This document defines thrust as a force applied perpendicular to a surface, measured in Newtons. It explains that pressure is the effect of thrust per unit area, calculated as thrust divided by area, with units of Pascals. It provides examples of how pressure depends on both the applied force and the contact area, with greater force or smaller area resulting in higher pressure. Specifically, it notes that a sharp knife cuts better than a blunt one because the same force is applied over a smaller area, creating greater pressure.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of energy, work, and their relationships. It states that work is done when a force causes an object to be displaced, and is calculated as the product of the force and displacement. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy depends on an object's position or state, such as gravitational potential energy which depends on height or elastic potential energy from deformation. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is delivered over time.
The document discusses gases and their properties according to the kinetic molecular theory. It defines the key concepts of gases including their state, composition of molecules, and random motion. It also outlines the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory for ideal gases and describes the variables used in gas laws - temperature, pressure, volume, and moles. Real gases are known to deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures or low temperatures due to intermolecular forces and molecular size.
- Weight is the force measured by a scale due to gravity, while mass is an intrinsic property unaffected by location. Weight depends on both mass and local gravitational acceleration.
- Apparent weight is the normal force felt and measured by a scale. It depends on acceleration, so can differ from standard weight in accelerated frames like elevators. Weightlessness occurs when apparent weight is zero due to free-fall cancellation of gravity and acceleration.
- Astronauts in orbit experience weightlessness not because gravity is absent, but because they are in constant free fall around the Earth at the same acceleration as its gravity, keeping their apparent weight at zero though gravity still acts.
Archimedes was born in 287 BC in Syracuse, Greece. He died in 212 BC when he was killed by a Roman soldier who did not know his identity. Archimedes' father was named Phidias and may have been related to Hieron II, the king of Syracuse. Archimedes' Principle states that when a body is immersed partially or fully in a fluid, it experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. This upward force is called the buoyant force. The buoyant force depends on the volume of the body immersed and the density of the fluid. An experiment is described to verify Archimedes' Principle by measuring the loss in weight of a
Pressure depends on the force applied over an area. It can be increased by either increasing the force or decreasing the area over which the force is applied. Pressure is calculated as force divided by area. Pressure acts equally in all directions within fluids as the particles collide with surfaces. Air pressure decreases with increasing elevation due to lower density, while water pressure increases greatly with depth.
1) Pressure is equal to force divided by area and is measured in Pascals. Fluids exert pressure on all surfaces they touch due to the force of their molecules.
2) Water pressure increases greatly with depth - at the bottom of the Mariana Trench it is over 1,100 times atmospheric pressure. According to Pascal's principle, pressure changes in a fluid are transmitted equally in all directions.
3) Buoyant force, which causes things to float, is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced and depends on the relative densities of the object and fluid. Ship hulls are able to displace enough water to float despite being made of dense steel.
Motion in a Stright Line, Class 11th ,Chapter 1, PhysicsMayank Tiwari
This document discusses various concepts related to motion including types of motion, position, frame of reference, velocity, acceleration, scalar and vector quantities, and projectile motion. It defines key terms like rectilinear motion, circular motion, oscillatory motion, displacement, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, uniform acceleration, and horizontal range. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like inertial and non-inertial frames of reference, displacement vector, and maximum height attained by a projectile.
This document defines thrust as a force applied perpendicular to a surface, measured in Newtons. It explains that pressure is the effect of thrust per unit area, calculated as thrust divided by area, with units of Pascals. It provides examples of how pressure depends on both the applied force and the contact area, with greater force or smaller area resulting in higher pressure. Specifically, it notes that a sharp knife cuts better than a blunt one because the same force is applied over a smaller area, creating greater pressure.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of energy, work, and their relationships. It states that work is done when a force causes an object to be displaced, and is calculated as the product of the force and displacement. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy depends on an object's position or state, such as gravitational potential energy which depends on height or elastic potential energy from deformation. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is delivered over time.
The document discusses gases and their properties according to the kinetic molecular theory. It defines the key concepts of gases including their state, composition of molecules, and random motion. It also outlines the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory for ideal gases and describes the variables used in gas laws - temperature, pressure, volume, and moles. Real gases are known to deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures or low temperatures due to intermolecular forces and molecular size.
- Weight is the force measured by a scale due to gravity, while mass is an intrinsic property unaffected by location. Weight depends on both mass and local gravitational acceleration.
- Apparent weight is the normal force felt and measured by a scale. It depends on acceleration, so can differ from standard weight in accelerated frames like elevators. Weightlessness occurs when apparent weight is zero due to free-fall cancellation of gravity and acceleration.
