Formulas to calculate total effective coil surface area a
•
0 likes•541 views
This document provides formulas to calculate the total heat transfer area of an air conditioning coil. The total area includes the fin area and tube area. The fin area is calculated based on the number of fins, fin dimensions, and fin spacing. The tube area considers the number of tubes, tube diameter, and length. While the tubes distribute coolant, the fins contribute most to heat transfer since they make up most of the surface area exposed to airflow.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
![Total air side area (fins +
tubes) (Aa,total)
Aa,total = Afin +
(Ntubes/bank x Nbanks x π x D0)x
(Ltubes - Nfins x t)
Total area of fin (Afin) Afin = Nfin x A1fin
No. of fins (Nfin) Nfin = L x FPM
Total Length of the tube (Ltube)
Fins per meter (FPM) FPM = FPI/0.0254. FPI ranges from 4 to 20 Fins Per Inch
Wetted area of single fin (A1fin) A1fin = 2[(HxPlxNbank)-((Ntubes/bankxNbankx πD0
2
)/4)]
Height of heat exchanger (H) H = Pt x Ntubes/bank
Total No. tubes per bank
(Ntubes/bank)
Tranverse spacing (Pt)
Longitudinal spacing (Pl)
Total No. of Rows(Nbanks) Cooling Coils are often 4 rows deep or greater and up to 10 rows.
Outer diameter (D0)
Fin thickness (t)
Formulas to calculate the Total Heat Transfer area for a coil.
It is to be noted that the tubes itself does not contribute very much to heat
transfer process (relative to the fins) other than distributing the cooling water. The
fins, which are mounted on the tube, contribute most to the heat transfer because
the fins constitutes most of the coil surface area exposed to the airstream.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/formulastocalculatetotaleffectivecoilsurfaceareaa-200517050211/85/Formulas-to-calculate-total-effective-coil-surface-area-a-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids. There are various types including shell and tube, plate and frame, and air cooled. A shell and tube heat exchanger consists of tubes, a shell, baffles, and nozzle inlets and outlets. Proper design of the baffle cut, spacing, and orientation is important for efficient heat transfer and to prevent bypass and leakage streams from reducing effectiveness. Sealing strips are also used to block leakage paths and improve performance.
Cálculo de el condensador en un intercambiador de calor
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de condensadores y métodos para calcular su diseño. Existen varios tipos de condensadores clasificados por su arreglo y área de intercambio de calor. El cálculo del diseño involucra especificar las condiciones operativas, seleccionar el tipo y fluido refrigerante, determinar la carga de calor, calcular la diferencia de temperatura y el área requerida usando correlaciones para el coeficiente de transferencia de calor.
Process Calculation - simple distillation
This document provides calculations for the rate of distillation and size of a vapor column for distilling triethyl amine. It calculates the total heat transfer area and rate of vaporization as 1410.218 kg/hr. The diameter of the vapor column is calculated as approximately 4 inches and the height is approximately 10 feet. Various equations and data are presented to illustrate the step-by-step calculations and determine the necessary parameters for designing distillation equipment.
Thermodynamic Design of a Fire-Tube Steam Boiler
This document summarizes the thermodynamic design of a fire-tube steam boiler. It includes an introduction describing the key components of a fire-tube boiler. The design analysis section shows calculations for temperature distribution, heat transfer within the boiler, area for the second and third passes, and volume ratios. The design outcome provides the dimensions and specifications determined for the boiler, including a boiler length of 5m, diameter of 2m, and furnace diameter of 0.8m. Supporting data is also included in an Excel file.
Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids that are separated by a conductive wall. It consists of tubes through which one fluid passes and a shell that holds the tubes for the other fluid. Heat is transferred from the hot to cold fluid through the tube walls. Common applications include cooling engine fluids, hydrocarbon processing, and waste heat recovery. Heat exchangers are designed through an iterative process of selecting configuration parameters, calculating heat transfer and pressure drop, and adjusting the design as needed.
Que es un intercambiador de calor
El documento describe diferentes tipos de equipos de transferencia de calor, incluyendo intercambiadores de doble tubo, intercambiadores de tubo y coraza, y variaciones de estos como intercambiadores con cabezales de tubos fijos o removibles. También describe componentes como tubos, corazas, deflectores y superficies extendidas, y cómo estos afectan la transferencia de calor.
