided for various types of 18mm and 19mm plywood.
INTRODUCTION -BENEFITS OF TIMBER, USES OF TIMBER ,DEFECTS IN TIMBER ,PLANTATIONS ,HARVESTING TIMBER ,
TIMBER IS CELLULAR,TIMBER FLOWS THROUGH ECONOMY ,DURABILITY ISSUES
The document summarizes the structure of a tree from the macroscopic level. It discusses that a tree consists of a trunk, crown, and roots. It then describes the main macroscopic components of a tree's structure: the pith, heartwood, sapwood, cambium layer, inner bark, outer bark, and medullary rays. The pith is at the center and nourishes the young tree, while the heartwood and sapwood make up the woody tissue, with the heartwood being the inner, non-living portions and the sapwood being the outer, actively growing portions. The cambium layer separates the sapwood from the inner bark and is responsible for growth.
Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made from stoneware clay or fire clay. It is fired at high temperatures between 1200-1300°C and cooled slowly, making it nonporous and hard. Common uses include art pottery, plates, bowls, and jugs. There are different types of stoneware including traditional, fine, chemical, and thermal shock resistant stoneware used for various applications. Stoneware is known for its stone-like characteristics including a hard, dense surface that can be colored grey, brown, or off-white.
The key elements of a Hindu temple include the Vimana, Sikhara, and Garbhagriha. The Vimana is the sanctuary and consists of an upper Sikhara, which is the tapering tower, and lower Garbhagriha, which is the inner womb chamber housing the deity. Other elements are the Pradakshina patha ambulatory, Mandapa assembly hall, Antarala vestibule, Ardhamandapa front porch, Gopurams tower entrances, Pitha plinth, and Toranas gateways. These architectural components have standard Sanskrit names and their shapes and uses are defined.
The document discusses Hoysala architecture and two prominent temples constructed in this style - the Chennakesava Temple at Belur and the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu. It notes that Hoysala architecture flourished between the 11th and 14th centuries, producing many ornate temples. It provides background on the Hoysala Empire and highlights key features of the two temples such as their construction details, sculptures, and religious significance.
The Gangaikondacholapuram Temple was built in the 11th century by Rajendra Chola I in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and houses one of the largest Shivalingams in South India. The temple was built to rival and outshine the nearby Brihadisvara Temple constructed by Rajendra Chola's father. The temple features intricate stone carvings and sculptures throughout its tall gopurams and walls.
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1. B Y
K I R T H I G A . E
2 0 1 4 0 2 9
H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
R A J A L A K S H M I S C H O O L O F
A R C H I T E C T U R E
(1867-1959)
RESEARCH
PAPER ON
FRANK
LLOYD
WRIGHT
2. INDEX:
INTRODUCTION
OAK PARK(1889)
WRIGHT PRESPECTIVE DURING OAK PARK YEARS
CHICAGO AND THE PRAIRIE STYLE
LARKIN BUILDING ( 1902 TO 1906 )
UNITY TEMPLE (1905- 1908)
TALIESIN (1911-1925)
IMPERIAL HOTEL (1912-1923)
FALLING WATER (1934-1937)
USONIAN HOUSE (1939)
S C JOHNSON (1936-1939)
GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM (1943-1959)
3. INTRODUCTION:
ARCHITECT: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
BORN IN : Spring Green,Wisconsin in 1867.
STARTED CAREER IN :
Chicago at the age of 19 in the firm of J.Lyman Sisbee for one year.
later joined in Louis Sullivan Firm .
Sullivan hired him and mentored to adhere to his famous motto “ FORM FOLLOW
FUNCTION” .
DURING HIS SEVENTY –YEARS OF CAREER:
He accomplished and build more than 400 projects.
He created over 1100 designs which includes commercial buildings, apartment towers,museums,
recreational complexes, religious houses, residences, furnitures, lightning fixtures, textiles and
art glass.
Many different period and style during his career.