- Astronauts in orbit experience weightlessness not because gravity is absent, but because they are in constant free fall around the Earth at the same acceleration as its gravity, keeping their apparent weight at zero though gravity still acts.
Archimedes was born in 287 BC in Syracuse, Greece. He died in 212 BC when he was killed by a Roman soldier who did not know his identity. Archimedes' father was named Phidias and may have been related to Hieron II, the king of Syracuse. Archimedes' Principle states that when a body is immersed partially or fully in a fluid, it experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. This upward force is called the buoyant force. The buoyant force depends on the volume of the body immersed and the density of the fluid. An experiment is described to verify Archimedes' Principle by measuring the loss in weight of a
Pressure depends on the force applied over an area. It can be increased by either increasing the force or decreasing the area over which the force is applied. Pressure is calculated as force divided by area. Pressure acts equally in all directions within fluids as the particles collide with surfaces. Air pressure decreases with increasing elevation due to lower density, while water pressure increases greatly with depth.
1) Pressure is equal to force divided by area and is measured in Pascals. Fluids exert pressure on all surfaces they touch due to the force of their molecules.
2) Water pressure increases greatly with depth - at the bottom of the Mariana Trench it is over 1,100 times atmospheric pressure. According to Pascal's principle, pressure changes in a fluid are transmitted equally in all directions.
3) Buoyant force, which causes things to float, is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced and depends on the relative densities of the object and fluid. Ship hulls are able to displace enough water to float despite being made of dense steel.
Motion in a Stright Line, Class 11th ,Chapter 1, PhysicsMayank Tiwari
This document discusses various concepts related to motion including types of motion, position, frame of reference, velocity, acceleration, scalar and vector quantities, and projectile motion. It defines key terms like rectilinear motion, circular motion, oscillatory motion, displacement, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, uniform acceleration, and horizontal range. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like inertial and non-inertial frames of reference, displacement vector, and maximum height attained by a projectile.
1. The document describes Newton's three laws of motion and other concepts related to forces and motion, including balanced and unbalanced forces, inertia, momentum, and conservation of momentum.
2. Newton's three laws are: (1) an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, (2) the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and (3) for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
3. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant, meaning the momentum of objects before an interaction is equal to
This document discusses vectors and their properties. It provides examples of vector addition and multiplication. Some key points:
- Vectors have both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Vector addition follows the triangle and parallelogram laws.
- There are two types of vector multiplication: the dot product, which results in a scalar, and the cross product, which results in another vector.
- The dot product of two vectors is equal to their magnitudes multiplied by the cosine of the angle between them. It is used to calculate quantities like work and power.
- Vectors can be resolved into rectangular components using a set of base vectors like the i, j, k unit vectors. The magnitude
This document provides a summary of key concepts relating to work, energy, and power. It defines work as the scalar dot product between force and displacement. Kinetic energy is defined using Newton's second law and work-energy theorem states that the net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. Potential energy is defined as being stored when an object is lifted against gravity. The law of conservation of energy is described as energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between potential and kinetic forms. Power is defined as the rate at which energy is used or stored.
This document provides an overview of motion in a straight line, including definitions of key concepts like position, velocity, acceleration, and different types of motion. It discusses uniform and non-uniform motion, average and instantaneous speed and velocity, and introduces the kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion. Key points covered include defining rectilinear, circular and oscillatory motion, position as a coordinate, frames of reference, and formulas for average velocity, acceleration, and solving problems involving motion under constant acceleration.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of motion including translational, rotational, and periodic motion. It discusses linear motion and distinguishes between uniform and non-uniform motion. Key physical quantities like displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration are defined. The three equations of motion relating these quantities are presented. Circular motion is also discussed.
The document discusses angular momentum in three sections:
1) It defines angular momentum and how it is analogous to linear momentum, relating angular momentum to torque and moment of inertia.
2) It explains that angular momentum is conserved when there is no external torque, and provides examples of how objects can change their moment of inertia and angular velocity while conserving angular momentum.
3) It states that angular momentum is a vector quantity pointing in the direction of the angular velocity, and provides examples of balancing angular momentum.
1. Forces can change the motion of objects by moving stationary objects, changing the speed or direction of moving objects, or deforming objects. Balanced forces do not change motion while unbalanced forces do.
2. Friction opposes the motion of objects over a surface. Galileo's experiments with inclined planes showed that the motion of objects depends on the balance of forces.
3. Newton's laws of motion state that objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, the acceleration of an object depends on the net force acting on it and the object's mass, and for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in gravitation including: the definition of gravitation; Newton's law of universal gravitation; acceleration due to gravity and how it varies with height and depth; escape velocity; orbital velocity; gravitational potential; time period of satellites; Kepler's laws of planetary motion; and types of satellites. Key points covered include how gravity decreases with height but increases with depth below the Earth's surface, and definitions of geostationary, polar, and binding energy as they relate to satellites orbiting the Earth.
