FOREST RESOURCES
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Fires, both man-made and natural, contribute to forest loss.Wildfires are a natural occurrance and serve important ecosystem functions. Forest landscapes are dynamic and change in response to variations in climate and to disturbances from natural sources, such as fires caused by lightning strikes.These realities have brought about a greater sense of the importance of understanding how forests should be managed to ensure health and sustainability. Current practices use a combination of containment measures in an attempt to balance the importance of periodic fires to ecosystem health and the danger of uncontrolled burns to human communities. so, this is a short presentation on the concerned topic!
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Natural Resourses (Environmental Science)
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Forest fire
Fires, both man-made and natural, contribute to forest loss.Wildfires are a natural occurrance and serve important ecosystem functions. Forest landscapes are dynamic and change in response to variations in climate and to disturbances from natural sources, such as fires caused by lightning strikes.These realities have brought about a greater sense of the importance of understanding how forests should be managed to ensure health and sustainability. Current practices use a combination of containment measures in an attempt to balance the importance of periodic fires to ecosystem health and the danger of uncontrolled burns to human communities. so, this is a short presentation on the concerned topic!
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Mountains cover one-fifth of the world's landscape and are an important source of water, energy, and biological diversity. They are home to many natural resources and rare plants. However, mountains are susceptible to rough weather, soil erosion, and degradation from human activities like mining, deforestation, and urbanization. It is important to protect mountain ecosystems to preserve fresh water sources, biodiversity, and mitigate climate change.
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1. Forests have different layers of vegetation including a canopy layer of tall tree branches and leaves, an understory layer of shrubs and smaller trees, and a forest floor layer of mosses, liverworts, and fungi.
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Algebraic expressions can be formed using variables, constants, and mathematical operations. Variables represent letters that can take on any value, while constants represent fixed numbers. There are different types of algebraic expressions including monomials, binomials, and trinomials. The value of an algebraic expression can be found by substituting values for the variables and simplifying. Identities are equations that are always true regardless of the values of variables. Common identities include (a+b)2, (a-b)2, and a2 - b2.
Circle
This ppt prepared by student -Teachers from Thiagarajar college of Preceptors-Madurai for Demo class.
water
This ppt prepared by Student -Teachers from Thiagarajar College of preceptors-Madurai for Demo class.
Motion
This ppt prepared by Student-Teachers from Thiagarajar college of Preceptors-Madurai for Demo class.
Heat
This document discusses different methods of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation. It provides examples of each in daily life and defines key related terms like temperature, units of heat, calorimetry, calorimeter, thermostat, and thermoflask. Conduction occurs through direct contact between objects and involves the transfer of kinetic energy between adjacent particles. Convection involves the movement of molecules or atoms within fluids like liquids and gases. Radiation can transfer heat through empty space via electromagnetic waves.
changes around us
The document discusses different types of changes that occur around us. It defines slow changes as those that take hours, days, months or years, such as hair and nail growth or seasonal changes. Fast changes are those that occur within seconds or minutes, like a bursting balloon or burning paper. Reversible changes can return to the original state, like stretching a rubber band or melting ice, while irreversible changes cannot be reversed, such as curdling milk or digestion. The document provides examples of each type of change and distinguishes between reversible and irreversible, as well as slow and fast changes.
Carbon and its compounds
This document discusses carbon and its compounds. It begins by introducing carbon as an important non-metallic element that exists in both free and combined states in nature. It then distinguishes between organic carbon compounds found in living organisms and inorganic compounds found in non-living matter. The document goes on to describe several unique features of carbon, including its ability to form chains, exist in different allotropes like diamond and graphite, and form multiple bonds. It concludes by emphasizing carbon's abundance and importance to life.
pressure
This document is about fluids and their properties. It provides an index of topics to be covered, including pressure, equations of pressure, Pascal's principle, buoyancy, Archimedes' principle, fluid flow, and Bernoulli's equation. Key concepts that will be explained are how pressure is transmitted in fluids, hydraulic devices that use Pascal's principle, calculating buoyant force, and equations governing fluid continuity and flow.
Measurement
This document discusses measurement in physics. It introduces the need for measurement and defines physical quantities. There are two types of physical quantities - fundamental and derived. Seven units make up the fundamental units used to measure the seven dimensions of the world: length, mass, time, temperature, amount of substance, electric current, and luminous intensity. Two supplementary units are also introduced. The document outlines different units for measuring length and defines the dimensions of physical quantities. It concludes by mentioning the least count of instruments used for measurement.
Motion
This document discusses different types of motion including linear, circular, rotational, and vibratory motion. It defines concepts like rest and motion using a frame of reference. The document also covers 1D, 2D and 3D motion with examples. It distinguishes between scalar and vector quantities and discusses types of vectors and how they can be added.
ELECTRICITY
This document provides an overview of electricity, atomic structure, electric charge, and electric circuits. It defines electricity as the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge while electrons have a negative charge. Electric circuits allow the flow of electrons from higher to lower potential through components connected in series or parallel. Key differences between series and parallel circuits are that current is the same but voltage varies in series circuits, while current varies but voltage is the same in parallel circuits.
Purification of Organic Compounds
This document discusses various methods for purifying organic compounds, including sublimation, crystallization, differential extraction, distillation, and chromatography. Purification is necessary to study the structure, physical, chemical and biological properties of organic compounds and must isolate the compound from any impurities. The appropriate purification method depends on the nature of the impurity and the organic compound. Common techniques include sublimation for volatile solids, crystallization using solvent selection and isolation, differential extraction using immiscible organic solvent layers, distillation, and chromatography using adsorbents and mobile/fixed phases.