Design of condenser
A condenser is a heat exchanger that transfers vapors into a liquid state by removing latent heat with a coolant like water. This document provides design calculations for an 8 unit shell and tube condenser with 1030 tubes that uses cold water as the coolant to condense steam at a rate of 8060 kg/hr and 4343 kW of heat duty. Key specifications are provided, like a calculated overall heat transfer coefficient of 1100.97 W/m2C and pressure drops of 0.59 psi for the tube side and 0.109 psi for the shell side. References on condenser design are also listed.
Condenser performance test
The Slides give detailed information about Condenser Performance Test for a condensing condenser in a Thermal Power Plant
Recommended
Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids. There are various types including shell and tube, plate and frame, and air cooled. A shell and tube heat exchanger consists of tubes, a shell, baffles, and nozzle inlets and outlets. Proper design of the baffle cut, spacing, and orientation is important for efficient heat transfer and to prevent bypass and leakage streams from reducing effectiveness. Sealing strips are also used to block leakage paths and improve performance.
Cálculo de el condensador en un intercambiador de calor
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de condensadores y métodos para calcular su diseño. Existen varios tipos de condensadores clasificados por su arreglo y área de intercambio de calor. El cálculo del diseño involucra especificar las condiciones operativas, seleccionar el tipo y fluido refrigerante, determinar la carga de calor, calcular la diferencia de temperatura y el área requerida usando correlaciones para el coeficiente de transferencia de calor.
Process Calculation - simple distillation
This document provides calculations for the rate of distillation and size of a vapor column for distilling triethyl amine. It calculates the total heat transfer area and rate of vaporization as 1410.218 kg/hr. The diameter of the vapor column is calculated as approximately 4 inches and the height is approximately 10 feet. Various equations and data are presented to illustrate the step-by-step calculations and determine the necessary parameters for designing distillation equipment.
Thermodynamic Design of a Fire-Tube Steam Boiler
This document summarizes the thermodynamic design of a fire-tube steam boiler. It includes an introduction describing the key components of a fire-tube boiler. The design analysis section shows calculations for temperature distribution, heat transfer within the boiler, area for the second and third passes, and volume ratios. The design outcome provides the dimensions and specifications determined for the boiler, including a boiler length of 5m, diameter of 2m, and furnace diameter of 0.8m. Supporting data is also included in an Excel file.
Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids that are separated by a conductive wall. It consists of tubes through which one fluid passes and a shell that holds the tubes for the other fluid. Heat is transferred from the hot to cold fluid through the tube walls. Common applications include cooling engine fluids, hydrocarbon processing, and waste heat recovery. Heat exchangers are designed through an iterative process of selecting configuration parameters, calculating heat transfer and pressure drop, and adjusting the design as needed.
Que es un intercambiador de calor
El documento describe diferentes tipos de equipos de transferencia de calor, incluyendo intercambiadores de doble tubo, intercambiadores de tubo y coraza, y variaciones de estos como intercambiadores con cabezales de tubos fijos o removibles. También describe componentes como tubos, corazas, deflectores y superficies extendidas, y cómo estos afectan la transferencia de calor.
Design of condenser
A condenser is a heat exchanger that transfers vapors into a liquid state by removing latent heat with a coolant like water. This document provides design calculations for an 8 unit shell and tube condenser with 1030 tubes that uses cold water as the coolant to condense steam at a rate of 8060 kg/hr and 4343 kW of heat duty. Key specifications are provided, like a calculated overall heat transfer coefficient of 1100.97 W/m2C and pressure drops of 0.59 psi for the tube side and 0.109 psi for the shell side. References on condenser design are also listed.
Condenser performance test
The Slides give detailed information about Condenser Performance Test for a condensing condenser in a Thermal Power Plant
Heat exchanger design
Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids at different temperatures. They are classified based on their transfer process, geometry, heat transfer mechanism, and flow arrangement. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers consist of a set of tubes in a shell container and are the most important type, used across many industries. Their design involves calculating the heat transfer rate, selecting appropriate materials and geometry, and ensuring optimal fluid velocities and pressure drops within design limits.