Pressure in liquid acts equally in all directions and is not affected by the shape, size, or surface area of the container. Pressure depends only on depth, with deeper depths experiencing higher pressure. Applications where pressure differences in liquids are used include water supply systems, which place reservoirs at higher elevations to provide water pressure to lower areas, and medicine infusion, where bottles are elevated to provide pressure to flow medicine into veins.
- Gravitation is a phenomenon where objects are attracted toward Earth.
- Sir Isaac Newton first proposed the idea of universal gravitation after observing an apple fall from a tree.
- Gravitation is important because it causes planets to orbit the sun, tides, and binds objects to Earth.
- The motion of the moon around Earth is due to the centripetal force of Earth's gravitational attraction.
- While objects attract Earth due to gravitation, we don't see movement because Earth's mass is much greater.
- An object in free fall is only influenced by gravitational force toward Earth.
Parallax is the apparent change in position of an object when viewed from different positions. It can be used to measure distances to celestial objects. Stellar parallax involves measuring the difference in the position of a nearby star observed from opposite sides of Earth's orbit around the Sun. This allows astronomers to determine the star's distance using trigonometry. In 1989, the Hipparcos satellite improved parallax measurements for over 100,000 nearby stars. The Gaia satellite, launched in 2013, can measure parallax angles to greater accuracy, mapping stars up to tens of thousands of light years away.
This document contains information about thrust, pressure, factors that pressure depends on, everyday examples of pressure, pressure in fluids, buoyant force, Archimedes' principle, and applications of Archimedes' principle. It was written by Abhinav Kumar and Ishaan Aggarwal for their roll numbers 40 and 16. Key points covered include that thrust is a force perpendicular to a surface, pressure is thrust per unit area, pressure depends on force and area, buoyant force is an upward force on an object in a fluid equal to the weight of fluid displaced, and Archimedes' principle states the buoyant force equals the weight of fluid displaced.
This document discusses upthrust, Archimedes' principle, and floatation. It defines upthrust as the upward force exerted on a body submerged in a fluid. According to Archimedes' principle, the upthrust on a body is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. The principle of floatation states that an object floats when the upthrust equals its weight, and sinks when the upthrust is less than its weight. Applications of these principles include why ships and nails float or sink, and the purpose of the Plimsoll line marked on ship hulls.
The document discusses the concepts of force, pressure, and friction. It defines force as a push or pull and describes several examples. It also explains how forces can change the speed, direction, or shape of an object. The document addresses some common misconceptions people have about these concepts and provides explanations to clarify them. It concludes by discussing the relationship between force and pressure and giving some examples of friction.
The document discusses key concepts in motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, uniform motion, and non-uniform motion. Distance refers to the total length of the path traveled, while displacement is the straight line distance between the starting and ending points. Speed is a scalar quantity representing the rate of change of distance over time, while velocity is a vector quantity referring to the rate of change of displacement over time. Uniform motion means traveling equal distances in equal time intervals in a straight line, while non-uniform motion involves traveling unequal distances in equal time intervals.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to motion including:
1. Motion is defined as a change in an object's position over time, while rest is defined as no change in position over time. Motion and rest are relative terms depending on the frame of reference.
2. Displacement is the straight-line distance between an object's initial and final positions including direction, while distance is the total path length traveled by an object regardless of direction.
3. Speed is the rate of change of distance over time and is a scalar quantity, while velocity is the rate of change of displacement over time and is a vector quantity that includes direction.
This document provides an overview of mechanical properties of fluids. It discusses key topics like pressure, viscosity, surface tension, and fluid dynamics. Specifically, it defines fluids and their properties, explains atmospheric and hydrostatic pressure. It also covers surface tension in detail including molecular theory, surface energy, angle of contact, and effects of impurities and temperature. Other concepts like capillary action, laminar and turbulent flow, viscosity, and Stokes' law are also summarized.
The document discusses several topics related to heat and temperature, including:
1. It defines temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a gas or substance, with higher temperatures corresponding to faster molecular motion.
2. It describes different devices that can be used to measure temperature, such as mercury thermometers, gas thermometers, pyrometers, and electrical resistance thermometers.
3. It explains concepts such as heat capacity, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, latent heat, phase changes, conduction, convection, radiation, and Newton's Law of Cooling.
Fluid mechanics concepts including pressure, atmospheric pressure, fluid statics, hydrostatics, and buoyancy are introduced. Pressure increases linearly with depth in static fluids and can produce large forces on surfaces like dams. The pressure at a point depends on the density of the fluid and the depth. Buoyancy forces allow objects to float based on the weight and volume of fluid displaced.