Finally at the end he came to an theoretical statement “UNITY OF FORM AND FUNCTION”.
He showed his countrymen new ways to build their homes and see the world around them.
4. OAK PARK:
Wright’s first independently-built project was his own house, which he began in 1889 while he
was working for his mentor, Louis Sullivan. The house was completed within a year, but Wright
continued to expand and rework the house over the next eight years. At first the changes were
necessitated by Wright’s growing family, but by 1893 he had opened his own office and needed
space in which to work.
Wright combined his home and studio one of his many departures from contemporary
architectural practice, which usually took place in a separate, professional office.
Later in life, he often insisted that his clients visit him at Taliesin (East) because he felt his own
home would give them the best idea of what he would build for them.
The Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio is open to the public.
EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR :
The three phases of construction show the evolution of Wright’s sensibilities in this early period.
The first phase of the house included the bold gable roof and wood shingles of the Queen Anne
(or Shingle) style(Fig :1).
Fig :1 Frank Lloyd Wright home and studio
951 chicago avenue, oak park ,IL
In contrast the office spaces, begun six years later, have flat or low roofs and long clerestory
windows.
The drafting room and library also employ octagonal geometry (Fig :2 ), which was traditionally
used for church baptistries and shrines, and was associated with spiritual experiences. This
relation between architecture and spiritual transformation would be an enduring one in Wright’s
career.
5. Fig :2 plan of Frank Lloyd Wright house
The house outside is of no particular character, being built at different times, but it has attained a
very comfortable and livable appearance. It is so practically buried in trees and foliage that all its
defects are softened and concealed, and the whole place has the effect of a well-balanced picture.
In fact, the arrangement of the windows is purposely such as to cause the rooms to depend
largely on the trees outside.
Wright threw away the porch and conceals his entrance in some obscure way, since he converted
his house into office . To get a privacy, he made hidden entrances.
The another thing in the building is there is no attic space rather than that domer roof .instead of
lean ,brick chimneys bristling up everywhere ,wright created a big fire place (one chimney) at
the central hall (Fig :3) . this will act as a gathering space for the entire family to sit and have
some fun . so the fire place become an important part of the building itself in the house.
Fig :3 section through drafting room looking towards fire place showing balcony hung from roof with chain
WRIGHT PRESPECTIVE DURING OAK PARK YEARS:
Wright’s houses were horizontal, rather than vertical, to fit into the flat Midwestern landscape
and featured sheltering overhangs, low terraces, and private gardens. They would be set back
from the street to insure greater privacy.
6. In Wright’s houses, rooms were no longer to be “boxes beside boxes.” Instead, “the whole lower
floor was to be one room” its many different uses suggested by screens rather than closed off
with walls. Everything was to be a unified whole according to his concept.
CHICAGO AND THE PRAIRIE STYLE:
In 1894 wright set up his own studio in chicago.thesplit with sullivan ,however,presented the
opportunity that wright needed to go out on his own. He opened an office and began his quest to
design homes that he beleived would truely belong on the American Prairie.
The WILLIAM H.WINSLOW HOUSE was wright’s first independent house which was fully
designed by him .
The house reflected the long, low horizontal prairie on which they sat with low- pitched roofs, no
attic or basements, and generally long rows of casement windows that further emphasized the
horizontal theme.
Commercial buildings –unified space with light from above ( shylight) surrounded by galleries.
Some of the wright’s most important residential works are
The DARWIN D. MARTIN HOUSE in Buffalo, New York ( 1903)
The AVERY COONLEY HOUSE in riverside, illinos ( 1907)
The FREDERICK C. ROBIE HOUSE in chicago ( 1908)
Important public commissions included:
The LARKIN COMPANY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING in buffalo ( 1903, demolished
1950)
The UNITY TEMPLE in oak park ( 1905).
LARKIN BUILDING ( 1902 TO 1906 ) :
Like the Prairie houses, the larkin building reveals Wright’s interest in fully designed work of
art . The architect designed desks, chairs, lights and windows specifically for the building.