Process calculation condensation
The vapors from a vapor column are condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger using cooling water. The design is for a multi-tube pass, single shell pass heat exchanger with 8 tubes of 3/4" diameter and 6' length. Energy and heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the required cooling water flow rate of 2072.53 lbs/hr and heat transfer area of 19.86 sqft to achieve the necessary heat transfer. Pressure drops are also calculated to be within acceptable limits.
Distillation column level
The document describes a distillation column system with level as a variable. It discusses the challenges of inaccurate liquid level indication and outlines several level measurement technologies considered for use, including radar, guided wave radar, ultrasonic, capacitive, hydrostatic, radiation-based, vibration, and conductive sensors. Guided wave radar is chosen for its maintenance-free operation under pressure and temperature extremes. Column pressure will be measured with a pressure transmitter and flow will be controlled using orifice meter technology. Resistance temperature detectors are selected for temperature measurement. The controlled variables of the distillation column include pressure, distillate concentration and level, reflux level, and bottoms concentration and level, which will be manipulated using control valves adjusting condenser
Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids through tube walls. There are two main types: tubular and extended surface. Tubular exchangers include shell-and-tube, U-tube, and double pipe designs. Shell-and-tube exchangers contain tubes in a shell separated by baffles to direct flow. Heat is transferred through the tube walls from one fluid inside the tubes to the other outside. Manufacturing involves forming, welding, inspection, assembly, testing, and documentation. Materials, design, fabrication, and testing must meet codes and standards.
Flooding of a distillation column
This document summarizes flooding in a distillation column. Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in volatility through boiling and vaporization. Flooding occurs when excessive vapor flow carries liquid up the column, reducing efficiency. It can be detected by increases in differential pressure and decreases in separation. The document describes an experiment where a distillation column's reboiler heat was incrementally increased. Measurements from pressure transmitters showed that filtering and monitoring standard deviation of the pressure signal could provide early detection of the column approaching flooding. This allows operators to make adjustments and prevent loss of separation and reduced efficiency.
Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 7ma Ed Chap 14
This document provides an overview of gas absorption and gas-liquid system design. It discusses general design procedures and considerations for gas-absorption systems using packed or plate towers. These include selecting solvents and solubility data, calculating liquid-to-gas ratios, determining packed height and transfer units, and accounting for heat effects. It also covers multicomponent systems, absorption with chemical reactions, gas-liquid contacting equipment like packed and plate columns, and design of these systems. Parameters discussed include pressure drop, flooding, loading, liquid distribution, interfacial area and mass transfer effectiveness.
An inside view of thermal power stations and DDCMIS in power plants
THE SLIDES EXPLAINS ABOUT THE DDCMIS(DITRIBUTED DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM AND MANAGMENT INFROMATION SYSTEM) SYSTEM USED IN POWER PLANT WITH THE PICTURE AND EXPLENATION.
Boiler Efficiency Calculations
The presentation is for the engineers of HIRA POWER PLANT,. The complete calculations for calculation of boiler efficiency are described in the presentation
Solutions Manual for Process Control Modeling Design And Simulation 1st Editi...
Full download : https://goo.gl/YQcyhR Solutions Manual for Process Control Modeling Design And Simulation 1st Edition by Bequette
VLE Data - Selection and Use
VLE Data - Selection and Use
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF IDEAL
AND NON-IDEAL SYSTEMS
4.1 Ideal Mixtures
4.2 Non-Ideal Mixtures
5 REVIEW OF VLE MODELS
5.1 Ideal Behavior in Both Phases
5.2 Liquid Phase Non-Idealities
5.3 High Pressure Systems
5.4 Special Models
6 SETTING UP A VLE MODEL
6.1 Define Problem
6.2 Select Data
6.3 Select Correlation(s)
6.4 Produce Model
7 AVOIDING PITFALLS
7.1 Experimental Data is Better than Estimates
7.2 Check Validity of Fitted Model
7.3 Check Limitations of Estimation Methods
7.4 Know Your System
7.5 Appreciate Errors and Effects
7.6 If in Doubt – Ask
8 A CASE STUDY
8.1 The Problem
8.2 The System
8.3 Data Available
8.4 Selected Correlation
8.5 Simulation
8.6 Selection of Model
9 RECOMMENDED READING
10 VLE EXPERTS IN GBHE
APPENDICES
A USE OF EXTENDED ANTOINE EQUATION
B USE OF WILSON EQUATION
C USEFUL METHODS OF ESTIMATING
D EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR VLE CALCULATIONS
TABLES
1 SUMMARY OF VLE METHODS
2 LIST OF USEFUL REFERENCES
FIGURES
1 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - IDEAL SOLUTION
BEHAVIOR
2 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - A GENERALISED
Y-X DIAGRAM
3 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - MINIMUM BOILING
AZEOTROPE
4 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - MAXIMUM BOILING
AZEOTROPE
5 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - MINIMUM BOILING
AZEOTROPE -TWO LIQUID PHASES
6 SENSITIVITY TO ERROR IN VLE DATA (BASED ON FENSKE EQUATION)
7(a) FITTING WILSON 'A' VALUES TO VLE DATA - CASE A
7(b) FITTING WILSON 'A' VALUES TO VLE DATA - CASE B
7(c) FITTING WILSON 'A' VALUES TO VLE DATA - CASE C
Chapter 2 1
1) The document discusses heat transfer by conduction through plane walls and cylindrical pipes. It presents the general heat conduction equations and derives the equations for the temperature distribution in plane walls and cylindrical pipes.