This document discusses pressure and its applications. It defines pressure as the force applied over an area. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the air, while fluid pressure depends on the depth and density of the liquid. Applications of pressure include sharpening knife edges by increasing pressure, using low pressure in vacuums to suck, and drinking through straws due to atmospheric pressure. Pressure is measured in Pascals and increases with depth for fluids.
1. The document describes Newton's three laws of motion and other concepts related to forces and motion, including balanced and unbalanced forces, inertia, momentum, and conservation of momentum.
2. Newton's three laws are: (1) an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, (2) the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, and (3) for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
3. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant, meaning the momentum of objects before an interaction is equal to
This document discusses vectors and their properties. It provides examples of vector addition and multiplication. Some key points:
- Vectors have both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Vector addition follows the triangle and parallelogram laws.
- There are two types of vector multiplication: the dot product, which results in a scalar, and the cross product, which results in another vector.
- The dot product of two vectors is equal to their magnitudes multiplied by the cosine of the angle between them. It is used to calculate quantities like work and power.
- Vectors can be resolved into rectangular components using a set of base vectors like the i, j, k unit vectors. The magnitude
This document provides a summary of key concepts relating to work, energy, and power. It defines work as the scalar dot product between force and displacement. Kinetic energy is defined using Newton's second law and work-energy theorem states that the net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy. Potential energy is defined as being stored when an object is lifted against gravity. The law of conservation of energy is described as energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between potential and kinetic forms. Power is defined as the rate at which energy is used or stored.
This document provides an overview of motion in a straight line, including definitions of key concepts like position, velocity, acceleration, and different types of motion. It discusses uniform and non-uniform motion, average and instantaneous speed and velocity, and introduces the kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion. Key points covered include defining rectilinear, circular and oscillatory motion, position as a coordinate, frames of reference, and formulas for average velocity, acceleration, and solving problems involving motion under constant acceleration.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of motion including translational, rotational, and periodic motion. It discusses linear motion and distinguishes between uniform and non-uniform motion. Key physical quantities like displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration are defined. The three equations of motion relating these quantities are presented. Circular motion is also discussed.
The document discusses angular momentum in three sections:
1) It defines angular momentum and how it is analogous to linear momentum, relating angular momentum to torque and moment of inertia.
2) It explains that angular momentum is conserved when there is no external torque, and provides examples of how objects can change their moment of inertia and angular velocity while conserving angular momentum.
3) It states that angular momentum is a vector quantity pointing in the direction of the angular velocity, and provides examples of balancing angular momentum.
1. Forces can change the motion of objects by moving stationary objects, changing the speed or direction of moving objects, or deforming objects. Balanced forces do not change motion while unbalanced forces do.
2. Friction opposes the motion of objects over a surface. Galileo's experiments with inclined planes showed that the motion of objects depends on the balance of forces.
3. Newton's laws of motion state that objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, the acceleration of an object depends on the net force acting on it and the object's mass, and for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in gravitation including: the definition of gravitation; Newton's law of universal gravitation; acceleration due to gravity and how it varies with height and depth; escape velocity; orbital velocity; gravitational potential; time period of satellites; Kepler's laws of planetary motion; and types of satellites. Key points covered include how gravity decreases with height but increases with depth below the Earth's surface, and definitions of geostationary, polar, and binding energy as they relate to satellites orbiting the Earth.
Pressure in liquid acts equally in all directions and is not affected by the shape, size, or surface area of the container. Pressure depends only on depth, with deeper depths experiencing higher pressure. Applications where pressure differences in liquids are used include water supply systems, which place reservoirs at higher elevations to provide water pressure to lower areas, and medicine infusion, where bottles are elevated to provide pressure to flow medicine into veins.
- Gravitation is a phenomenon where objects are attracted toward Earth.
- Sir Isaac Newton first proposed the idea of universal gravitation after observing an apple fall from a tree.
- Gravitation is important because it causes planets to orbit the sun, tides, and binds objects to Earth.
- The motion of the moon around Earth is due to the centripetal force of Earth's gravitational attraction.
- While objects attract Earth due to gravitation, we don't see movement because Earth's mass is much greater.
- An object in free fall is only influenced by gravitational force toward Earth.
Parallax is the apparent change in position of an object when viewed from different positions. It can be used to measure distances to celestial objects. Stellar parallax involves measuring the difference in the position of a nearby star observed from opposite sides of Earth's orbit around the Sun. This allows astronomers to determine the star's distance using trigonometry. In 1989, the Hipparcos satellite improved parallax measurements for over 100,000 nearby stars. The Gaia satellite, launched in 2013, can measure parallax angles to greater accuracy, mapping stars up to tens of thousands of light years away.
