full explanation of NCERT chapter of class 8 "FORCE" i hope you understand it clearly any doubts you can leave a comment i will try to reply .i have written in very simple language to make you all understand
full explanation of NCERT chapter of class 8 "FORCE" i hope you understand it clearly any doubts you can leave a comment i will try to reply .i have written in very simple language to make you all understand
force, pull, push, magnetic force, frictional force, direction, formula mass x acceleration, a vector quantity, magnitude, types of forces, muscular force, speed, shape, force, size, unit, newton, position, moving object, assignments1, assignment2
What is the pressure?
What is formulae of pressure?
What is the SI unit of pressure?
What is fluid pressure?
What is atmospheric pressure?
How can we measure pressure?
A simple ppt yet interactive on the topic work power and energy. With smooth design and looks the ppt is very good for clearing the basics related to this topic, hope it will help you further.
force, pull, push, magnetic force, frictional force, direction, formula mass x acceleration, a vector quantity, magnitude, types of forces, muscular force, speed, shape, force, size, unit, newton, position, moving object, assignments1, assignment2
What is the pressure?
What is formulae of pressure?
What is the SI unit of pressure?
What is fluid pressure?
What is atmospheric pressure?
How can we measure pressure?
A simple ppt yet interactive on the topic work power and energy. With smooth design and looks the ppt is very good for clearing the basics related to this topic, hope it will help you further.
FOCUS POINTS:
Explain how balanced and unbalanced forces are related to motion.
Describe friction and identify the factors that determine the friction force between two surfaces.
Energy and Change. Sub-topic: Forces, Strand 3, term 3.
Unit focusing on forces: what are forces, how do we see them, what do they do, types of forces, and who Discovered forces.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. • Factors affecting the
magnitude of Pressure
• S.I. Unit of Pressure
• Application Involving
High Pressure
• Application Involving
low Pressure
• Force
• Contact forces
• Types of Contact forces
• Non Contact forces
• Types of Non Contact
forces
• Pressure
CONTACT
3. FORCE
force is that which can cause an object with mass
to change its velocity. Force has both magnitude
and direction, making it a vector quantity. The SI
unit used to measure force is the Newton (symbol
N), which is equivalent to kg·m·s-2
Actions like picking, opening, shutting, kicking,
hitting, lifting, flicking, pushing, pulling are often
4. used to describe certain tasks. Each of these
actions usually results in some kind of change in
the motion of an object.
A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting
from the object's interaction with another object.
Whenever there is an interaction between two
objects, there is a force upon each of the objects.
W hen the interaction ceases, the two objects no
5.
6.
7. longer experience the force. Forces only exist as
a result of an interaction.
All forces (interactions) between objects can be
placed into two broad categories:
• · Contact forces, and
• · Non Contact forces
8.
9. CONTACT FORCES
Contact forces are those types of forces which result when the
two interacting
objects are perceived to be physically contacting each other.
Examples of contact forces include
• frictional forces
• tensional forces
• normal forces
• air resistance forces
• applied forces.
10.
11. TYPES OF CONTACT FORCES
• Applied Force: - An applied force is a force,
which is applied to an object by a person or
another object. For example, If a person is
pushing a desk across the room, then there is
applied force acting upon the object. The applied
force is the force exerted on the desk by the
person.
12. • Normal Force: - The normal force is the support
force exerted upon an object which is in contact
with another stable object. For example, if a
book is resting upon a surface, then the surface
is exerting an upward force upon the book in
order to support the weight of the book. On
occasions, a normal force is exerted horizontal
between two
13. objects which are in contact with each other. For instance,
if a person leans against a wall, the wall pushes
horizontally on the person.
• Frictional Force: - The friction force is the force
exerted by a surface as an object moves across it or
makes an effort to move across it. There are at least
two types of friction force - sliding and static friction.
For example, if a book slides across the
14. surface of a desk, then the desk exerts a friction
force in the opposite direction of its motion.
Friction results from the two surfaces being
pressed together closely, causing intermolecular
attractive forces between molecules of different
surfaces. As such, friction depends upon the
nature of the two surfaces and upon the degree
to which they are pressed together.