2) It also discusses heat transfer by convection and defines the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for a plane wall subjected to convection on both sides. Expressions are developed for the surface temperatures and overall heat transfer coefficient.
3) An example problem is presented to calculate the surface temperatures and overall heat transfer coefficient for a plane wall subjected to a uniform heat flux on one side and convection on the other.
Distillation
The document summarizes the process of crude oil distillation. Crude oil is heated through heat exchangers to 550°F and then further heated to 750°F in a furnace before entering the flash zone of an atmospheric fractionator. Reboilers provide heat to the bottom of distillation columns by boiling the liquid to generate vapors that drive the separation process. Temperature above 370-380°F can cause cracking and coking in atmospheric columns, so residue is sent to vacuum distillation where pressure is reduced below vapor pressure to distill the most volatile liquids.
pump calculation pdf .pdf
Centrifugal Pump
Type of pumps
Centrifugal Pump working
Centrifugal Pump calculation
How to choose pump
Characteristics curves
Pump head compensation
Cavitation and NPSH
Priming
Multi stage centrifugal Pump
Pump safety
Piping heat loss
This document discusses insulation and refractories. It describes the different types of insulation materials used for low, medium, and high temperature applications. The key types discussed include calcium silicate, glass mineral wool, and thermocol. It also covers calculating the economic thickness of insulation to minimize total cost. Refractories are materials that can withstand high temperatures and abrasion. Important refractory properties discussed include melting point, size, and thermal expansion.
Final Turbine rolling ppt Akshay.pptx
This document provides instructions for starting up a steam turbine. It outlines the sequence of operations that must be followed, including: opening drains, charging the steam line, starting the cooling water system, operating the condensate system, starting the oil system, putting the turbine on barring, building vacuum, charging gland steam, rolling the turbine, and synchronizing once full speed is reached. Special attention is given to ensuring auxiliary systems are operational and parameters are within limits at each stage to safely start the turbine.
Cooling Tower
This document is a report on cooling towers submitted by a group of 5 chemical engineering students at the Gujarat Technological University. It provides an introduction to cooling towers, describing their main components and functions. It discusses the key parameters for evaluating cooling tower performance, including range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and evaporation loss. The primary goal of cooling towers is to reject heat from cooling water circuits into the atmosphere through evaporation.
Chapter 2-Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers.pdf
The document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers. It describes the different types of shell and tube designs according to the TEMA standard, including U-tube, straight tube, and kettle-type designs. It also discusses design considerations for different components like stationary heads, rear ends, baffles, tubesheets, and joints. The TEMA standard provides terminology for naming heat exchangers based on these design features and components.
Condenser design
This document discusses the process design of shell and tube heat exchangers. It begins by classifying heat exchangers and describing different types of shell and tube heat exchangers such as fixed tube sheet, removable tube bundle, floating head, and U-tube designs. The document then discusses various thermal design considerations for shell and tube heat exchangers, including selections for the shell, tube materials and dimensions, tube layout and count, baffles, and fouling factors. It provides process design procedures and an example problem for designing shell and tube heat exchangers.