This document contains information about thrust, pressure, factors that pressure depends on, everyday examples of pressure, pressure in fluids, buoyant force, Archimedes' principle, and applications of Archimedes' principle. It was written by Abhinav Kumar and Ishaan Aggarwal for their roll numbers 40 and 16. Key points covered include that thrust is a force perpendicular to a surface, pressure is thrust per unit area, pressure depends on force and area, buoyant force is an upward force on an object in a fluid equal to the weight of fluid displaced, and Archimedes' principle states the buoyant force equals the weight of fluid displaced.
This document discusses upthrust, Archimedes' principle, and floatation. It defines upthrust as the upward force exerted on a body submerged in a fluid. According to Archimedes' principle, the upthrust on a body is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. The principle of floatation states that an object floats when the upthrust equals its weight, and sinks when the upthrust is less than its weight. Applications of these principles include why ships and nails float or sink, and the purpose of the Plimsoll line marked on ship hulls.
The document discusses the concepts of force, pressure, and friction. It defines force as a push or pull and describes several examples. It also explains how forces can change the speed, direction, or shape of an object. The document addresses some common misconceptions people have about these concepts and provides explanations to clarify them. It concludes by discussing the relationship between force and pressure and giving some examples of friction.
The document discusses key concepts in motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, uniform motion, and non-uniform motion. Distance refers to the total length of the path traveled, while displacement is the straight line distance between the starting and ending points. Speed is a scalar quantity representing the rate of change of distance over time, while velocity is a vector quantity referring to the rate of change of displacement over time. Uniform motion means traveling equal distances in equal time intervals in a straight line, while non-uniform motion involves traveling unequal distances in equal time intervals.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to motion including:
1. Motion is defined as a change in an object's position over time, while rest is defined as no change in position over time. Motion and rest are relative terms depending on the frame of reference.
2. Displacement is the straight-line distance between an object's initial and final positions including direction, while distance is the total path length traveled by an object regardless of direction.
3. Speed is the rate of change of distance over time and is a scalar quantity, while velocity is the rate of change of displacement over time and is a vector quantity that includes direction.
This document provides an overview of mechanical properties of fluids. It discusses key topics like pressure, viscosity, surface tension, and fluid dynamics. Specifically, it defines fluids and their properties, explains atmospheric and hydrostatic pressure. It also covers surface tension in detail including molecular theory, surface energy, angle of contact, and effects of impurities and temperature. Other concepts like capillary action, laminar and turbulent flow, viscosity, and Stokes' law are also summarized.
The document discusses several topics related to heat and temperature, including:
1. It defines temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a gas or substance, with higher temperatures corresponding to faster molecular motion.
2. It describes different devices that can be used to measure temperature, such as mercury thermometers, gas thermometers, pyrometers, and electrical resistance thermometers.
3. It explains concepts such as heat capacity, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, latent heat, phase changes, conduction, convection, radiation, and Newton's Law of Cooling.
Fluid mechanics concepts including pressure, atmospheric pressure, fluid statics, hydrostatics, and buoyancy are introduced. Pressure increases linearly with depth in static fluids and can produce large forces on surfaces like dams. The pressure at a point depends on the density of the fluid and the depth. Buoyancy forces allow objects to float based on the weight and volume of fluid displaced.
This document discusses pressure and its applications. It defines pressure as the force applied over an area. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the air, while fluid pressure depends on the depth and density of the liquid. Applications of pressure include sharpening knife edges by increasing pressure, using low pressure in vacuums to suck, and drinking through straws due to atmospheric pressure. Pressure is measured in Pascals and increases with depth for fluids.
Forces in fluids are explained through concepts like pressure, which increases with depth underwater or elevation above sea level. Devices like hydraulic systems use confined fluids to multiply forces by changing piston sizes based on Pascal's principle. Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid equals the weight of the fluid displaced, determining whether it sinks or floats based on relative densities.
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. Several examples are given to illustrate that pressure increases when a force is applied over a smaller area. Pressure also increases with depth in liquids and density of the liquid. Various instruments are discussed for measuring pressure, including manometers, mercury barometers, aneroid barometers, and pressure gauges. Pascal's principle of transmission of pressure in liquids is demonstrated through experiments. Applications of pressure in hydraulic machines, bicycle pumps, lift pumps, force pumps, and siphons are also described.