The Larkin Building also represents a technological advance. It is one of the first air-conditioned
buildings in America. Cooled and filtered air was provided to protect the building’s important
documents from the coal soot emitted by nearby rail lines and factories.
The larkin building was built for administrative staff of thee larkin Soap Manufacturing
Company, actually for their mail order business and so it was really a secretarial type space and
wright tries to create a modern building that make the people working over there to feel like a
7. family gathering space .in order to make the people to feel he opened up the interior space like
an atrium space. ( fire place did for the family home ).he combines his idea and created a space
which is a kind of traditional symbol of home acoording to his concept(Fig :4). The central open
space was 76’ (23m) high to capture the sunlight and transfer it to all over the building .
Fig :4 interior of Larkin Building (1902 to 1906)
The invention oh electric elevator in 1889, as well as the refinements of materials such as iron
and steel and concrete ,the lighting, ventilation and construction technique and equipment
changed the office building.
The impact of neo classicism in the plan(Fig :5) and the impact of modern moment in the elevation
(Fig :6) can be seen in this building .
Fig :5 plan ofLarkin Building Fig: 6 Larkin Building during 1906
EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR :
The 200’ (61 m) by 134’ (41 m) building were executed in red sandstone. the entrance doors,
windows, and skylights were of glass. Floors, desktops, and cabinet tops were covered with
magnesite for sound absorption. Magnesite was also used for sculptural decoration on the piers
surrounding the light court (Fig: 6) and for panels and beams around the executive offices at the
8. south end of the main floor. Wright designed much of the furniture, the chairs were made out of
steel and hung from the tables to make cleaning the floors easy. The interior walls were made of
semi-vitreous, hard, cream colored brick.
Fig: 6 Larkin Building scluptural decoration in vertical piers.
UNITY TEMPLE (1905- 1908):
In 1905 while wright was building the Larkin Building, he received the commission to rebuild
Oak Park’s Unitarian church, which was destroyed that year by fire during a storm.Unity Temple
represents an extension of the theme which Wright began at the Larkin Building. A top-lit
interior space surrounded by galleries or balconies and one that he would use repeatedly
throughout his career.
Unity Temple consists of two elements: the larger church building (which Wright titled Unity
Temple) is joined to a parish house and school by a one-story entry vestibule. In 1905 Lake
Street was traveled by street cars and in order to shield the interior from the noise the building
does not open directly onto it. As in the Prairie house, the entryway is placed off to the side.
Over the entrance appear the words “FOR THE WORSHIP OF GOD AND THE SERVICE OF
MEN,” replacing the pictoral narrative traditionally seen in religious paintings, sculptures and
stained glass.
Upon entry, one gradually enters the sanctuary from below, emerging from a dark gallery into a
brilliantly lit space surrounded by balconies. The journey becomes a physical spiritual one from
darkness to enlightenment. And this space is knows an auditorium and it was surmounted by
cloisters which is four feet below the ground level.so when people come into the church they
have been risen up to a plain with a skylight above which brings the enlightment on them.
Rather than other churches wright was the person to think the church in another prespective
view. He placed the entrance in the centre of the building which is recessed inside. Sunday
school hall and mezzanine and upper level terrace on one side and choir ,pulpit, main balcony
seats cloisters and auditorium on another side(Fig: 7).
Wright’s desire to build a house of worship expressing the powerful simplicity of ancient
religion. Unity temple was completed and in 1906 is one of the earliest public buildings
constructed of concrete.
9. Fig: 7 plan of unity temple
The entire structure is solid and has a articulated majestic columns to suppost the structure (Fig: 8)
wright uses different sizes of cubes and cuboids to form the entire structure of the building.