15. • Friction is necessary for every movement in life.
Suppose you spill some oil on the floor then it will
be difficult for you to walk because of negligible
friction.
• Air Resistance Force: - The air resistance is a
special type of frictional force which acts upon
objects as they travel through the air. The force of
air resistance is often observed to oppose the
motion of an object. This force will frequently be
neglected due
16. to its negligible magnitude (and due to the fact
that it is mathematically difficult to predict its
value). It is most noticeable for objects which
travel at high speeds (e.g., a skydiver or a
downhill skier) or for objects with large surface
areas. When you ride your bike then your hair
flip backwards because of air resistance.
17. • Tension Force: - The tension force is the force
which is transmitted through a string, rope, cable
or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from
opposite ends. The tension force is directed along
the length of the wire and pulls equally on the
objects on the opposite ends of the wire.
18.
19. • Spring Force: - The spring force is the
force exerted by a compressed or stretched
spring upon any object which is attached to
it. An object which compresses or stretches
a spring is always acted upon by a force
which restores the object to its rest or
equilibrium position. For most springs
20. (specifically, for those which are said to
obey "Hooke's Law"), the magnitude of the force is
directly proportional to the
amount of stretch or compression of the spring.
21.
22. NON CONTACT FORCES
• Non Contact forces are those types of
forces which result even when the two
interacting objects are not in physical
contact with each other, yet are able to
exert a push or pull despite their physical
separation. Examples of Non Contact
forces include gravitational forces.
23.
24. TYPES OF NON CONTACT
FORCES
• Gravitational Force: - The force of gravity
is the force with which the earth, moon, or
other massively large object attracts
another object towards itself. By definition,
this is the weight of the object. All objects
upon earth experience a force of gravity
which is directed "downward" towards the
center of the earth.
25. The force of gravity on earth is always equal to
the weight of the object as found by the equation:
Fgrav = m * g
where g = 9.8 m/s2 (on Earth)
and m = mass (in kg)
26.
27.
28. Magnetic Force:- Attraction or repulsion that
arises between electrically charged particles
because of their motion; the basic force
responsible for the action of electric motors and
the attraction of magnets for iron. Electric forces
exist among stationary electric charges; both
electric and magnetic forces exist among moving
electric charges. The magnetic force between two
moving charges may be described as the effect
exerted upon either charge by a magnetic field
created by the other.
29. From this point of view, the magnetic force F
on the second particle is proportional to its
charge q2, the magnitude of its velocity v2, the
magnitude of the magnetic field B1 produced
by the first moving charge, and the sine of the
angle theta, θ, between the path of the second
particle and the direction of the magnetic field;
that is, F = q2B1v2 sin θ. The.
30. moving charges may be described as the effect
exerted upon either charge by a magnetic field
created by the other. force is zero if the second
charge is travelling in the direction of the magnetic
field and is greatest if it travels at right angles to
the magnetic field . the magnetic force on a moving
charge is exerted in a direction at a right angle to
he plane formed by the direction of its velocity and
the direction of the surrounding magnetic field.
31. • Electrostatic Force: - The force exerted by
stationary objects bearing electric charge on
other stationary objects bearing electric charge.
If the charges are of the same sign, then the
force is repulsive; if they are of opposite signs,
the force is attractive. The strength of the force
is described by Coulomb's law. Also called
electrostatic force.
32. The force exerted by a charged body on another
charged or uncharged body is known as
electrostatic force. This force comes into play
even when the bodies are not in contact.
33.
34. PRESSURE
Pressure (symbol: p or sometimes P) is the force
per unit area applied to an object
in a direction perpendicular to the surface.
Mathematically:
35.
36.
37. • Where:
p is the pressure,
F is the normal force,
A is the area
38. FACTORS AFFECTING THE
MAGNITUDE OF PRESSURE:
• Magnitude of the force:
The larger the force, the higher the pressure.
• Contact area:
The larger the contact area, the lower the
pressure.
39.
40. S.I. UNIT OF PRESSURE
• The S.I. unit of pressure is:
Pascal
• Notes:
1Pa = 1 Nm-2
• Other units:
cmHg, atm
•