This document provides information about static fluids and their properties. It defines fluids as materials that cannot maintain a definite shape and take the shape of their container. Liquids and gases are given as examples of fluids. It also discusses measuring pressure in fluids, Pascal's principle which states that pressure is transmitted equally in all directions in an enclosed fluid, buoyancy, surface tension, and capillary action. Key equations for pressure, buoyant force, and relationships between pressure and force/area are also presented.
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the air layers surrounding Earth and can be measured using a barometer. Liquids exert pressure in all directions, with pressure increasing at greater depths. A manometer is used to measure liquid pressure.
The document discusses pressure in liquids and gases. It defines pressure as force per unit area and describes how pressure increases with depth in liquids. Pressure in liquids depends on depth, density and is independent of container shape. Atmospheric pressure varies with height and acts in all directions. Gas pressure is caused by molecular collisions with container walls. Instruments like barometers are used to measure atmospheric and gas pressures.
1. Pressure is defined as force per unit area and can be calculated using the equation p=F/A.
2. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using a mercury barometer, where atmospheric pressure pushes mercury up the tube. Pressure decreases with increasing altitude.
3. Pressure increases with depth in liquids and depends on the density of the liquid. Higher density liquids exert greater pressure at the same depth.
4. Hydraulic systems use incompressible liquids to multiply force through differences in applied and reacted areas. A small force applied to a small area can produce a larger force from the same pressure over a larger area.
This document provides information about force and pressure in physics for class 8. It discusses that force has magnitude and direction, is represented by an arrow, and does not affect the mass of an object. It also explains the turning effect of force, called moment, which depends on the force and perpendicular distance from the pivot point. Further, it defines pressure as the force per unit area and discusses how liquid pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the liquid above. Archimedes' principle of upthrust or buoyancy is also summarized.
1) The document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to pressure and fluid statics. It covers topics like pressure measurement devices, hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces, buoyancy, stability of floating and immersed bodies, and fluids in rigid-body motion.
2) Key concepts covered include how pressure varies with depth in fluids, Pascal's law, Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, stability criteria for floating and immersed objects, and how pressure varies in fluids undergoing linear or rotational acceleration.
3) Various pressure measurement devices are described, including manometers, bourdon tubes, and deadweight testers. Equations are provided for calculating hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surfaces.
1. Hydraulics is the science of transmitting force and motion through a confined liquid. Power is transmitted by pushing on a confined liquid, which then transmits the energy equally in all directions.
2. Water pressure in a confined space increases proportionally with depth. A pressure gauge will read higher if placed lower in a water column or reservoir.
3. Frictional losses occur when water flows through hoses or pipes due to the water molecules rubbing against surfaces and each other. This decreases pressure over the length of the hose.
- The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including density, pressure, buoyancy, and fluid flow.
- Density is the ratio of mass to volume and plays a role in determining if objects float. Higher density fluids sit below lower density fluids.
- Pressure increases with depth in a fluid and is transmitted equally in all directions according to Pascal's laws.
- Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced.
- Bernoulli's principle relates fluid pressure and velocity such that higher flow speeds means lower pressure.
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It defines key terms like fluid, fluid properties, fluid classification, fluid statics, and conservation laws for fluids. Fluid properties discussed include density, viscosity, pressure, and more. Fluid statics topics covered are buoyancy, hydrostatic forces on surfaces. Conservation laws explained are continuity, energy, and momentum equations. Sample problems are provided for concepts like manometry, buoyancy, and hydrostatic forces. Open channel flow is also introduced.
This document provides an overview of fluid properties and concepts in fluid mechanics. It defines key terms such as:
- Density, specific weight, specific volume, viscosity, and other fluid properties.
- Hydrostatic pressure which increases linearly with depth in a static fluid.
- Pascal's law which states that pressure in a static fluid is independent of direction and transmitted equally.
- Total pressure and center of pressure on submerged surfaces, including equations for horizontal, vertical, and inclined planes.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS & ITS PRESSURE MEASURMENTSvbamargol123
This document discusses fluid mechanics and properties of liquids. It provides definitions for key terms:
- Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids at rest or in motion. Hydraulics focuses on water behavior.
- Liquids have definite volume and density while gases are readily compressible and can expand.
- Important liquid properties include density, specific weight, viscosity, compressibility, and surface tension.
- Pressure in fluids is caused by the weight of the fluid and depends on depth. It can be measured using devices like manometers.
This document discusses forces inside fluids and key concepts like density, pressure, hydrostatics, and Archimedes' principle. It defines density as mass per unit volume and pressure as force per unit area. It explains that hydrostatic pressure depends on depth, fluid density, and gravity. Connecting vases and Pascal's principle are consequences of fluids transmitting pressure undiminished. Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using experiments with liquid columns.