Wright may felt that worship is a place where people likes to calm and silent. In order to move
with the function of the people he made the building to be solid structures with less decorative
articulation. The articulation of the building was done with geometric shapes and he designed
furniture in order to create a sense with the building . Wright himself described the Unity Temple
as his "contribution to modern architecture."
Fig: 8 exterior of the building –unity temple
TALIESIN (1911-1925):
After a years lived in Europe, Wright returned to his native Wisconsin in 1911. Near the town of
Spring Green, on land owned by his mother’s family, he built Taliesin, a home and studio.
Taliesin’s floor plan was asymmetry than that of the earlier Prairie houses.but wright used the
same concept of Low-pitched roofs with broad eaves, overhung stone walls and an outdoor
courts.
New to this project was the use of native limestone in rough masonry walls making it to feel like
the house had grown from the hill on which it sat, this shows that wright has done an organic
work of architecture(Fig: 9).
10. The outside walls and chimneys were built out of rough limestone quarried a few miles away in
his native place. Inner walls were covered with plaster made from sand from the banks of the
Wisconsin River. The roof's were meant to be the color of tree trunks at dusk to show organic
architecture (Fig: 10).
Fig: 9 Section ofTaliesin Fig: 10 materials used in the building contrast with the nature
Frank Lloyd Wright wanted to make his own house an epitome of everything he stood for
emotionally, spiritually, technically.since he had a family property in Spring Green, Wisconsin
on the hill he built this great, long, beautiful ground house which he called Taliesin.
Since it was his native place ,wright decided to use the native materials that locally available
where he started to practise the organic architecture.and he started to argue that “FORM AND
FUNCTION ARE ONE” rather then the philosophy gre from the idea of wright’s mentor Louis
Sullivan who beleived that “ FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION”.
F.L.Wright started to beleive that every building should grow naturally from its environment and
he started to give more importance to the organic style that the architectural style.
IMPERIAL HOTEL (1912-1923) :
Wright had long been was an collector of Japanese prints, so when
the opportunity came to build a project in Tokyo, the Imperial Hotel he give importance for the
project. Commissioned in 1916, the hotel was to represent the emergence of Japan as a modern
nation and symbolize Japan’s relation to the West. To that end, Wright designed the building as a
hybrid of Japanese and Western architecture.
Work began on the hotel in 1916, and Wright spent much of the next six years in Japan. While in
Japan, he examined traditional Japanese architecture, including pagodas, whose structural
principles would influence later projects like the laboratory tower for S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.
Wright designed this building in “ MAYA REVIVAL STYLE” of architecture.the roof had a
pyramid like structure and has a japanese decorations. Materials used in the building were
concrete, carved oya stone.
The building become famous since it stood up without destroyed by earthquake.
11. GREAT TOKYO EARTHQUAKE ( 1923):
Tokyo faces the earthquake of about 7.9. Many buildings got destroyed . this stands withstand
the earthquake with minimal damage . accrding to tokyo survey, this building comes under
second less damage building ( light damage) category.
The main failing in the building was foundation. Wright made the building to float on the
alluvial soil making, it shallow with broad footing. He made it to allow the building to float
along with the earthquake to avoid the damage in the building. But this techinque mde the
building to sink into the mud , hence it has to be demolished after some decades.
Design features to withstand earthquake in this building:
Pool provided a source of water for fire fighting during earthquakefire.
Cantilevel floor and balconies gives support.
Seismic seperatin joints located about every 20 m .
Tappered walls.
Features wright added in this building:
wright designed a unique furnitures for the hotel (Fig: 11). He created a connecting bridge between
the buildings to show the connectivity (Fig: 12) . No space is seperated , all are interconnected with
one another. To show its massiveness, he created a dancing hall (Fig: 13) with a peacock traditional
design of japanese on the roof walls and the hotel has a unique theatre (Fig: 14) with decorated
walls.