Electrochemistry
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and electrochemical cells. It defines electrochemistry as the branch of chemistry dealing with the relationship between electrical energy and chemical change. An electrochemical cell is a device that uses a chemical change to produce electricity or uses electricity to produce a chemical change. The document describes the components of electrochemical cells, including electrodes and electrolytes. It distinguishes between galvanic cells, which produce electricity from chemical reactions, and electrolytic cells, which use electricity to drive chemical reactions. Examples of the significance of electrochemistry include metal refining and batteries.
sound
The document discusses various aspects of sound. It defines sound as a form of energy produced by vibrations that travel through a medium and are detected by the human ear. It describes how sound is produced by vibrating objects and propagated through materials like air, water and steel. It discusses key characteristics of sound including amplitude, frequency, wavelength, velocity and their definitions. It also covers topics like reflection of sound, echo, reverberation, ultrasound, sonar and their uses and applications. The document provides information on the structure of the human ear and production of sound using a tuning fork experiment.
Heat and Temperature
The document discusses key concepts relating to heat and temperature. It defines heat as the spontaneous flow of energy from objects at a higher temperature to those at a lower temperature. Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. Different temperature scales such as Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin are also discussed. The document also covers heat capacity, specific heat capacity, and the various effects of heat such as expansion, changes in temperature and state, and chemical changes.
'work , energy and power'
This document defines and provides examples of different types of energy, work, and their relationships. It states that work is done when a force causes an object to be displaced, and is calculated as the product of the force and displacement. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy depends on an object's position or state, such as gravitational potential energy which depends on height or elastic potential energy from deformation. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is delivered over time.
Electric motor
An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It works by passing an electric current through a conductor coil located in a magnetic field, which creates a force on the coil and causes it to rotate. Electric motors are crucial to modern life as they are used in many appliances and machines, powering things like fans, drills, and vehicles. The speed of an electric motor's coil rotation can be increased by strengthening the current, increasing the number of coil turns, enlarging the coil area, or boosting the magnetic field strength.
Electric circuits
This document discusses the basic elements of electric circuits. It defines electric current as the flow of charges and an electric circuit as the path electrons flow through. It then lists the four elements of a simple circuit: a battery as the electricity source, a wire as the conducting path, a lamp as the resistor, and a switch to control the circuit. It also briefly mentions series and parallel circuits as types of simple circuits.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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FOREST RESOURCES
- 1. Forest Resources S. Anbalagan, Assistant Professor of Mathematics Thiagarajar College of Preceptors, Madurai
- 3. Meaning of resources: The term resources was taken to mean only the natural factors or things like mountains, mineral deposit, forests, animal life, soil, water, air etc „Resource‟ was used to refer to only natural resources. This term was taken to mean all natural phenomenon or factors, whether they are useful to man or not.
- 4. Meaning of the forest: The term “forest ”is derived from the latin word “foris” meaning outside. Originally ,it is uncultivated and uninhabitated village boundary consisting of natural plants, i.e., trees and grasses . It means an association of plants , natural or cultivated, predominantly trees.
- 6. The history of the exploitation of forest is as old as man himself but during older times, the exploitation was balanced through natural growth of forest because at that time , exploitation was only for personal and community uses. But in recent year , depletion of forest has been on a large scale.
- 7. They provide timber for house-building, ship- building, bridges, railway carriages, furniture's etc. They supply fire wood and charcoal for fuel in homes and in industries. They provide wood pulp for the paper and rayon industries. They provide honey for food and medicines. They provide bee wax for candles, medicines, shoe-making etc. They provide canes foe baskets, mats, chairs, ropes, walking sticks and umbrella handles. They provide sandal wood for carved boxes and small domestic articles . They provide tanning materials in the form of wood, barks, leaves, roots, and fruits for tanning hides and skin. Uses of forest
- 8. They provide corks for bottle-stoppers. They provide camphor for medicines. They provide rubber for rubber industries. They provide balata for the preparation of sea cables and machine belts. They provide edible fruits. They provide fibers. They provide grasses for the grazing of animals, thatching
- 9. Expansion of agriculture, more forest have been cleared for agriculture. Large area of forest lands have been cleared for urbanization and human settlement. Commercial exploitation of forest . Forest fires . Mining activities in forest areas. Forest diseases are also partly responsible for depletion forest.
- 10. It has contributed to rise in temperature. It has contributed to lesser precipitation. It is responsible for increased rate of soil erosion It is responsible for increase in the frequency and volume of floods . it has lead to loss of soil productivity. It is responsible for loss of biodiversity. It has lead to extinction of several species of plants and animals. It has caused imbalance in ecosystem.
- 11. Regulated and planned cutting of trees. Control over forest fires. Reforestation. Afforestation . Check on forest clearance for agriculture and human habitation and settlement. Development green belt around cities. Check on mining activities in forest areas. Protection of existing forest. Conservation of threatened species of trees.
- 12. Social forestry and agro-forestry. Development of national parks and game sanctuaries. Development of botanical gardens Development of seed banks. Forest management. Proper role of government in forest conservation
- 13. It means reckless or large-scale felling or cutting of trees by man for commercial and other purposes. The FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization) of the UN defines ”change of forest with depletion of tree crown cover more than 90%.”
- 14. Prevention of human settlement in forest areas. Check on expansion of agriculture into forest lands. Prohibition of setting up of agriculture into forest lands Check on reckless cutting of trees. Controlled mining in forest areas. Check on construction of large dams in forest areas. Control on over grazing in forest areas.