Steam Condenser performance and loss diagnostic
This document provides guidance on diagnosing poor condenser vacuum in thermal power plants. It explains that a slight increase in condenser pressure can result in significant energy losses. It describes the key components and function of a surface condenser, and explains how lower condenser pressure allows more steam turbine exhaust energy to be converted. Diagnosing the root cause of higher pressure involves comparing to expected design pressures and evaluating potential issues like low cooling water flow, tube fouling, incondensable gases in the condenser shell, or excessive heat duty. Definitions of relevant temperature terms are also provided.
THERMAL POWER PLANT OPERATIONS
The presentation is for the simulator for the operation of Thermal Power Plant from starting. It describes the Electrical Charging and Water Cycle Establishment. The simultaneous operations on Turbine sides are also described for the First Part.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design - OOAD
This ppt gives detailed description of Object Oriented Analysis and design.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
More Related Content
What's hot
Heat exchanger design
Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids at different temperatures. They are classified based on their transfer process, geometry, heat transfer mechanism, and flow arrangement. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers consist of a set of tubes in a shell container and are the most important type, used across many industries. Their design involves calculating the heat transfer rate, selecting appropriate materials and geometry, and ensuring optimal fluid velocities and pressure drops within design limits.
Process calculation condensation
The vapors from a vapor column are condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger using cooling water. The design is for a multi-tube pass, single shell pass heat exchanger with 8 tubes of 3/4" diameter and 6' length. Energy and heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the required cooling water flow rate of 2072.53 lbs/hr and heat transfer area of 19.86 sqft to achieve the necessary heat transfer. Pressure drops are also calculated to be within acceptable limits.
Distillation column level
The document describes a distillation column system with level as a variable. It discusses the challenges of inaccurate liquid level indication and outlines several level measurement technologies considered for use, including radar, guided wave radar, ultrasonic, capacitive, hydrostatic, radiation-based, vibration, and conductive sensors. Guided wave radar is chosen for its maintenance-free operation under pressure and temperature extremes. Column pressure will be measured with a pressure transmitter and flow will be controlled using orifice meter technology. Resistance temperature detectors are selected for temperature measurement. The controlled variables of the distillation column include pressure, distillate concentration and level, reflux level, and bottoms concentration and level, which will be manipulated using control valves adjusting condenser
Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids through tube walls. There are two main types: tubular and extended surface. Tubular exchangers include shell-and-tube, U-tube, and double pipe designs. Shell-and-tube exchangers contain tubes in a shell separated by baffles to direct flow. Heat is transferred through the tube walls from one fluid inside the tubes to the other outside. Manufacturing involves forming, welding, inspection, assembly, testing, and documentation. Materials, design, fabrication, and testing must meet codes and standards.
Flooding of a distillation column
This document summarizes flooding in a distillation column. Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in volatility through boiling and vaporization. Flooding occurs when excessive vapor flow carries liquid up the column, reducing efficiency. It can be detected by increases in differential pressure and decreases in separation. The document describes an experiment where a distillation column's reboiler heat was incrementally increased. Measurements from pressure transmitters showed that filtering and monitoring standard deviation of the pressure signal could provide early detection of the column approaching flooding. This allows operators to make adjustments and prevent loss of separation and reduced efficiency.
Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 7ma Ed Chap 14
This document provides an overview of gas absorption and gas-liquid system design. It discusses general design procedures and considerations for gas-absorption systems using packed or plate towers. These include selecting solvents and solubility data, calculating liquid-to-gas ratios, determining packed height and transfer units, and accounting for heat effects. It also covers multicomponent systems, absorption with chemical reactions, gas-liquid contacting equipment like packed and plate columns, and design of these systems. Parameters discussed include pressure drop, flooding, loading, liquid distribution, interfacial area and mass transfer effectiveness.
An inside view of thermal power stations and DDCMIS in power plants
THE SLIDES EXPLAINS ABOUT THE DDCMIS(DITRIBUTED DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM AND MANAGMENT INFROMATION SYSTEM) SYSTEM USED IN POWER PLANT WITH THE PICTURE AND EXPLENATION.
Boiler Efficiency Calculations
The presentation is for the engineers of HIRA POWER PLANT,. The complete calculations for calculation of boiler efficiency are described in the presentation
Solutions Manual for Process Control Modeling Design And Simulation 1st Editi...