Fig: 11 chair designed by Wright for the hotel Fig : 12 connecting bridge that connecte the building
Fig: 13 peacock hall with massive decoration Fig: 14 theatre in imperial hotel
12. FALLING WATER (1934-1937) :
One of the world’s most famous houses is Falling water. Wright designed the house for
Pittsburgh department store owner Edgar J. Kaufmann, whose son, Edgar Jr., was a Taliesin
fellow.
Falling water floor and roofs are dramatically cantilevered over the waterfall. Executed in
reinforced concrete, the house’s floating planes echo the stream’s flow (Fig: 15). The composition
is visually by vertical elements such as stairs and chimneys faced in rough stone and from a
nearby quarry.every detail shows Wright’s vision of exploded box.
Wright’s design makes the interior space of the house continuous with the outdoors, fusing the
house with its site. He proposed originally to cover the building in gold leaf which would mimic
the color of dying plants and thereby connect the house to the change of seasons and the passage
of time. but eventually the concrete surfaces were painted a beige color.
Fig: 15. Falling water vision with the waterfall
Wright went to visit the site with Eddy Kaufmann in December 1934. And he got back to
Taliesin and he wrote a letter to Kaufmann saying, “I’M DESIGNING A BUILDING TO THE
MUSIC OF THE STREAM.” And the story that the building is telling is about how sound can in
effect become part of the visual experience of architecture.
He uses the native material and make the building organic in nature. He designed the furniture
which moves along with the verticality of the building .The colour of the interior also moves
with the nature colour which is organic (Fig: 16) . wide open spaces to have a wonderful view of
the nature .
Fig: 16 interior of the building
13. USONIAN HOUSE (1939):
Wright had long been interested in designing affordable homes on a massive scale for the
American middle class. In 1901 he published designs for elegant, inexpensive suburban homes in
several issues of the Ladies’ Home Journal. Wright was also interested in urban planning. He
began thinking seriously about that issue in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Wright discussed his
views in publications, lectures and notably the Disappearing City. He gave visual form to his
ideas for a model environment in Broadacre City. The notion of the Usonian houses was hatched
about the same time.
Wright called his modest house “Usonian,” after the United States. It was a single story (Fig: 17)
built on a monolithic concrete slab and joined to a carport and not a garage. Wright believed that
it could be replicated all across the country.
To shelter Usonia’s citizens, Wright designed a series of appropriate housing schemes—the
Usonian houses.. Its single-story plan is divided into two wings—the more public living room on
one side and the more private bedrooms on the other—which meet at a “service core“
comprising kitchen, bath and hearth. As in the Prairie Houses, the hearth is the metaphorical
center of family life. The two wings of the house extend to embrace the generous garden.
Fig: 17. Usonian house .
S C JOHNSON (1936-1939) :
In 1936, a new client approached Wright. He was Herbert Johnson, president of the progressive
Johnson Wax Company of Racine, Wisconsin, and he was looking for someone to build him a
new administration building.
Wright’s social vision of the sanctity of labor and his penchant for technological vision of
material innovation intersected, again, in the building complex he designed for S.C. Johnson &
Son, Inc., beginning in 1936. The first phase of the project was the Administration Building,
completed in Racine, Wisconsin, in 1939.
Eleven years later Wright built the company’s Research Laboratory Tower. Both projects
illustrate Wright’s integration of the technological and experiential dimensions of architecture.
The Administration Building is entered through a sequence of low, dim spaces from which one
emerges into a grandly-scaled room lit from above.
14. Sunlight filters into the space through bundled planes of glass pyrex tubes, which allude to the
company’s investment in chemical research. Where conventional buildings would have had a
heavy cornice, Wright bridged the gap between wall and roof with a continuous band of glass.
As in the Larkin Building, he wanted to create an exhilarating environment for the workers. Wright and
his apprentices worked around the clock for ten days to finish the drawings. The effect of the filtered
daylight is one of wondrous luminosity, which transforms the ordinary workspace into a kind of
sanctuary.