This document discusses various properties and concepts related to fluid mechanics. It begins by defining density, specific weight, specific volume, and specific gravity as properties of fluids. It then discusses viscosity, noting that it represents a fluid's resistance to flow and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. Viscosity varies with temperature for liquids and gases. The document also covers surface tension, capillarity, vapor pressure, cavitation, fluid statics, and Pascal's law.
This document provides information about fluid mechanics, including definitions, concepts, and examples. It begins with definitions of a fluid and common fluids like liquids and gases. It then describes fluid mechanics as the study of fluids at rest or in motion. Key concepts discussed include density, pressure, Pascal's law, buoyancy, and Bernoulli's equation. Examples are provided to demonstrate applications of these principles, such as calculating forces from submerged objects.
The document provides an overview of hydrostatics. It defines key properties of liquids like viscosity, bulk modulus, and density. It describes how pressure increases with depth in liquids and defines concepts like gauge pressure, absolute pressure, and pressure head. Archimedes' principle states that the upward force on a submerged object equals the weight of the fluid displaced. Worked examples demonstrate calculating pressure, force, and volume displaced for various hydrostatic situations.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. CONCEPTS IN MODULE
Thrust and pressure
Pressure in fluids
Pressure exerted by a liquid column
Laws of liquid pressure
Some consequences of liquid pressure
Transmission of pressure in liquids
Applications of Pascal's law
Example of hydraulic machine
Atmospheric pressure
Consequences of atmospheric pressure
Measurement of atmospheric pressure
Variations of atmospheric pressure with altitude
Weather forecast by the use of barometer
Altimeter
4. THRUST AND PRESSURE
THRUST:
When you are pushing any
object, your weight which is
a force acts downwards
Hammering a big nail into the
ground , acts perpendicular to
the force applied.
Thrust is the force acting normally ( or perpendicular) on a surface
5. Thrust exerted by a body on a surface = weight of the body
Thrust is a vector quantity.
Unit of thrust:
It is measured in the unit of force.
SI UNIT : newton (N)
C.G.S SYSTEM: Dyne
{1 N = 105 dyne }
M.K.S SYSTEM : kgf
{1 kgf = 9.8 N}
6. PRESSURE:
The effect of thrust depends on the area of surface on which it
acts.
the effect of thrust is less on a large area.
The effect of thrust is more a small area.
In both the cases, the thrust exerted is same but the effects are
different.
7. Pressure is the thrust per unit area of surface
If the thrust F acts on an area A, then
Pressure = thrust
Area
Pressure is a scalar
quantity .
UNITS OF PRESSURE:
S.I UNIT : Pascal N/m2
C.G.S SYSTEM: dyne/cm²
{1 dyne/cm² = 0.1N/m2 }
Others: bars and millibars
Constan
t thrust
Constant
thrust
More
area
Less area
Less pressure More
pressure
Pressure
=forceare
a
8. Factors on which the pressure exerted by a body
depends
The pressure exerted by one body on another depends on
two factors:
1. The magnitude of force applied:
To increase the pressure applied to any object increases
the amount of force applied.
So, greater the force greater would be the pressure
applied.
The reason this effect happens because pressure varies
directly with force as per our definition.
2. The area over which force is applied:
This area is the area of contact between two objects.
You can increase pressure due to the same force by
reducing the amount of area over which the force is
acting.
10. ACTIVITY : 2
Case 1: Case 2:
The brick placed vertical exerts
more pressure with its longest
side.
Area of the base: 5 x 10 = 50
cm2
Pressure on the ground = 4kg/
50cm2
= 0.08 kgf/cm2
20cm
10
cm
5cm
Shortest side vertical Longest side vertical
4kg
s
Note: thrust is same in both the cases
11. WAYS OF
INCREASING
PRESSURE
For the given
thrust , the
pressure on a
surface Is
increased by
reducing the
area of surface
on which it is
acting.
End of the nail or pin are made pointed so
that large pressure is exerted with less efforts.
The cutting tools also have either sharp or
pointed edges so that large pressure is exerted
with less efforts.
12. WAYS OF
DECREASING
PRESSURE
For the given
thrust, the
pressure on
a surface is
reduced by
increasing
the area of
surface.
Wide wooden sleepers are placed below the
railway tracks so that the pressure exerted
by the iron rails on the ground become less.
The foundation of buildings are made
wider than the walls so that the pressure
exerted by the building on the ground
14. A Substance which can flow is called a fluid.
All liquids and gases are, thus, fluids.
DIFFERENCE IN PRESSURE
• Pressure of solids
a solid exerts pressure on a
surface due to its weight.
A solid exerts pressure only
on the surface on which it is
placed(bottom).
• Pressure of fluids
fluids also exerts pressure
due to its weight.