Full download : https://goo.gl/YQcyhR Solutions Manual for Process Control Modeling Design And Simulation 1st Edition by Bequette
VLE Data - Selection and Use
VLE Data - Selection and Use
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF IDEAL
AND NON-IDEAL SYSTEMS
4.1 Ideal Mixtures
4.2 Non-Ideal Mixtures
5 REVIEW OF VLE MODELS
5.1 Ideal Behavior in Both Phases
5.2 Liquid Phase Non-Idealities
5.3 High Pressure Systems
5.4 Special Models
6 SETTING UP A VLE MODEL
6.1 Define Problem
6.2 Select Data
6.3 Select Correlation(s)
6.4 Produce Model
7 AVOIDING PITFALLS
7.1 Experimental Data is Better than Estimates
7.2 Check Validity of Fitted Model
7.3 Check Limitations of Estimation Methods
7.4 Know Your System
7.5 Appreciate Errors and Effects
7.6 If in Doubt – Ask
8 A CASE STUDY
8.1 The Problem
8.2 The System
8.3 Data Available
8.4 Selected Correlation
8.5 Simulation
8.6 Selection of Model
9 RECOMMENDED READING
10 VLE EXPERTS IN GBHE
APPENDICES
A USE OF EXTENDED ANTOINE EQUATION
B USE OF WILSON EQUATION
C USEFUL METHODS OF ESTIMATING
D EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR VLE CALCULATIONS
TABLES
1 SUMMARY OF VLE METHODS
2 LIST OF USEFUL REFERENCES
FIGURES
1 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - IDEAL SOLUTION
BEHAVIOR
2 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - A GENERALISED
Y-X DIAGRAM
3 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - MINIMUM BOILING
AZEOTROPE
4 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - MAXIMUM BOILING
AZEOTROPE
5 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - MINIMUM BOILING
AZEOTROPE -TWO LIQUID PHASES
6 SENSITIVITY TO ERROR IN VLE DATA (BASED ON FENSKE EQUATION)
7(a) FITTING WILSON 'A' VALUES TO VLE DATA - CASE A
7(b) FITTING WILSON 'A' VALUES TO VLE DATA - CASE B
7(c) FITTING WILSON 'A' VALUES TO VLE DATA - CASE C
Chapter 2 1
1) The document discusses heat transfer by conduction through plane walls and cylindrical pipes. It presents the general heat conduction equations and derives the equations for the temperature distribution in plane walls and cylindrical pipes.
2) It also discusses heat transfer by convection and defines the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for a plane wall subjected to convection on both sides. Expressions are developed for the surface temperatures and overall heat transfer coefficient.
3) An example problem is presented to calculate the surface temperatures and overall heat transfer coefficient for a plane wall subjected to a uniform heat flux on one side and convection on the other.
Distillation
The document summarizes the process of crude oil distillation. Crude oil is heated through heat exchangers to 550°F and then further heated to 750°F in a furnace before entering the flash zone of an atmospheric fractionator. Reboilers provide heat to the bottom of distillation columns by boiling the liquid to generate vapors that drive the separation process. Temperature above 370-380°F can cause cracking and coking in atmospheric columns, so residue is sent to vacuum distillation where pressure is reduced below vapor pressure to distill the most volatile liquids.
pump calculation pdf .pdf
Centrifugal Pump
Type of pumps
Centrifugal Pump working
Centrifugal Pump calculation
How to choose pump
Characteristics curves
Pump head compensation
Cavitation and NPSH
Priming
Multi stage centrifugal Pump
Pump safety
Piping heat loss
This document discusses insulation and refractories. It describes the different types of insulation materials used for low, medium, and high temperature applications. The key types discussed include calcium silicate, glass mineral wool, and thermocol. It also covers calculating the economic thickness of insulation to minimize total cost. Refractories are materials that can withstand high temperatures and abrasion. Important refractory properties discussed include melting point, size, and thermal expansion.
Final Turbine rolling ppt Akshay.pptx
This document provides instructions for starting up a steam turbine. It outlines the sequence of operations that must be followed, including: opening drains, charging the steam line, starting the cooling water system, operating the condensate system, starting the oil system, putting the turbine on barring, building vacuum, charging gland steam, rolling the turbine, and synchronizing once full speed is reached. Special attention is given to ensuring auxiliary systems are operational and parameters are within limits at each stage to safely start the turbine.
