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Forage needs in pig value chains: The Ugandan case
The document discusses the challenges and strategies for incorporating forages in smallholder pig production systems in Uganda, highlighting the increasing demand for livestock products. It outlines the constraints faced, including limited access to quality feeds, disease control issues, and poor management practices. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of optimizing feed resources and addressing nutritional limitations to improve pig productivity in the context of growing market demands.
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Forage needs in pig value chains: The Ugandan case
- 1. Forage needs inpig value chains: The Ugandan case Danilo Pezo Workshop on forage and fodder tree selection for future challenges — Linking genebanks to forage use, Addis Ababa, 16-20 March 2015
- 2. Outline of thepresentation Supply and demand of livestock products: some projections Pig production systems in Uganda Feeding strategies in smallholder pig farms in Uganda How to incorporate forage crops in smallholder pig systems in Uganda? Nutritional limitations while using forages for pig feeding
- 3. Livestock Production to2050: TRENDS GLOBAL TRENDS: The Livestock Revolution • Livestock demand and production are increasing rapidly in developing countries, and will continue to rise (with some differences for commodities) • Global per capita consumption 2% in meat, 61% milk, • 2000 less consumption of ASF in Africa than EC, but in 2050 this will be reversed J. Smith, 2014
- 4. Changes in percapita consumption of pork in Africa and Southeast Asia FAOSTAT Gateway, 2015 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 kg/year Per capita consumption of pork Uganda Southern Eastern Southeast Asia
- 5. % change inconsumption of animal products: 2000–2030 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Milk Beef Mutton Pork Poultry meat Eggs China Russia Brazil India SSA High income 843% % J. Smith, 2014
- 6. Projections of livestockproduction increases at global level: 2000–2050 In half a century, total livestock commodity production is projected to increase by 92%: + 106% for monogastric meat (pig and poultry) and poultry eggs + 88% for ruminant meat (cow, sheep, goat, camel, water buffalo) + 85% for milk With large regional differences Herrero et al. 2014
- 7. Changes in cattleand pig population in Africa 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Milions Cattle population Eastern Africa Africa 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Millions Pig population Eastern Africa Africa FAOSTAT Gateway, 2015
- 8. % change inproduction of animal products: 2000–2030 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Milk Beef Mutton Pork Poultry meat Eggs China Russia Brazil India SSA High income % J. Smith, 2014
- 9. Monogastric production systemsin Africa are in rapid transition to industrial 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2000 2050 2000 2050 2000 2050 smallholder industrial Europe Latin America Africa/Middle East Herrero et al. 2014 Over 30% of African monogastric production will still be smallholder in 2050
- 10. Trajectories of growthfor the livestock sector Strong growth Intensifying and making increasingly market oriented, often transforming smallholder systems Fragile growth Where remoteness, marginal land resources or agro climatic vulnerability restricts intensification High growth with externalities Intensified livestock systems with diverse challenges, including the environment and human health J. Smith, 2014
- 11. Farm Systems: Breeding Growing/Fattening Inputs and Services Pig breeder Vet/ Animal Prod extension services Agrovet / feed shop owners Feed manufacturers and suppliers Transporters of inputs Post-farm Live-pig traders Transporters Slaughterers Pork Butchers Pork processors- large and medium Supermarkets/ restaurants Consumers Actors in a typical pork value chain
- 12. Constraints in smallholderpig production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa Feeds and feeding (Seasonality, poor quality of feeds) Disease control measurements (parasites, viral & bacterial infections) Genetics & breeding (Inbreeding, poor quality animals) Husbandry and management (deficient corrals, if available) Poor management of excreta (pollution, could lead to social conflicts) Human and Cultural Capitals Pezo and Waiswa, 2012