A fluid exerts pressure on
the bottom as well as on
the walls of the container
due to its tendency to flow
Solid liquid gas
15. LIQUID PRESSURE
Liquid exert pressure on the surface of the body immersed in it and the container in
which it is placed.
DERIVATION:
Let liquid mass be m
Density = ρ (rho)
Be taken in a cylindrical container
Area of the base of the container = A
Height of the liquid level in the
container from bottom= h
Volume occupied by the liquid = v
16. The liquid exerts a force equal to its weight towards the bottom of the container.
The weight of the liquid in the container is
W = m x g
Where g is acceleration due to gravity
Mass = density x volume
So,
W = ρ x A x h x g
Hence, the force exerted by liquid is
F = W = ρ x A x h x g
We know that , pressure
p = F/ A
So ,
p = ρ x A x h x g = h ρg = h ρ
Since acceleration due to gravity is constant at a given place , the pressure exerted by a liquid
depends on the height of the liquid and density of a liquid
A
Total pressure in a liquid at a depth h
= atmospheric pressure + pressure due to liquid column
= Po + h ρ g
17. FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRESSURE AT
A POINT IN A LIQUID
From the given equation
h= Po + h ρ g
The liquid depends on following three factors:
i. Depth of the point below the free surface (h).
ii. Density of liquid (ρ).
iii. Acceleration due to gravity (g).
The pressure inside a liquid does not depends on :
i. The shape and size of the vessel in which liquid is contained.
ii. The area of the surface on which it acts.
18. PROPERTIES/LAWS OF
LIQUID PRESSURE
Pressure exerted by a liquid increases with increase in depth from
the liquid surface
Pressure exerted by a liquid at the same depth will be the same.
Liquid exerts pressure in all directions.
Pressure at the same depth is different in different liquids.
A liquid seeks its own level
i. ii iii iv v
19. Do you know…….
Why are the dams constructed
on river thicker at the bottom?
Why do deep sea divers wear
diving suit?
Why does the water flows at
the faster rate from the tap
located on the ground floor
than the taps located on the
first floor?
First
floor
Groun
d floor
Thus ,
The divers wear the special dress to protect themselves from getting crushed.
The dams are thicker at the bottom as the pressure increases with depth and
withstand the pressure .
Since the pressure decreases with the increase in height therefore water from the
taps located on the on the first floor flows at a slower rate.
SOME CONSEQUENCES OF LIQUID
PRESSURE
20. Continue…..
The pressure at a certain
depth in sea water is more
than that at the same depth in
river water
Size of gas bubble inside water
rises as it grows in size.
Greater the height of the tank , more will be the pressure of water in
the taps
22. TRANSMISSION
OF PRESSURE IN
LIQUID
French scientist
Blaise Pascal put
forward the law
While studying the
behavior of water as
an incompressible
fluid discovered that
when pressure is
applied at a point
in a confined fluid ,
it is transmitted
equally in all
directions.
23. Demonstration of Pascal's law
Initial level of
water
OBSERVATION:
The level of water is the same in all
side tubes.
Reason:
This is because the liquid seeks its
own level .
When compressed , the
level of water
Observation:
The level of water rises to the
same height.
Reason:
This happens because the
pressure applied at one point
exerts pressure in all
24. APPLICATIONS OF PASCAL'S LAW
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hV5IEooHqIw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtQ1oh09Uyo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxLTDtaRCZk
Hydraulic jack
25. CONCLUSION
In all the hydraulic machines:
Effort is less than load.
Distance move by effort is more than the distance move by load.
Effort x distance =load x distance
(effort) (load)
(hence, there is no loss of energy)
Work done by effort = work done by load
Thus, mechanical advantage (M.A) = load > 1
effort
And velocity ratio (V.R) =distance moved by effort > 1
distance moved by load
Hence a hydraulic machine acts like a force multiplier
27. INTRODUCTION
The earth is surrounded by air up to a height of about 300km from its
surface. The envelope of air around the earth is called atmosphere
The thrust exerted per unit area on the earth surface due to column of
air, is called atmospheric pressure on the surface of earth
28. The graph of pressure in various layer of atmosphere
29. EXAMPLES
• Pressure on a table • Pressure on human body
Why doesn’t these collapse under so much pressure?
The blood
pressure is slightly
greater than tha
a.p
31. COLL APSING
TIN CAN
EXPERIMENT
Observation:
The can collapses inwards.
Reason: initially the pressure
due to steam inside the
heated can is same as the
air pressure outside the can
.
Reason:
But on pouring cold water
The steam inside the can
condenses, produces water
and water vapors at a very
low pressure.
Consequently, the excess
atmospheric pressure
outside the can causes it to
collapse inwards.
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2
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