Cooling Tower
This document is a report on cooling towers submitted by a group of 5 chemical engineering students at the Gujarat Technological University. It provides an introduction to cooling towers, describing their main components and functions. It discusses the key parameters for evaluating cooling tower performance, including range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and evaporation loss. The primary goal of cooling towers is to reject heat from cooling water circuits into the atmosphere through evaporation.
Chapter 2-Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers.pdf
The document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers. It describes the different types of shell and tube designs according to the TEMA standard, including U-tube, straight tube, and kettle-type designs. It also discusses design considerations for different components like stationary heads, rear ends, baffles, tubesheets, and joints. The TEMA standard provides terminology for naming heat exchangers based on these design features and components.
Condenser design
This document discusses the process design of shell and tube heat exchangers. It begins by classifying heat exchangers and describing different types of shell and tube heat exchangers such as fixed tube sheet, removable tube bundle, floating head, and U-tube designs. The document then discusses various thermal design considerations for shell and tube heat exchangers, including selections for the shell, tube materials and dimensions, tube layout and count, baffles, and fouling factors. It provides process design procedures and an example problem for designing shell and tube heat exchangers.
Steam Condenser performance and loss diagnostic
This document provides guidance on diagnosing poor condenser vacuum in thermal power plants. It explains that a slight increase in condenser pressure can result in significant energy losses. It describes the key components and function of a surface condenser, and explains how lower condenser pressure allows more steam turbine exhaust energy to be converted. Diagnosing the root cause of higher pressure involves comparing to expected design pressures and evaluating potential issues like low cooling water flow, tube fouling, incondensable gases in the condenser shell, or excessive heat duty. Definitions of relevant temperature terms are also provided.
THERMAL POWER PLANT OPERATIONS
The presentation is for the simulator for the operation of Thermal Power Plant from starting. It describes the Electrical Charging and Water Cycle Establishment. The simultaneous operations on Turbine sides are also described for the First Part.
What's hot (20)
Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 7ma Ed Chap 14
Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 7ma Ed Chap 14
An inside view of thermal power stations and DDCMIS in power plants
An inside view of thermal power stations and DDCMIS in power plants
Solutions Manual for Process Control Modeling Design And Simulation 1st Editi...
Solutions Manual for Process Control Modeling Design And Simulation 1st Editi...
Recently uploaded
Object Oriented Analysis and Design - OOAD
This ppt gives detailed description of Object Oriented Analysis and design.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
This manual contains programs on object oriented programming concepts using C++ language.
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our desired pressure
一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Accident detection system project report.pdf
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Data Driven Maintenance | UReason Webinar
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
SCALING OF MOS CIRCUITS m .pptx
this ppt explains about scaling parameters of the mosfet it is basically vlsi subject
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
Recently uploaded (20)
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
1FIDIC-CONSTRUCTION-CONTRACT-2ND-ED-2017-RED-BOOK.pdf
1FIDIC-CONSTRUCTION-CONTRACT-2ND-ED-2017-RED-BOOK.pdf
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
Formulas to calculate total effective coil surface area a
- 1. Total air side area (fins + tubes) (Aa,total) Aa,total = Afin + (Ntubes/bank x Nbanks x π x D0)x (Ltubes - Nfins x t) Total area of fin (Afin) Afin = Nfin x A1fin No. of fins (Nfin) Nfin = L x FPM Total Length of the tube (Ltube) Fins per meter (FPM) FPM = FPI/0.0254. FPI ranges from 4 to 20 Fins Per Inch Wetted area of single fin (A1fin) A1fin = 2[(HxPlxNbank)-((Ntubes/bankxNbankx πD0 2 )/4)] Height of heat exchanger (H) H = Pt x Ntubes/bank Total No. tubes per bank (Ntubes/bank) Tranverse spacing (Pt) Longitudinal spacing (Pl) Total No. of Rows(Nbanks) Cooling Coils are often 4 rows deep or greater and up to 10 rows. Outer diameter (D0) Fin thickness (t) Formulas to calculate the Total Heat Transfer area for a coil. It is to be noted that the tubes itself does not contribute very much to heat transfer process (relative to the fins) other than distributing the cooling water. The fins, which are mounted on the tube, contribute most to the heat transfer because the fins constitutes most of the coil surface area exposed to the airstream.