- 13. Constraints in smallholderpig production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa Technology transfer bias (mostly focused on males, although women manage the pigs) Limited knowledge on new options for improving productivity and profit Poor access to information services (technology, markets) Absence of organizational strategies to achieve economies of scale Sector largely ignored by policy makers Limited access to credit Social & Financial Capitals Pezo and Waiswa, 2012
- 14. Management Systems Semi-intensive/Intensive** Tethered Scavenging Opportunitiesforplanted forages **In largescale intensive (industrial) systems MAY BE NOT
- 15. Type of management,as a function of value chain domain in three districts of Uganda Pig management Rural – rural (n = 170) Rural- urban (n = 90) Urban- urban (n = 80) Tethering 66 40 13 Housed Housed raised floor 5 6 25 Housed not raised floor 16 37 61 Free-range/Scavenging 17 18 1 Ouma et al, 2014
- 16. Feeding Strategies -Seasonality Relative availability of feeds along the year in smallholder pig farms in Mukono Ouma et al, 2014
- 17. Feeding Strategies -Diversity Types of feeds used in different periods of the year in Kamuli Ouma et al, 2014
- 18. Use of foddersources in smallholder pig systems in Uganda, as a function of VC domain 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Amaranthus Banana peels Cassava leaves Elephant grass Fruit peels Other grasses Sweet potato vines Yam leaves RR RU UU and weeds ILRI/SPVCD, unpublished data
- 19. Use of foddersources in smallholder pig systems in Uganda, as a function of animal category ILRI/SPVCD, unpublished data
- 20. Labor distribution forfeed collection Pezo et al, 2014
- 21. How to incorporateforage crops in smallholder pig systems in Uganda? Planting forages – Limited land (Rural: 1.4 – 3.3 acres; Urban: 1.4 – 1.8 acres; most don’t have area dedicated to forages) Forages have to be inter-cropped or as hedgerows For what group of animals? • Breeding stock, less for growers, & fatteners • NOT for piglets and weaners (limited intake and fiber digestion capacity) Which forages should we focus? Those with at least similar quality than the crop residues commonly used. Those able to produce when crop residues are not available.
- 22. Nutritive value ofcrop residues used for feeding pigs Fraction/ Nutrient Sweet potato vines* Cassava leaves* Cocoyam leaves* Amaranthus spp.** CP, % 16.5 24.9 24.4 19.9 DE, MJ kg-1 DM 12.7 12.4 10.4 11.3 Ca, g/kg-1 9.5 11.9 3.3 3.2 P, g/kg-1 2.9 3.7 5.6 2.5 Methionine, % CP 1.1 1.0 ? ? Lysine, % CP 3.6 ? ? ? Anti-quality factor Tannins, anti- trypsin factor Hydrocyanic glucoside Oxalate saponins *Feedipedia, 2015; **ILRI/SPVCD unpublished data
- 23. Nutritive value ofsome legumes for feeding pigs Species CP % Tannins g kg-1 DM Lysine g kg-1 DM Methionine g kg-1 DM Degradability % Cratylia argentea 25.7 7.6 14.3 4.2 38.6 Leucaena diversifolia 23.6 49.4 13.2 3.7 41.9 Clitoria ternatea 19.0 5.0 8.4 2.9 --** Lablab purpureus 20.3 7.8 8.5 2.6 --** Vigna unguiculata 24.3 1.8 8.5 2.5 52.1 Heinritz et al., 2012 ** Not available, but could be around 50%
- 24. Other tropical foragesevaluated for pig feeding Trichantera gigantea (Ly et al., 2001; Leterme et al., 2005) Morus alba (Leterme et al., 2005; Chiv Phiny et al., 2003; Chiv Phiny et al., 2010; Ty Chhay et al., 2010; Ly & Pok Samkol, 2014 Desmanthus virgatus (Ly & Pok Samkol, 2001) D. velutinum, F. macrophylla, Cannavalia brasiliensis, Centrosema brasilianum, S. guyanensis (Heinritz et al., 2012)
- 25. Nutritional limitations whileusing forages for pigs High fiber content, limits voluntary intake Low energy density, along with limited gut capacity does not allow pigs to cover energy requirements Requirement of essential amino acids by pigs Presence of toxic or inhibitory factors Lectins in soybean and Amaranthus cruentus Tannins in several legumes (herbaceous and shrubs) Saponins in B. brizantha, B. decumbens, Amaranthus hypochondriacus Phytates and oxalates in S. sphacelata, Vigna unguiculata, Lablab purpureus. Kabirizzi & Zzewa, 2014
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