Wright would bring two innovations to the Johnson Wax building. Special Pyrex glass tubing had to be
manufactured for the skylights. And hollow reinforced columns of astonishing slenderness were to bear
the weight of the great ceiling (Fig: 18)
The lustrous ceiling is supported on concrete columns whose tops swell into broad caps resembling lily
pads, prompting Wright to compare the space to a forest glade. Structural engineers were skeptical of the
design’s integrity, however,and in a now-legendary episode Wright loaded a test column with sand bags
to demonstrate its ability to support the roof (Fig: 19).
The natural metaphor is expanded in the Research Laboratory Tower. Here,
concrete floors recalling tree branches are cantilevered from a central shaft or
trunk which encloses the elevator and stairs, as well as mechanical services.
Outside, the Tower’s verticality acts as a dynamic foil to the Administration
Building’s horizontal expansiveness (Fig: 20).
Fig: 18. Research Laboratory Tower Fig:19 lustrous ceiling Fig: 20 verticality and horizontalexpansive of
the building S C Johnson
The Johnson Wax Building in the 1930s is the natural compliment to
the Larkin Building of the early century.
One can go in at the side into a low, dark place and come up into a high,
transcendent space. That’s the Wrightian journey that you take in all his
great buildings.
15. The main feature of construction was the simple repetition of slender hollow monolithic
dendriform shafts or stems—the stems standing tip-toe in small brass shoes bedded at the floor
level.
The great structure throughout is light and plastic—an open glass-filled rift is up there where the
cornice might have been. Reinforcing used was mostly cold-drawn steel mesh—welded.
The entire steel-reinforced structure stands there earthquake-proof, fireproof, soundproof, and
vermin-proof
Fig: 21 interior view of the building with massive high ceiling and well ventilated space with natural lightning .
columns resembles art deco.
GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM (1943-1959) :
The Guggenheim (Fig: 22) design mimics an upside-down ziggurat (Fig: 24) consisting of a large,
top-lit interior court ringed by a continuous spiral ramp. The dense mass of the ramp and exterior
walls separates the interior world of the museum from the city’s streets, creating a contemplative
environment for viewing art.
Visitors take an elevator to the top of the museum and slowly descend its spiral gallery (Fig: 23).
Wright was roundly criticized for the awkward exhibition spaces of the Guggenheim, whose
curved walls and sloped floor defy conventional display techniques. The structure takes the
cantilevered concrete floor of Wright’s earlier projects (for example, Fallingwater and the S.C.
Johnson & Son, Inc. Research Laboratory Tower) and twists it around a central court.
Indirect light enters the building through narrow windows which, on the exterior, separate the
ramp’s levels. Negotiations with building department officials, shortages of materials and
changes in the museum’s administration all delayed the beginning of construction until 1956. It
was completed in 1959, six months after Wright’s death.
16. For the first time in the history of architecture a true logarithmic spiral has been worked out as a
complete plastic building: a building in which there is but one continuous floor surface: not on a
separate floor slab above another floor slab, but one single, grand, slow wide ramp, widening as
it rises for about seven stories—a purely plastic development of organic structure. If pulled from
the ground and tossed away the whole building would bounce intact....
For the first time, purely imaginative paintings, regardless of the representation of any natural
object, will have appropriate, congenial environment suited to their character and purpose as
harmonious works of art for the eye as music is for the ear.
Since the building follow the american modernism it has gone away from the original beauty of
the place. It stands out uniquely in the entire street (Fig: 25).
Fig: 22 view ofGuggenheim Museum Fig: 23 sectional view of interior
Fig: 24 ziggurat form as a concept Fig :25 view ofthe museum fromstreet
References:
http://www.pbs.org/flw/buildings/
http://wrightonthepark.org/about-us/about-frank-lloyd-wright/#
http://www.oprf.com/flw/bio/
http://www.biography.com/people/frank-lloyd-wright-9537511#early-life
http://www.architechgallery.com/arch_images/architech_images/flw/flw_wasmuth.jpg